PDF INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM CONFERENCE (I-iECONS 2021)

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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM CONFERENCE (I-iECONS 2021)

Cooperative Social Entrepreneurship: Project Responding to Pandemic Crisis

Nurshamimitul Ezza Ramli

Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan Malaysia

E-mail: [email protected]

Nur Ainna Ramli

Corresponding E-mail: [email protected]

Muhamad Azrin Nazri

Mohd Shukor Harun

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

As the COVID-19 pandemic was spreading worldwide many entrepreneurs, ventures, and societies are facing unprecedented challenges. Especially, the concern of the drastic cases that happened in Malaysia has had given a massive worry to all Malaysian. This pandemic has posed a great challenge to the non-fixed income community especially the small traders and the B40 group. Therefore, this paper will explore the involvement of student cooperatives via a social entrepreneurship project as one of the initiatives in helping the affected local communities. Our study focuses on the affected and selected B40 communities (beneficiaries) surrounding Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. A proper social enterprise model has been developed and adopted throughout the project. A series of sewing workshop also has been organized in providing sewing skills to the beneficiaries. At the end of the project, it is expected that the project will be able to provide the beneficiaries with the holistic knowledge and skills relating to the right technique and methods to make cloth and at the end they are able to generate own income for their living from the sewing skills that has been taught. As for the student’s cooperative, this project is expected to transform students' entrepreneurial mindset into social entrepreneurship as well as to develop a student business cooperative model in the field of entrepreneurship through fieldwork as a social entrepreneur.

Keywords: social entrepreneurship; student’s cooperative; covid-19

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135 1. Introduction

The concept of social entrepreneurship that has been defined by Abd Muin, Abdullah & Bahari (2015) has taken into account 4 important components. First, the patronage component that is the caliph. Second, the construction component, which consists of brotherhood, economic jihad, justice, and balance, as well as enjoining to do good things and forbidding to bad things. Third, the component of the capital support consists of zakat, alms and waqf. Fourth, the components of the result of continuity namely al-Falah, welfare, economic improvement of the ummah, developing and enhancing the social value of the giver. All these components can be used to develop Islam through social entrepreneurship. Muslim social entrepreneurs need to have this basic understanding as a self-strength in drawing closer and near to Allah s.w.t.

The word of Allah s.w.t. in the Al-Quran (Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:195)

Meaning: “And spend (your wealth) in the way of Allah s.w.t. and do not destroy yourselves and do good because verily Allah s.w.t. love people who do good things”.

The implementation of social entrepreneurial activities can provide a good value and bring closer to the concept of economic jihad that includes in all aspects of business, social and education. The concept of jihad is to prevent the economic eco-system that linked to the elements of capitalism, socialism, and communism. Having these elements in the economic systems it may allow a national economy to get harm and destructed. In short, the economic jihad is aimed at seeking the pleasure of Allah s.w.t. by helping the underprivileged people, upholding justice and closing the gap between the rich and the poor.

Islamic philanthropy is one of the fields closely related to social entrepreneurship. This is because it has created many organizations that strive in engaging programs to address social problems. Islamic philosophy is the root of the Muslims where every human being should be responsible for helping people in need of help and support, for instance, is the financial support. Almarri and Meewella (2015) stated that recently, there is a few research on social entrepreneurship in the Islamic context although a few studies discuss Islamic philanthropy and its influences on the well-being of society.

In recent years, social entrepreneurship and women have become two growing areas of entrepreneurial research. In the scope of social entrepreneurship, studies and research have shown that women are better suited to lead social enterprises. In addition, women entrepreneurship has been considered a major source of innovation and growth since early 2000. De Bruin, Brush and Welter (2007) and Yadav and Unni (2016) stated that the discussion of women entrepreneurship has garnered much attention specifically in exemplifying the role of women entrepreneurship in boosting economic development and alleviating poverty. Furthermore, Yadav and Unni (2016) asserted that most of the studies on women entrepreneurship are contextualized in a developed world setting, these claims are still to be validated from an emerging economies perspective.

2. Covid-19 Pandemic: Student’s Cooperative Responding to Battle the Crisis

As the COVID-19 pandemic was spreading around the globe, entrepreneurs, their ventures, and societies are facing unprecedented challenges. Especially, the concern of the drastic cases that happened in Malaysia has had given a massive worry to all Malaysian. This pandemic has posed a great challenge to the non-fixed income community especially the small traders and the B40 group. The increase in the COVID-19 pandemic cases points to the need for more social entrepreneurs to help those in need. Therefore, the involvement of student cooperatives in this social entrepreneurship project is one of the initiatives in helping the affected local communities in their source of income. Therefore, social entrepreneurship project through student’s cooperative could help increase the household income and the economy of the local community (the beneficiaries).

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The objectives can be divided into two categories, namely the students’ cooperatives and beneficiaries as in Table 1.

Table 1. The objectives of the project

Student’s Cooperative Beneficiaries

Transforming students' entrepreneurial mindset into social entrepreneurship.

Develop a student business cooperative model in the field of entrepreneurship through fieldwork as a social entrepreneur.

Creating networks between local communities and cooperatives in social business.

Increase community household income.

Enhancing entrepreneurial values and skills in society through social entrepreneurship

The next section presents the method of the project implementation. This is followed by a section presenting results and discussion and finally, the conclusions provide insights into the likely success of the project as a choice for cooperative social enterprise development.

3. Research Methodology

This project is implemented in 4 phases:

Phase 1: Developing social enterprise business model and social enterprise business model canvas Phase 2: Sewing / Tailoring Courses and Workshops

Phase 3: Production Phase 4: Commercialization

The project involves 20 affected and selected people (women) from the B40 communities surrounding Nilai, Negeri Sembilan which is the beneficiaries in this project. The student cooperative is the social enterprise that will help the beneficiaries throughout this project. A 10 series of sewing workshop will be conducted and lead by two experienced sewing experts to help the beneficiaries to develop and learn a few sewing technique and skills.

Throughout the sewing workshop, the beneficiaries not only will learn the sewing skills but there are also being paid a sum of wages to at least help them earn some income.

Since this is a social enterprise project, thus a proper social business model must be developed. In the social enterprise model, 3 important elements must exist in model which are the social mission, the beneficiaries and the business model. In this case, our social mission is to help the beneficiaries that affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic and our beneficiaries is 20 affected and selected people from B40 communities surroundings Nilai, Negeri Sembilan. As for the business model, we developed and adopted the following business model (Figure 1) and the income from the cloth selling will be used to sustain this social enterprise project. Overall, there are 3 parties working together to help the B40 communities that include the student’s cooperative that handling the promotional and selling matters, the University Centre for Entrepreneurship (UCE) of USIM who provides the sewing incubator and the sewing expert that led the sewing workshop.

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Figure 1: Social enterprise business model Source: Authors’ illustration 4. Results and Discussions

The project is currently in progress and 2 sewing workshop has been successfully conducted. This high impact social entrepreneurship project has provided a good platform for the selected B40 communities to learn the knowledge and basic skills through practical learning on the sewing and tailoring courses. As for the perspective of the student’s cooperative, the members of the cooperative have learnt how to develop a social enterprise business model in responding to the social problems that currently happened due to COVID-19. In future, they can generate income through this project by selling the finished cloth produced by the beneficiaries.

Some of the activities during the sewing workshop are as in Figure 2. At the end of the project, we are hoping that this project will be able to provide the beneficiaries with the holistic knowledge and skills relating to:

The right technique and methods to make a cloth such as cutting, sewing, sewing, cutting.

The use of suitable tools, machines, and equipment’s in the operation and production of different types of cloth.

Product design based on the demands and needs of the local and international market.

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As for career prospect, the synergy of knowledge, skills, and experience of sewing and tailoring courses, the beneficiaries can generate a main or side income by producing their own cloths’ design.

Figure 2: Sewing workshop activities Source: Authors’ own

5. Conclusions

Cooperatives are viewed as key instruments in the social economy. A cooperative or mutual business exists for its members and their economic and social benefit. Therefore, social enterprises adopting a co-operative is an alternative way to generate income and ultimately in engaging programs to address social problems. The original motivation for this study is a discussion on how the student’s cooperative can involve in a social entrepreneurship project in responding to battle the pandemic COVID-19. The project involves 20 affected and selected people (women) from B40 communities surrounding Nilai, Negeri Sembilan and student’s cooperative in commercializing the cloth productions.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia for funding this social enterprise project and to the University Centre for Entrepreneurship (UCE) of University Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and Koperasi Siswa Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (KOSISWA) for the support throughout the project.

References

Abd Muin, M. A., Abdullah, S., & Bahari, A. (2015), A Conformity Tool for Islamic Social Entrepreneurship: Towards Muslim Social Entrepreneur. Journal of Human Development and Communication Volume 4 (1), 21–36.

Almarri, J., & Meewella, J. (2015). Social entrepreneurship and Islamic philanthropy. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 15(3), 405-424.

De Bruin A, Brush CG, Welter F. Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women’s Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2007;31(3):323-339

Yadav, V., & Unni, J. (2016). Women entrepreneurship: research review and future directions. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(1), 1-18.

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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM CONFERENCE (I-iECONS 2021)

Issues and Challenges in Implementing National Covid-19 Immunisation Program for Malaysians

Nur Qamarina Sharom Syaziyah Sharom

Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) E-mail: [email protected]

1. Introduction

In Malaysia, the establishment of the Special Committee for Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply (JKJAV) has to spearhead the way of moving Malaysia to be free of COVID-19. The implementation of the National COVID-19 Immunisation Programme has been started in December 2020 and Malaysia has begun to receive the first batch of vaccine in February 2021. However, in implementing this mass vaccination program, there will be lots of issues and challenges that need to be focused on to make its ways to success.

This is aligned with Sustainable Development Goals or Global Goals that have been introduced by the United Nations in ensuring all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. In achieving the third goal which is good health and well-being, Malaysia as one of the members of the United Nations need to take part in solving the issues of infectious disease such as COVID-19 by ensuring everyone has the access to the vaccines. Therefore, this study will focus to identify the challenges of achieving this goal.

As moving towards the end of 2020, numerous COVID-19 vaccine candidates managed to show relatively high efficacy in the clinical trials. The vaccines are the hope of society to open up for social and economic events. The vaccination program has been simulated and it was proven to be part of a two-pronged strategy in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (Wong et al., 2021). The two-pronged strategy will be the vaccination and the obedience with the standard operating procedure (SOP) advised by the World Health Organization (WHO).

According to WHO, vaccination is a simple way of protecting people against diseases. The vaccine will stimulate our body’s defence mechanism system to build antibody or resistance in order to make our immune system stronger. Therefore, in protecting society against COVID-19, our government has brought the effort of introducing the National COVID-19 Immunisation Program.

JKJAV plays an important role in coordinating this program. This program is the largest vaccination program that has been introduced in the history of Malaysia. The vaccination program does introduce their policy in giving vaccines such as the vaccination is voluntary and will be given free of charge to everyone living in Malaysia. This program aims to provide herd immunity by ensuring 80% of Malaysia’s population to be vaccinated by February 2022 in order to reduce infections and death.

Under the National COVID-19 Immunisation Program, JKJAV has managed to secure vaccines supply from different suppliers such as Pfizer and Sinovac. After the procurement of the vaccines, here come the challenges in deploying the vaccine around Malaysia and several issues raised along the way.

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140 2. Materials And Methods

For this study, face-to-face interview and questionnaires will be conducted. First, for the interview, the purposive sampling method will be used and the data will be gathered using audio-taped and semi-structured interviews. The respondents will be given questions and they have the opportunity to explain their answers. In addition, their expressions will be recorded. The potential respondents will be representatives who involved in the National COVID-19 Immunisation Program (health professionals, government officers, community representatives and university and college students).

Second, a self-administered questionnaire will be included in the sample required that the respondents who are recipients of the vaccines and are all willing to participate on their own. The convenient sampling method will be applied as a mode of conducting the survey. Respondents were briefed about the purpose and rationale of the research and invited to fill in self-administered questionnaires. Then, findings from both qualitative and quantitative approaches will be analysed and finalised.

3. Expected Findings

The proposed research is observing the implementation of the National COVID-19 Vaccination Program. It is hoped that the respondent’s opinions and views will be taken into consideration in the development of better improvement and implementation of mass vaccination program in Malaysia. All the issues and challenges that need to overcome also be a good reference for any upcoming project similar to this.

4. Conclusion

The proposed study would like to focus on the implementation of the National COVID-19 Vaccination Program.

It is one step towards a better future in Malaysia. This is because the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are absolutely a pain in the neck for the whole population of the world. Therefore, the mass vaccination program for Malaysians will give us new hope in improving our health, social and economy. However, there are issues and challenges that we need to overcome in order to implement the program such as public awareness, government role, media role and the vaccine itself.

Hence, it is hoped that in this study, the respondents’ ideas and perceptions towards this issue are gathered in finding the connection and midpoint. Besides, this study will also help in gathering the recommendations and suggestions that can be made for the improvement of the implementation of the mass vaccination program in Malaysia.

From the result, the respondents will be attentive to the issues and challenges of executing the National COVID- 19 Vaccination Program. Thus, the respondents with different background and role in the government or the community can act accordingly in order to ensure the success of the implementation of the National COVID-19 Vaccination Program. Last but not least, this effort will help in preparing both government and the community to overcome any challenges for implementing another mass vaccination program in the latter future.

References

Covid-19: Movement Control Order imposed with only essential sectors operating. (n.d.). Retrieved April 11, 2021, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575177/

covid-19-movement-control-order-imposed-only-essential-sectors-operating

Covid 19: More individuals to be vaccinated next month. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://themalaysianreserve.com/2021/03/26/covid-19-more-individuals-to-be-

vaccinated-next-month/

Wong, W. K., Juwono, F. H., & Chua, T. H. (2021). SIR Simulation of COVID-19 Pandemic in Malaysia: Will the Vaccination Program be Effective? http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.07494

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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM CONFERENCE (I-iECONS 2021)

The Impact of Website Interactivity in Crowdfunding Platform

Wan Nur Fazni binti Wan Mohamad Nazarie, Aulia Rahman Zulkarnain, Hanim Misbah, Junaidah binti Abu Seman, Nur Ainna Ramli, Hafiza Abdul Hamid

Faculty of Economics and Muamalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Yayasan Maghfirah

E-mail ([email protected])

1. Introduction

Crowdfunding refers to a new Internet-based method of funding, in which individuals solicit contributions for projects on specialized crowdfunding (CF) platforms. As a platform it is important to identify the effectiveness and efficiency of the platform before it come out to the public (Wan Mohamad Nazarie and Williams,2021). Similar with e-commerce website, crowdfunding also need attention from researchers to study about website appearance.

This is important to gain an insight into how safe consumers feel when using a website due to lack of human presence and social element. A website acts as a bridge that links sellers and consumers. It appears to be a promising channel for website users when searching for information on products or services through the Internet.

According to McKnight et al., (2002), consumers tend to first explore a website before being ready to undertake any transactions. While exploring a website, the consumer’s initial trust may come as a result of a good first impression of a website’s quality (Lowry et al., 2008). Customers’ judgement of the website as an overall reflection of the trustworthiness of the vendor cannot be ignored (Hampton-Sosa and Koufaris, 2005).

Prior research asserts that website design positively impacts consumer trust in the online environment (Fimberg et al., 2020). Website design features are one of the key factors that could influence users’ responses and experience (Nielsen and Loranger, 2006). A website that is well designed will generally lead to better user performance. For example, a user may spend a considerable amount of time on certain web pages compared to others. By analyzing a user’s web-browsing behaviour towards website design features, their personal preference can be inferred and used in recommending information. Several researchers have taken multiple approaches to have a better understanding of the importance of the website. For instance, studies have focused on the color design of a website (Marcus and Alexander, 2007; Cyr, Head and Larios, 2009; Maguire, 2011); layout (Rosen and Purinton, 2004); images (Karimov et al., 2011); navigation (Tan and Wei, 2006; Cyr and Head, 2013); and multimedia cues (Wang et al., 2016).

Website interactivity is one of crucial factors in enhancing consumer perceptions toward crowdfunding platform.

An interactive website design would engage between the website and the crowd. As a brick mortar, a barrier for consumer trust towards online vendors may increase due to lack of human touch. Virtual re-embedding is an approach that could bring the consumer online experience closer to vendor and face-to-face interactions (Riegelsberger and Sasse, 2001; Steinbrück et al., 2002). Karimov et al. (2011) classified social cue design applications into three subcategories: human-like features, assistive interface cues and social media cues.

Human-Like Features

In the online environment, the absence of a human aspect is a crucial factor in respect to the restriction of human interaction between seller and buyer, compared to a bricks-and-mortar setting (Hassanein and Head, 2004). Karimov and Brengman (2011) found that a higher level of social presence can be achieved by embedding human-like cues, such as facial photographers or video streams, in the website. To trigger consumers’ trust beliefs, a sense of social

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presence, sociability and responsive human contact via the website interface should be transmitted, which in turn positively influences their purchase intentions (Gefen and Straub, 2004).

Steinbrück et al., (2002) found that displaying a photograph of the company on the website tends to build a higher consumer trust compared to not displaying any photographs. The usage of a human photograph is identified as being an effective way to increase the trustworthiness of the online vendor. In line with this, Aldiri et al., (2008) argued that the employment of photographs and video clips by the vendor can be an effective way to gain initial consumer trust.

Assistive Interface Cues

Assistive interface cues can be regarded as imaginary interaction. The response in imaginary interaction is produced by a computer. It has also been found that a sense of human warmth and sociability can be instilled by providing means of actual interaction with other humans or stimulating the imagination of interacting with other humans. Also, website features that impart a sense of social presence, such as recommendation agents, avatars, and live-help function, could stimulate the imaginary interaction with another human. In a broad review of the assistive interface cues literature, it was noted that the presence of an assistive interface mechanism might yield a higher level of social presence, which in turn elevates consumer trust (Qiu and Benbasat, 2010).

Social Media Cues

Social media cues can be regarded as objective reviews by customers or web communities (such as Facebook, YouTube, Twitter or a blog). Generally speaking, a good testimonial from customers via social media could influence other consumers’ decisions to purchase or not (Khalid et al., 2013). Customer reviews could increase the social presence of the website and may increase prospective customers’ trust in the online vendor (Mudambi and Schuff, 2010).

Hence, the purpose of this study is to propose an integrated concept model with trust model to demonstrate how experiential context of website interactivity of crowdfunding platform influence crowd to fund the crowdfunding platform.

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Figure 1: Conceptual model of this study

The aim of this study is to explores the effects of website interactivity on crowd’s perceptions of crowdfunding platform using laboratory experiments. Based on above discussion, this study proposes these hypotheses.

H1: Trust of a crowdfunding platform is positively associated with funding intention.

H2: Perceived usefulness is positively associated with trust.

H3: Perceived usefulness is positively associated with funding intention.

H4: The level of interactivity of a crowdfunding platform is positively associated with trust.

H5: The level of interactivity of crowdfunding platform is positively associated with perceived usefulness.

2. Methodology

This study adopt 2 (website interactivity: high or low) x 2 (funding intention: yes or no) between subject experimental design. This study utilized the between-group experiment design. The between-group experiment design is used in separate groups of subjects with different kinds of conditions (manipulation) in the experiment and each subject is tested only once.

The experiment will be conducted with a single one-hour session for each subject. Each subject will be asked to complete the experiment individually and then they will be briefed about the consent form. The subject will only be notified that the project campaign had been extracted from an actual project in a CF campaign. Next, the manipulation check will be completed before conducting the actual experiment to prevent bias formed from responding to the dependent variables. Then, the subject will be asked to complete the questionnaire within the time given. Finally, each subject will be given a small gift for their participation.

3. Discussion

This study will provide several academic and practical implications. In academic, this study target to enhance the understanding of how interactive crowdfunding platform influence crowd to fund in crowdfunding project. By implementing the experimental methods on consumer behaviour and funding intention, the result of this study will provide more understanding on the trust model in crowdfunding platform context. Practically, this study provides several managerial implications of crowdfunding practitioners to build their own platform in accordance with online consumer behaviour. In other words, the findings of this study have important practical implications that provide guidelines for platform owner on establishing a strategy to help the crowd understand the feature of crowdfunding platform.

Reference

Aldiri, K., Hobbs, D. and Qahwaji, R. (2008) ‘The Human Face of E-Business: Engendering Consumer Initial Trust Through the Use of Images of Sales Personnel on E-Commerce Web Sites’, International Journal of E-Business Research (IJEBR), 4(4), pp. 58–78. doi:

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Cyr, D. and Head, M. (2013) ‘Website design in an international context: The role of gender in masculine versus feminine oriented countries’, Computers in Human Behavior. Elsevier Ltd, 29(4), pp. 1358–1367. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.050.

Cyr, D., Head, M. and Larios, H. (2009) ‘Colour appeal in website design within and across cultures: A multi-method evaluation’, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. Elsevier, 68(1–2), pp. 1–21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.08.005.

Fimberg, K. and Sousa, S., 2020, July. The Impact of Website Design on Users’ Trust Perceptions. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 267-274). Springer, Cham.

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Funding Intention (Yes

vs no) Trust

Perceived Usefulness Website

Interactivity (Low vs High)

H1 H4 H2

H5 H3

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