Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center in cooperation w ith the
International Development Research Centre
S A FIS Extension Manual Series No. 32, 1986
FISH DISEASE PREVENTION IN FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT
Drs. Santosa Koesoemadinata
SEC/SM/32 SAFIS Manual No. 32
FISH DISEASE PREVENTION IN FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE MANAGEMENT
by
Drs. Santosa Koesoemadinata
The Secretariat
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center March 1986
"Fish Disease Prevention in Freshwater Aquaculture Management" was originally written in Bahasa
Indonesia by Drs. Santosa Koesoemadinata. Entitled Pedoman Cara-Cara Pencegahan Timbulnya Wabah
Penyakit Bakterial dan Parasiter dalam Usaha Budidaya Ikan Air Tawar, it was published by the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 1981. This is an English translation prepared by Mr. Suharyadi Salim, affiliated with DGF for the SAFIS project.
This manual has been adapted and edited by the SEAFDEC Secretariat.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I . INTRODUCTION ... 1
I I . OBSERVATION OF FISH ... 2
1. Frequency ... 2
2. F i r s t signs o f disease ... 2
3. A ctio n to be taken ... 2
I I I . TREATMENT/DISINFECTION OF POND ... 3
1. Pond d ry in g ... 3
2. Pond lim in g ... 3
3. D is in fe c tio n w ith Kalium permanganate ... 4
4. Maintenance o f w ater q u a lit y . . . 5
IV . DISINFECTION OF FRY ... 5
1. I s o la tio n o f unhealthy f r y ... 5
2. D is in fe c tio n w ith Kalium permanganate ... 5
3. D is in fe c tio n w ith fo rm a lin and m alachite ... 7
V. HYGIENE REQUIRED OF PERSONNEL AND DISINFECTION OF EQUIPMENT ... 7
1. E quipm ent/tools ... 7
2. Personnel ... 7
Page V I. SANITARY MEASURES IN CONNECTION
WITH SPAWNING OPERATIONS 7
1. H ealth o f broodstock ... 7
2. D is in fe c tio n o f broodstock . . . 8
3. D is in fe c tio n o f spawning pond and equipm ent/tools ... 8
4. D is in fe c tio n o f f is h eggs . . . . 8
V I I . SANITARY MEASURES IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSPORT OF FISH 8
1 . Observation o f c o n d itio n o f f is h ... 8
2. H andling b e fo re tra n s p o rt . . . . 9
V I I I . FEED ... 9
1. Q u a lity ... 9
2. Vitam ins and m inerals ... 9
IX. CONCLUSION ... 10
LIST OF FIGURES
Page Figure 1 . Method of treating a fish
pond 11
Figure 2. Disinfection of fish ... 12 Figure 3. Disinfection of equipment/
tools 13
Figure 4. Disinfection measures applying to pond personnel ... 14
I . INTRODUCTION
Preventive measures against fish diseases should be taken promptly in accordance with the guidelines for freshwater aquaculture management.
These measures will prevent the spread of disease and will minimize the loss of fish caused by diseases.
Prevention should be practised at all stages of aquaculture production, i.e., from pond preparation to post-harvest activities such as transport, marketing, and storage.
Hygiene is the most important, and applies to the fishes, pond, equipment and personnel engaged in aquaculture.
This manual describes the methods for ensuring hygiene, to prevent red disease caused by bacteria in common carp. This manual indicates the guidelines for prevention and hygiene measures, which were published in Freshwater Fisheries
Research Institute (LPPD) Special Issue No. 1 , 1980, (October 27, 1980), with reference to
"First Efforts to Prevent Bacterial Disease in.
Common Carp".
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I I . OBSERVATION OF FISH 1. Frequency
The c o n d itio n o f the f is h should be m onitored d a ily so th a t p re v e n tiv e o r c u ra tiv e a c tio n can be taken p ro m p tly. In d iv id u a l and group behavior o f f is h , e s p e c ia lly t h e i r feeding and swimming behaviour, should be observed.
A tte n tio n should be given to any signs o f in ju r y o r sickne ss, such as g i l l d is c o lo r a tio n .
2. F i r s t signs o f disease
The f i r s t signs o f disease in f is h are:
- Swimming close to th e w ater s u rfa ce , away from the main body o f f is h o r f a r from the pond i n l e t .
Loss o f a p p e tite . T h is can be observed d u rin g feeding tim e . I f a s e lf- fe e d e r is used, i t is easy to see whether any feed is l e f t over from the normal d a ily r a t io n . 3. A c tio n to be taken
Fish showing signs o f disease must be caught im m ediately and given a p p ro p ria te t r e a t ment. The pond w ater and the f i s h must be tre a te d w ith d is in fe c ta n t c o n s is tin g o f 3 g o f Kalium permanganate per one cubic metre o f w ater u n t i l the signs o f sickness described above have d is appeared.
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I I I . TREATMENT/DISINFECTION OF POND 1. Pond d ry in g
A f t e r h a rv e s tin g , th e pond must be allowed to d ry f o r one o r two weeks b e fo re the f e r t i l i z e r i s a p p lie d and a new supply o f w ater is l e t in .
2. Pond lim in g
Liming is used in fre sh w a te r aquaculture to increase pond p r o d u c t iv it y and as a p re c a u tio n a g a in st disease. G e n e ra lly the dosage is 200 g o f lim e per square metre o r two tons per hectare
(see F ig . 1 ).
The procedure to be fo llo w e d is : - a llo w the pond to d ry o u t;
estim ate the q u a n tity o f lim e needed f o r the pond area;
spread out the lim e evenly over the whole area;
l e t th e w ater in t o th e pond to a depth o f about 10 cm;
- m a in ta in the w ater a t t h i s depth f o r 7 to 10 days;
l a s t l y , l e t in more w ater to reach the normal depth o f 30 to 60 m.
The pond is then ready f o r use.
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3. D is in fe c tio n w ith Kalium permanganate D is in fe c tio n w ith Kalium permanganate destroys f is h b a c te ria and p a ra s ite s .
The dosage needed to d is in f e c t ponds w ith o u t f is h ranges from 10 to 20 g per one cubic metre o f w ater and should be l e f t f o r a t le a s t one h o u r. A dosage o f 3 g o f Kalium permanganate per one cu b ic metre o f w ater is used f o r ponds w ith f i s h . The d is in fe c ta n t may be l e f t f o r a p e rio d o f 12 to 24 hours a f t e r a p p lic a tio n .
The procedure f o r a p p lyin g Kalium permanganate is as fo llo w s :
d ra in o f f the water to a depth o f 20 cm;
e stim ate w ater volume and pond area;
c a lc u la te the q u a n tity o f Kalium permanganate re q u ire d ;
close the i n l e t and o u t le t o f the pond;
spread Kalium permanganate evenly over the w ater surface (d is s o lv e i t in ponds w ith f i s h ) ;
leave i t as is f o r a t le a s t one hour and then a llo w a fre s h supply o f water in t o the pond to a depth o f 30 to 60 cm;
- a f t e r one hour, open the o u t le t and i n l e t o f the pond u n t i l the water
regains i t s normal c o lo u r, and is ready f o r use.
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4. Maintenance o f w ater q u a lit y
As environm ental c o n d itio n s and w ater q u a lit y p la y a major r o le in f is h h e a lth , p e r io d ic o b se rva tio n is necessary.
Since the q u a lit y o f the w ater is c lo s e ly r e la te d to oxygen c o n c e n tra tio n (pH) and a ffe c te d by t o x ic elements, s p e c ia l a tte n tio n should be given to these two fa c to r s .
S u f f ic ie n t oxygen c o n c e n tra tio n should be m aintained through good drainage ca n a ls, the use o f mechanical a e ra tio n (a e ra to r, b lo w e r, e t c . ) , and by changing the w ate r.
IV . DISINFECTION OF FRY
1. I s o la tio n o f unhealthy f r y
I f abnormal behaviour is observed in f r y , they should be is o la te d in a q u a ra n tin e tank
in s te a d o f being released d ir e c t ly in t o the f is h pond.
2. D is in fe c tio n w ith Kalium permanganate To pre ven t b a c te r ia l disease, f r y must be tre a te d w ith a Kalium permanganated s o lu tio n . They should be kept f o r h a lf an hour in a
tre a tm e n t tank w ith a s o lu tio n o f 20 g per one cu b ic metre o f w ater (see F ig . 2 ).
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The ta b le below l i s t s the chemicals used f o r d is in fe c tio n in fre sh w a te r aquaculture
TABLE
CHEMICALS USED FOR DISINFECTION IN FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE
Item Purpose A v a ila b le a t
1 . Kalium
permanganate
D is in fe c tio n o f f i s h , pond, to o ls
Drugstore 2. Form alin Fish d is in fe c tio n Drugstore 3. M alachite Fish d is in fe c tio n Drugstore 4. C h lo rin e Pond d is in fe c tio n Drugstore 5. Densol and
L iz o l
D is in fe c tio n o f
hands, fe e t, to o ls Drugstore 6. Lime Pond d is in fe c tio n S u p p lie r o f
c o n s tru c tio n m a te ria ls 7. Ovadine D is in fe c tio n o f
f is h eggs
Drugstore 8. Betadine
s o lu tio n
D is in fe c tio n o f f is h eggs
Drugstore
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3. D is in fe c tio n w ith fo rm a lin and m a la ch ite Fish should be kept f o r 10 to 15 minutes in a treatm ent tank c o n ta in in g one cu b ic ce n tim etre o f fo rm a lin per 10 l i t r e s o f w ater p lu s 40 mg o f m a la ch ite p e r 10 l i t r e s o f w ater to prevent p a ra s ite in f e c t io n and fu n g i (see F ig . 2 ).
V. HYGIENE REQUIRED OF PERSONNEL AND DISINFECTION OF EQUIPMENT
1. E quipm ent/tools
The equipment and to o ls used must always be in a germ -free c o n d itio n . I t should be
immersed f o r 30 to 60 minutes in a s o lu tio n o f 20 g o f Kalium permanganate per one cubic metre o f w ater o r a c h lo rin e s o lu tio n w ith a concen
t r a t io n o f 0.5 g per one cubic metre o f w ater (see F ig . 3 ).
2. Personnel
Personnel as w e ll as v i s it o r s must fo llo w the hygiene re g u la tio n s a p plying in the pond
area, by washing hands and fe e t w ith a d is in fe c ta n t.
Densol and L iz o l should always be a v a ila b le . Personnel who have j u s t handled fis h e s must wash t h e i r hands w ith soap and d is in fe c ta n t (see F ig . 4 ).
V I. SANITARY MEASURES IN CONNECTION WITH SPAWNING OPERATIONS
1. H ealth o f broodstock
Broodstock th a t is to be used f o r
spawning must be in a h e a lth y c o n d itio n and w it h o u t any in j u r y o r signs o f sickness. Broodstock showing abnormal behaviour should be is o la te d and given a p p ro p ria te tre a tm e n t.
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2. D is in fe c tio n o f broodstock
Before spawning, broodstock must be d is in fe c te d w ith 20 g o f Kalium permanganate per one cu b ic metre o f w ate r, and fo rm a lin and
m a la ch ite a t a co n c e n tra tio n o f 100 cubic
ce n tim etres by one cubic metre o f w ater and 4 g by one cu b ic metre o f water re s p e c tiv e ly .
3. D is in fe c tio n o f spawning pond and e q uip m e nt/to o ls
Spawning ponds must be p ro p e rly d is in fe c te d as described above (S ection I I I ) , and equipment
and to o ls used in spawning o p era tio n s must also be d is in fe c te d as o u tlin e d in Section V.
4. D is in fe c tio n o f f is h eggs
Under c o n tr o lle d spawning, eggs should be d is in fe c te d , i . e . , soaked f o r 10 minutes in a s o lu tio n o f 10 cubic centim etres o f Ovadine o r Betadine per one l i t r e o f w ater.
V I I . SANITARY MEASURES IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSPORT OF FISH
1. O bservation o f c o n d itio n o f f is h P r io r to tr a n s p o r t, f is h should be k e p t under o b se rva tio n f o r a t le a s t one week.
In ju re d f is h o r f is h showing any a b n o rm a lity should be removed im m ediately from o th e r f i s h f o r d is p a tc h .
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2. H andling b e fo re tra n s p o rt
About one week b e fo re tr a n s p o r t, f is h should be handled w ith s p e c ia l care. A l l to o ls used should be d is in fe c te d as described in S ection V.
I f f is h are tra n s p o rte d in p la s t ic bags, adequated oxygen should be p ro v id e d . Lack o f oxygen causes disease.
VI I I . FEED
1. Q u a lity
To improve re s is ta n c e to disease, f i s h must be given n u t r it io u s feed c o n ta in in g s u f f i c i e n t c a lo r ie s .
The q u a lit y o f the feed must always be o f the same standard. I n f e r i o r q u a lit y o r s p o il t feed and feed contaminated by t o x ic substances must be avoided.
2. Vitam ins and m ine ra ls
The re s is ta n c e o f f i s h to disease can be improved by adding vita m in s and m in e ra ls to t h e i r d ie t .
The doses o f v ita m in s and m ine ra ls designed s p e c ia lly f o r animals are as fo llo w s : f o r v ita m in s 15 g per kilo g ra m o f f i s h fe e d , and f o r m in e ra ls 5 g kilo g ra m o f f i s h feed.
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IX. CONCLUSION
P revention is the most e ffe c t iv e a c tio n th a t can be taken a g a in st f is h disease.
C u ra tive measures are o fte n d i f f i c u l t to ca rry
out f o r p r a c tic a l and economic reasons.
Moreover, th e re is no c e r ta in t y th a t the
treatm ent o f unhealthy f is h w i l l be com pletely successful and th a t fin a n c ia l loss in f is h p ro d u c tio n can be avoided. P re ve n tive a c tio n should th e re fo re form p a rt o f the day-to -da y op era tio n s o f fre sh w ater a q u a cu ltu re , and be c a rrie d out w ith proper care.
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1. Liming
2. Releasing Fish
F ig . 1. Method o f tr e a tin g a f is h pond
12
KALIUM PERMANGANATE : 200 mg p e r 10l w ater
FORMALIN : 1 cc p e r 10l w ater
MALACHITE : 40 mg per 10l w ater
F ig . 2. D is in fe c tio n o f f is h
13
F ig . 3. D is in fe c tio n o f equipment to o ls
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F ig . 4. D is in fe c tio n measures a p p lyin g to pond personnel
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SAFIS EXTENSION MANUAL SERIES
SEC/SM/1 Khumua lia n g p la namcheut (Freshwater Fish Farming: How to B egin),
( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai) SEC/SM/2 O yster C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: Bahasa
M alaysia; tra n s la te d : E n g lish ) SEC/SM/3 Mussel C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: Bahasa
M alaysia; tr a n s la te d : E n g lish ) SEC/SM/4 Ang pagpuna ug pagtapak sa pukot
(Net Mending and P a tc h in g ), ( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tra n s la te d : Cebuano-Bisaya)
SEC/SM/5 Mussel Farming ( o r ig in a l: E n g lish ) SEC/SM/6 Menternak Ikan A irta w a r (Freshwater
Fish Farming: How to B egin), ( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Bahasa M alaysia)
SEC/SM/7 Makanan dan Pemakanan Udang Harimau, Penaeus monodon ( N u t r it io n and
Feeding o f Sugpo, Penaeus monodon) , ( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Bahasa M alaysia)
SEC/SM/8 Macrobrachium C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: T h a i;
tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/9 S e le c tio n o f Marine Shrimp f o r
C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: T h a i; tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
16
SEC/SM/10 Induced Breeding o f Thai S ilv e r Carp ( o r ig in a l: T h a i; tra n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/11 C u ltu re o f Sea Bass ( o r ig in a l: T h a i;
tra n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/12 Smoke-curing o f Fish ( o r ig in a l:
E nglish)
SEC/SM/13 Cockle C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: E n g lish ) SEC/SM/14 Net Mending and Patching ( o r ig in a l:
E nglish)
SEC/SM/15 Kanliang hoy malangphy (Mussel Farm ing), ( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tra n s la te d : Thai)
SEC/SM/16 Nursery Management o f Prawns ( o r ig in a l: Bahasa Indonesia;
tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/17 C u ltu re o f S u lta n Fish (Leptobar bus h o e v e n ii) , ( o r ig in a l: Bahasa M alaysia;
tra n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/18 The Use o f the T r a d it io n a l D rying Method and S o la r D r ie r f o r Croaker, M u lle t and H e rrin g ( o r ig in a l: E n g lish ) SEC/SM/19 Shrimp C u ltu re ( o r ig in a l: Thai;
tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/20 Rok Plaa (F ish D iseases), ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai)
17
SEC/SM/21 Kanliang phomae pankung kuladam (Broodstock o f Sugpo, Penaeus monodon, F a b r ic iu s ) , ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai)
SEC/SM/22 Nakakaing Krustasyo ng P ilip in a s ( F ie ld Guide to E d ib le Crustacea o f the P h ilip p in e s ) , ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tra n s la te d : Tagalog) SEC/SM/23 Khumua k a n lia n g p la a n a i krasang
t h i Singapore lae Indonesia
(F lo a tin g Net-cage Fish Farming in Singapore and Indonesia)
( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai) SEC/SM/24 Small Ring Net F is h in g ( o r ig in a l
E n g lish )
SEC/SM/25 Handbook on Some T o xic Marine Organisms ( o r ig in a l: Tagalog;
tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/26 Krungmua tarn kanpramong t h i chai n a i p r a te t P h ilip p in e s (Common and non-common f is h in g gears used in P h ilip p in e w a te rs ), ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai)
SEC/SM/27 Khumua lia n g p la a nam cheut baep patana: bau lia n g p la a ) (Freshwater Fish Farming: The Pond), ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai)
SEC/SM/28 Khumua lia n g p la a nam cheut baep patana: p la a (Freshwater Fish Farming: The F is h ), ( o r ig in a l:
E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Thai)
18
SEC/SM/29 Menternak Ikan Siakap (C u ltu re o f Sea Bass), ( o r ig in a l: T h a i;
tr a n s la te d : Bahasa M alaysia) SEC/SM/30 Ternakan Kerang (Cockle C u ltu r e ) ,
( o r ig in a l: E n g lis h ; tr a n s la te d : Bahasa M alaysia)
SEC/SM/31 Brackishw ater Pond C o n s tru c tio n ( o r ig in a l: Bahasa Indonesia;
tra n s la te d : E n g lish )
SEC/SM/32 Fish Disease P re ve ntio n in Freshwater Aquaculture Management ( o r ig in a l:
Bahasa Indonesia; tr a n s la te d : E n g lish )
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SAFIS
0 What is SAFIS?
SAFIS is the Southeast Asian F is h e rie s In fo rm a tio n S e rvice . I t is a p r o je c t o f the SEAFDEC S e c re ta ria t set up to p ro vid e extension m a te ria ls f o r
s m a ll-s c a le fishermen and f is h farm ers in the re g io n .
0 What are i t s o b je c tiv e s ? The immediate o b je c tiv e s are to c o lle c t and compile f is h e r ie s extension manuals, brochures, pamphlets and r e la te d aids f o r s m a ll-s c a le f is h e r ie s development, and to tr a n s la te se le cted l i t e r a tu re in to lo c a l languages f o r d is t r ib u t io n to f is h e r ie s exten
sio n workers in Southeast A s ia .
20
0 What se rvice s w i l l SAFIS p ro v id e ? SAFIS w i l l attem pt to p ro vid e in fo rm a tio n and p u b lic a tio n s such as:
l i s t s o f a v a ila b le te x ts in f is h e r ie s extension s e rv ic e s , tr a n s la t io n o f s u ita b le manuals, - manuals o f a p p ro p ria te te c h n o lo g ie s , - photocopies o f a p p ro p ria te
fis h e r ie s extension l it e r a t u r e , a c u rre n t awareness s e rv ic e o f re g io n a l f is h e r ie s .
0 How much w i l l these se rv ic e s c o s t?
A nominal cost o f US $0.15 per page w i l l be charged f o r photocopying, h a n d lin g , and surface m a il. A irm a il costs w i l l be e x tra . The p u b lic a tio n cost per manual w i l l v a ry according to the book.
SAFIS is grateful for financial support received from the
International Development
Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada.
