The Mindanao Forum Vol. XXVII, No. 1 June 2014
Autonomous and Planned Adaptation Options to Climate Change of Northern
Mindanao Coastal Communities
ALITA TIMONERA ROXAS REYNALDO T. VEQUIZO
ANGELITO C. ALOLOD DIR. ALFONSO ALAMBAN
ASA SAJISE PAUL RAMIREZ MAJVELL KAY ODARVE
CHRISTINE JOY ABAN
Abstract
The paper is on an emerging global challenge – climate change – as experienced by six coastal communities in Northern Mindanao for the period 2000 to 2012. It discusses the autonomous and planned adaptation options done by the impoverished households and local government units in these communities.
Data gathering was primarily through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation and household surveys. Results show that climate change has brought about sea level rise, coastal erosion, flooding, storm surges, salt water intrusion and intermittent typhoons in the study sites, affecting livelihoods and well-being.
Households and communities have been found to do autonomous adaptation responses that are reflective of their impoverished status. These include surrounding households with sandbags, making ripraps out of stones and fortifying houses to cope with the occurrence of frequent storms and flooding. A gender dimension to autonomous adaptation has also been observed.
Planned adaptation options by local government units also reflect scarce funds and favor vegetative protection which – while having the potential of offering long term solutions – fail to respond to immediate needs such as the relocation of households to safer sites. Earlier partnerships with regional or national levels of governance has resulted in the relocation of a few households, building of protective infrastructure as seawall, dikes and some river control measures, but these badly need repairs or expansion or complementation efforts to be effective.
Officials in the grassroots level of governance units reported evaluating climate change hazards in their communities but pointed to their limited participation in the comprehensive land-use planning and limited access to funds which they see as requisites for reducing risks.
Ways forward jointly arrived at with key informants include partnership efforts between grassroots level and municipal/city officials to implement climate change adaptation-disaster risk reduction management projects. The tapping of expertise that resides in the academe, professional groups and in agencies charged with the responsibility of adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change is also considered vital.
Keywords: climate change, autonomous adaptation, planned adaptation
Disaster Preparedness, Response and Management Among Select Companies in Areas Affected by
Tropical Storm Sendong
PATRICIA GRACE G. BORJA ALITA T. ROXAS MILAGROS N. NARIDO
ADRIAN D. GALIDO
Abstract
Disaster and crisis situations can strike at any time or place and its adverse impact threatens the integrity, reputation and eventually, the viability of any company or organization. The horrific impact of 2011 Tropical Storm Sendong (international code: Washi) brought about the increased consciousness among business entities of the need to prepare for unforeseen events by creating or revising their disaster preparedness and response management procedures across organizations. Results of the study reveal that respondent organizations did not have any form of business disaster plan prior to Tropical Storm Sendong. The aftermath of the aforesaid disaster prompted the organizations studied to revisit and review existing emergency response management systems and procedures and to make the necessary changes to include disaster preparedness. Organizations under study indicated that their respective HRD played some role in the formulation of their organizations’ disaster preparedness and response management plans with equal input from other departments. Employee respondents indicated that their respective organization provided them the necessary training in disaster preparedness and assistance which was more than adequate, afforded to them in the aftermath of the 2011 Tropical Storm Sendong.
Keywords: disaster preparedness, responses, management, and companies
Disaster Response of Iligan City During Tropical Storm Sendong
NIMFA L. BRACAMONTE AMABELLE A. EMBORNAS
SULPECIA L. PONCE MYRMA JEAN A. MENDOZA
LIWAYWAY S. VILORIA
Abstract
This study examines the nature of disaster response activities conducted by the government of Iligan City, its line agencies, and humanitarian organizations who were the first responders to Tropical Storm Sendong. Using qualitative research design, this study made use of in-depth interviews of 21 key informants from the aforementioned agencies/organizations. The findings show that based on the DRRM goals of these organizations, they undertook post-disaster needs assessment, rescue operations, relief assistance, and early recovery activities/interventions immediately after Sendong. These were done for the purpose of providing basic social services for the devastated communities in order to meet the objectives of life preservation and basic subsistence needs of those people affected. However, there were some bureaucratic, logistic and inter-agency coordination problems that emerged during the delivery of emergency relief operations and services. These findings have implications to disaster preparedness, monitoring and disaster governance of the local government units of Iligan City.
Keywords: cluster approach, disaster relief, disaster plan, humanitarian organizations
Disaster Vulnerability in a Coastal Community in Southern Philippines
AMABELLE A. EMBORNAS JESERYL I. CUYNO
LOVELY KIMBERLY LOU J. JIMENEZ REDGIE S. LUMPAYAO
Abstract
Global warming has significantly changed the earth’s climatic system, particularly on the alteration of rainfall and temperature in both time and space. Typhoons are the common calamities faced by people which bring torrential rain resulting to flooding that destroy lives and properties. Flooding is one of the most widespread climatic hazards that pose multiple risks to human health. The Philippines is reported to be on the top list of countries prone to disasters due to its geographical location. The country is located in an area of high seismic, volcanic, and tropical cyclone activity which predisposes the area to disasters. An average of 20 typhoons hit the country each year. Because of this, the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System or RA 10121 was implemented in 2010.
In Northern Mindanao located in the southern part of the Philippines, Iligan City has not historically experienced strong typhoons, but since 2011, two typhoons hit the area namely Tropical Storm Washi (local name Sendong) in December 17, 2011 and Bopha (local name Pablo) in December 4, 2012.
This study is anchored on the disaster vulnerability framework as stipulated in RA 10121 which emphasizes the sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity of people to environmental change. Anchored on this framework, the extent of awareness, preparedness and vulnerability were compared during Typhoon Washi and Bopha. A quantitative research design employing a survey method with 60 respondents were purposively selected among the residents in the coastal community of Barangay Santiago, Iligan City.
The level of awareness and preparedness of the respondents were significantly higher during Typhoon Bopha compared to Typhoon Washi. Due to the geographical location and the type of infrastructure and facilities, the respondents were very vulnerable to disaster risk. The disaster vulnerability framework provided good scaffolding in determining the importance of awareness and preparedness and in assessing the vulnerability of households to disasters.
Keywords: disaster vulnerability, risk reduction, sociology of disaster, sendong, Iligan City
Effects of Tropical Storm Sendong Among the Flood Victims in Rogongon,
Iligan City: An Upland Experience
SULPECIA L. PONCE MARIEL DENERIE B. COLANCE
JHONA D. LANDONG HANAH G. MANDA
Abstract
The study examines the effects of Tropical Storm Sendong to the upland Higaonon community in Iligan City. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods and employing 62 research participants, the study reveals that the geophysical setting of the research locale was affected by the disaster. Furthermore, the statistical results show that there is a significant difference in the awareness and vulnerabilities of the respondents before and after Sendong.
However, in terms of their capacities and awareness on global warming/climate change/ disaster issues before and after the incident, no significant differences were found. Also, the respondents have moderate level of disaster preparedness when Sendong came.
The estimated household damages, excluding livestock and farms, amount to PhP 7,423,423 based on CSWD’s estimate. Of this figure, the three worst-hit puroks in the barangay registered 5 million worth of damages. Their coping mechanisms at the community level comprised of performing rituals/ceremonies (panapang), whereas, at the household/personal level, coping mechanisms took the form of engaging in economic activities, finding new jobs, and starting to work in the field or extracting gold in the river. As of now, the respondents have started to learn about the connection between environmental exploitation and natural disaster as well as natural resource management strategies.
Keywords: Higaonon, effects of tropical storm Sendong, Barangay Rogongon, flood, coping mechanism
Flood Risk Assessment: An Approach
to Disaster Risk Reduction in Barangay Hinaplanon, Iligan City
ELIZABETH EDAN M. ALBIENTO DANIEL S. MOSTRALES
Abstract
Flooding becomes more frequent and intense among all natural disasters that hit Barangay Hinaplanon, Iligan City as the years passed. A community based flood risk assessment is presented in this study in order to give the city planners and the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Barangay Hinaplanon further scientific information that can help them improve their risk knowledge and prevent further development in high-risk areas. Datasets of household geographic locations, demographic data and building stock were gathered to develop social vulnerability map. The resulting map is overlaid to the flood hazard scenario maps and was processed using QGIS to facilitate the identification of high-risk areas. The assessment on risk areas were made on a per purok level. The identified high-risk puroks are Purok 9 – Bayug Riverside, Purok 5A - Tambo and Purok 5B - Neopoda for 25 Year Return Period (YRP) and 50 YRP. Moreover, the flood risk map for 100 YRP identifies Purok 2C - Katipunan, Purok 5A - Tambo, Purok 5B - Neopoda and Purok 9 – Bayug Riverside as the high-risk puroks. Flood risk assessment is recommended to other barangay especially along the Mandulog River; hence, it will aid the local and barangay officials in planning, managing, deciding and executing plans concerning flood events. It is also suggested that the barangay datasets must be updated regularly to improve the quality of data used in the assessment and analysis.
Keywords: disaster risk reduction, flood risk assessment, vulnerability assessment
Life in the Aftermath of Typhoon:
The Case of the Muslim Maranao Victims in Iligan City, Philippines
RENEBEL O. LABADISOS SULPECIA L. PONCE CHRISTIAN T.N. AGUADO HEDDA ANN B. ARSOLER
JANSEN S. NAVALES TEDDY C. PAGENTE
Abstract
This study presents how the survivors of typhoon Washi describe their experiences before, during and months after their stay on the evacuation center. The respondents described their economic, health and sanitation, spiritual/religious, social, and emotional conditions. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the thirty five (35) respondents. A researcher designed interview guide was used to conduct interviews to respondents and selected key informants. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon tied ranks test of differences for the quantitative and the thematic approach for qualitative data.
Prior to the typhoon, residents were living a comfortable life; however, when Sendong hit Iligan City on the eve of December 16, 2011, many were affected. Most of the houses and farms were destroyed specifically in Barangay Mandulog, a hinterland barangay of Iligan City, a Muslim-dominated community and one of the worst-hit barangays during the typhoon. When the typhoon occurred, it left nothing to the residents and caused problems such as food shortage, destroyed shelter, cramped evacuation centers, and trauma. Several months after the typhoon, some of the families were relocated and resettled and for them it seems life is now back to normal but emotional scars remained.
Talcott Parsons’ functionalist approach specifically the AGIL Model (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration and Latency) supports this study specifically in the re- attainment of lost equilibrium by the community in the wake of the disaster.
Keywords: disaster, typhoon sending, muslim maranao
Rapid Impact Assessment of Disaster on Sources of Livelihood and Employment Opportunities (Post
Typhoon Sendong Conditions in Iligan City)
JULITA W. BOKINGO, GLORIA S. FERNANDO ADRIAN P. GALIDO, SHEEVUN DI O. GULIMAN LADY LOU D. MARAPAO, MILAGROS R. NARIDO
MARIA RIZALIA Y. TEVES, ALITA T. ROXAS
Abstract
This study intends to determine the impact of Tropical Storm Sendong on the employment and livelihood capacities of Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) in Iligan City, and to provide a clear understanding of the developing labour market demands due to a shift in calamity-triggered investment priorities, and present the institutions involved in livelihood recovery process.
Primary data was collected via a 5-page questionnaire administered by ten fieldworkers to 1,000 IDPs. Selected non-survey sample IDPs were subjected to Key Informant Work or Focus Group Discussions. Investment climate was sourced from business persons, LGU administrators, and NGOs and financial institutions’ personnel. Details on the institution’s involvement in livelihood recovery process was taken from
LGU reports. Majority of the IDPs had meager income before the Tropical Storm Sendong;
these worsened after due to significant livelihood and livelihood assets’ losses. Male IDPs’
skills are in farming, fishing, and construction and related jobs. Women engage in microenterprises and general services. IDPs are highly trainable workforce since majority had at least secondary education. Home-based IDPs exhibited more institutional membership.
Livelihood difficulties included lack of capital assets and technical know-how, health-related and safety concerns, and emotional issues. IDPs’ coping strategies focused on seeking financial assistance, pursuing other livelihood sources, seeking emotional and spiritual support, undertaking shelter reconstruction, and asking parents’ or relatives’ help. Tropical Storm Sendong did not adversely affect the city’s business climate as number of business permits and licenses issued increased, prime commodities had stable prices BIR tax collections rose, and there were newly opened businesses. Also, the city’s formal labor and employment conditions were unchanged. The calamity however, brought a shift in investment priorities as government and donor institutions prioritized repair and rehabilitation of infrastructure projects. Livelihood interventions targeted immediately on meeting IDPs’ essential needs and shifted to activities entailing timely income transfers, infrastructure repair and rehabilitation, and physical assets’ replacements. Efforts were finally directed on improving household livelihoods’ resilience for a sustainable response to basic need requirements.
Keywords: post-calamity investment climate, sustainable livelihood opportunities
Recovering from Typhoon Sendong, Mitigating for Typhoon Pablo:
Experiences from Iligan City
NIMFA L. BRACAMONTE AMABELLE A. EMBORNAS
SULPECIA L. PONCE MYRMA JEAN A. MENDOZA
LIWAYWAY S. VILORIA
Abstract
This paper focuses on two priority areas in disaster risk management, recovery and mitigation in Iligan City. Data for this purpose were generated through triangulation, a combination of Key Informant Interview on selected government agencies, Focus Group Discussions of selected purok and barangay officials from four barangays, (Mandulog, Hinaplanon, Pugaan and Palao), and secondary materials.
Needs and plans for post-Typhoon Sendong recovery and rehabilitation, as well as the prevention and mitigation in pre-Sendong and pre-Pablo for Iligan City are limited to three aspects: infrastructure, livelihood, and shelter. Using the Hyogo framework, the article advances that climate change adaptation and vulnerability are vital to the understanding of government planners and development workers in coming up with resilient infrastructure, livelihood and shelter needed to ensure sustainable development. Resilient recovery and rehabilitation programs/projects are the best means of disaster prevention and mitigation.
This would ensure that the huge amount of money invested in recovery and rehabilitation are built stronger and better to withstand further calamities in the city.
Full recovery and effective mitigation measures still have a long way to go in Iligan City.
A monitoring and evaluation scheme is needed for implementation to ensure that recovery and mitigation thrusts in the city are geared towards resilience and climate change adaptation thus reducing vulnerability among marginalized sectors. Local government units need all the help they can get from the private organizations as well as the initiatives of the vulnerable communities and sectors of the society towards attaining a resilient community.
Keywords: recovery, mitigation, resilience, vulnerability, climate change adaptation
Sendong as a Political Economic Disaster: A Preliminary
Theoretization
ARNOLD P. ALAMON
Abstract
Historians have long noted the effect of natural disasters in exposing unapparent but existing social fissures. It takes a natural disaster to reveal a social disaster, an American historian once opined. The lethal flash flood brought about by Typhoon Sendong that killed an estimated 2,000 people in the early morning of December 17, 2011 also revealed an aspect of Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines that was seemingly not obvious. The City, particularly its riverbanks, had been home to thousands of poor migrant settlers who have sought a better life in these cramped and densely populated settlements now washed away by the Sendong floods.
There is a political economic basis for the Sendong disaster. The twin elements of water and people outflow, both essential features that foregrounded the disaster, are traced to political economic realities that define two important fronts – the ecological and the social field. Large- scale agricultural capitalism, commercial logging, and mining have not only compromised the natural watersheds upstream but also contributed to the heavy siltation of the Cagayan de Oro River altering the ecological field.
The same economic logic is also central to the long-term underdevelopment in the hinterlands and rural areas. The extractive nature of these enterprises provide little returns in terms of long-term jobs or social mobility and are in fact culprits for the state of landlessness among inhabitants in these rural areas. The result is a steady stream of rural to urban migration as a response to the absence of economic opportunities from their places of origin.
In Cagayan de Oro City, former river deltas and low-lying areas have been transformed into subdivisions. The local watershed areas are now housing settlements replacing the former foliage and greens with concrete roads and houses.
The Sendong disaster reveals a social problem whose genesis and development goes beyond the spatio-temporal limits of the contemporary City. Instead, it is a product of the decades-long affliction of underdevelopment in the rural hinterlands because of the colonial and feudal ties that continue to shape and define the political economy of Cagayan de Oro and the island of Mindanao to this day.
Keywords: washi, political economy of disaster, Cagayan de Oro Mindanao
Through the Eyes of Women: A Gendered Vulnerability Study of a Riverine
Community in Iligan City
MYRMA JEAN A. MENDOZA CHARELL R. ROMANO CHERRY FAITH P. BODIONGAN
Abstract
This article focuses on a 40 female sample group from Barinaut, Barangay San Roque, Iligan City who had suffered the wrath of Sendong on December 16-77, 2011, yet whose households went back after the flood to their low-lying, flood-prone riverine community. Majority of these women are Catholics with an average of 4 children. Most of them are housewives with husbands working in the blue-collar and service sector with an average family monthly income of PhP 5,000.
This article examines the vulnerability patterns of these women Sendong survivors.
Viewed from the lens of this all-female sample group , vulnerability is a result of a complex process and interrelations of the vulnerability components. Sensitivity to hazard, exposure to hazard and adaptive capacity are found to have varying levels before and after Sendong.
Keywords: gender, vulnerability, sensitivity to hazard, exposure to hazard, adaptive capacity.
The Mindanao Forum Vol. XXVII, No. 2 December 2014
Incorporating Indigenous Conflict Resolution into the Philippine Justice System as a Means of Resolving
Family Feuds Among Muslim Filipinos
DAVID N. ALMAREZ NIKKI MORSHIDA M. DALIDIG
HAFSAH M. DIMARONSING SHEHAM S. LUCMAN
ELAINE Q. LUMBA MARIAM ALLYSSA M. PACOTE
Abstract
Family feud, locally called “rido” is a growing threat to peace and order in Southern Philippines. Its persistence among Filipino Muslims is a challenge to the rule of law because the Philippine judiciary appears ineffective in resolving it. Disputants prefer mediation, the only process they respect as court decisions could not deter the aggrieved party from pursuing revenge.
This is a study on alternative conflict resolution, particularly on the traditional mediation process for family feuds in Lanao del Sur, a province in Southern Philippines predominantly inhabited by Maranaos. It deals with the selection of appropriate mediators, with how mediation is conducted and with how resultant agreement is enforced.
Family feuds can be triggered by pride, money, and jealousy but their major causes are political issues, murder, and land disputes. In resolving them, Maranaos prefer the mediation of political leaders, traditional leaders and common relatives. Mediation is based on traditional laws and practices.
While a family feud is unresolved, the movements of involved families are restricted.
They suffer deprivation, as resources are diverted towards enhancing their defensive and offensive capabilities. Fear of involvement and the possibility of getting caught in crossfires lead innocent residents to exodus, turning communities into no-man’s lands. There is therefore urgency in resolving family feuds to enable people to go back to their normal lives. Hence, the government should incorporate traditional mediation process into the justice system of the Philippines to lend legitimacy to its results, provide resources for the formal training of qualified mediators and enhance their effectiveness.
Key words: governance, mediation, rido, rule of law, kandori
Eradicating Child Labor: A Challenge to the Philippine Bureaucracy
DAVID N. ALMAREZ FAISAH R. PANDITA JAN LIANNE M. OZARAGA
Abstract
It has been the policy of the Philippine government to eradicate child labor as evidenced by its adherence to international conventions on the rights of the child and to local statutes that protect child welfare. However, data from 1995 to 2011 show that the problem of child labor has been escalating, which indicates a poor performance of the Philippine bureaucracy in policy implementation.
This is a study on child labor conducted in three cities in Mindanao. Respondents were self-employed child laborers as well as representatives from the Philippine National Police (PNP), Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the Department of Social Works and Development (DSWD) in the three cities.
It was found that child laborers worked longer than that allowed by law. Many worked at night and in dangerous places. These children work at a young age to augment the income of their families, support their studies, and procure personal necessities.
The PNP, DOLE and the DSWD, the lead agencies mandated to protect the welfare of Filipino children do not see child labor as a serious problem. Their attitude towards child labor reflects Louis Koenig’s (1988) view that a policy can be altered in the course of its implementation due to the lack of necessary resources to carry them out and due to the influence of many factors like poverty, narrow skills and lack of coordination among implementers.
It is recommended that these agencies look into child labor as the problem itself. And since it is rooted in poverty, the government should provide better employment opportunities to poor parents alongside a study program to keep poor children in classrooms.
Key words: bureaucracy, child labor, governance, implementation
Understanding Rido
and the Maguindanao Massacre:
Perspective from the Social Sciences
JAMAIL A. KAMLIAN
No Abstract
Mindanao’s Child Laborers: A Proposed Intervention Program Design for the Community, GO’s and NGO’s
ALMA G. MARANDA
Abstract
This study seeks to explore and describes the child’s laborer’s descriptive profile, predisposing reasons and factors influencing them to work, problems they encountered and their ways of coping, experience, needs and concerns, and awareness and responses to child labor programs. A descriptive qualitative analysis on the views of child labor and responses/ programs that help avert/ prevent child labor by the community (parents and religious sectors), GOs and NGOs was also undertaken. Finally, an Intervention Program Strategy Design involving GO, NGO and community is proposed to alleviate child laborers in Mindanao and in the Philippines. The plight of the study was conducted in three areas in Mindanao having a considerable number of child laborers in the agricultural field, quarry, manufacturing, scavenging, and other service—related works, in Iligan City, Initao, Misamis Oriental and Maramag, Bukidnon. Overall results show that using 0.05 level of significance, male and female child laborers significantly differed in terms of their personal needs and concerns, goals and aspirations and responses to the child labor program.
Analysis of variance results show that emotional experiences, personal and community needs and concerns, as well as responses to the child labor programs differed significantly across ordinal positions. Moreover, most parents were not aware of GO and NGO child labor programs. They were negative about GOs and NGOs visiting their place because of the following reasons: they are fond of making promises, but no actions are taken and they felt that the government is not sincere in helping them. Most of the government agencies had well-defined and structured intervention programs that help prevent child labor.
Keywords: Child laborers; Intervention Program Design
Factors Affecting Health Care Expenditure
LADY LOU D. MARAPAO
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the factors that affect total health expenditure per capita. The economic model used was developed by Muurinen (1982) which is a generalized Grossman-type health investment model of which the effect of environmental variable on the use of medical care was through its impact on the use-related rate of depreciation. The econometric model was from the study of Jerrett et al. (2003) who used a two-stage least square (2SLS) model due to the endogeneity between total mortality rate and total health expenditure per capita. The instrumental variable used was the lagged per capita total health expenditure. The data used to test the hypothesis was a cross-section of the selected thirty-seven member states of World Health Organization (WHO). The empirical analysis suggests that poor investment in environmental protection would lead to a higher health care expenditure. Moreover, it shows that health spending increases via the increase in the demand for good health. Also, the results show that richer countries spend more on health care.
Keywords: health care expenditure, environmental expenditure, two-stage least squares, health expenditure
Sidewalk Management in Support for an Environmentally-Sustainable
Transport (EST) Initiative
METODIA M. TRINIDAD JOSE A. CASTRO
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine if sidewalks along the major streets and intersecting minor streets in Iligan City promote safe walking as an alternative of the transport sector’s response to environmentally-sustainable transport (EST) initiative.
Sidewalk inventory was conducted to collect information on the characteristics of the sidewalks, e.g., width, length, obstructions, etc. Factors that affect the serviceability of the sidewalks are identified through visual observations and these factors are rated using the Kieser’s rating system (Kieser, 2010), e.g., cracks, level change, potholes.
The study revealed that of the total length of 6.5 km of concrete sidewalks within the study area, 4.2-km of sidewalks are along the major streets of the Aguinaldo and Quezon Avenues, while 2.3-km of sidewalks are along the minor streets or the sandwich streets. Of the total sidewalk length along the major streets, 20% has obstructions while in the minor streets, 15% of its total length has obstructions. Obstructions include encroachment by business establishments on the sidewalks, presence of vendors, plant boxes, and parked vehicles. On the type of structural component of obstructions, 12% of the obstructions along the major streets are made up of concrete, 35% are made of wood or lumber. Most of these obstructions are building encroachments for sidewalk displays. The remaining 53% covers the non-structural type of obstructions such as parked vehicles and sale events.
Using the Kiesler Rating System of sidewalk conditions, 16% of the sidewalks in the study area was rated good. Sixty six percent (66%) of the sidewalks is rated fair. This means these sidewalk are passable but currently have light defects. Sixteen percent (16%) on poor condition which means they are suffering from heavy defects that impede pedestrian traffic. The remaining 2% is on gap condition or impassable. Along the minor streets, 81% is rated fair and 19% was rated poor.
Keywords: Sidewalk Management, EST, Iligan City
