Return To Scale

Table 4 shows that the efficiency of pesticide usage using the assumption of Constant Return to Scale (CRS) is 0.115. The technical efficiency value shows that the average sample can reach 11.5% and the value ≤ 1, which means that the use of pesticide input is inefficient from technical point of view. The analysis shows that 34 farmers (97.15%) are technically inefficient in return for Scale (CRS) and only 1 farmer (2.85%) is technically efficient in the use of pesticides in cauliflower. While using the assumption of Variable Return to Scale (VRS) obtained the average value of technical efficiency of 0.377 that the average sample can reach 3.77%. The average efficiency of pesticide use using VRS assumption is 0.377 ≤ 1, which means that the use of pesticide input on the flower crop is not efficient from a technical point of view. The calculation of analysis with Variable Return to Scale (VRS) resulted in 30 farmers (85.27%) found inefficient and only 5 farmers (14.28%) were technically efficient. From the results obtained samples (flower farmers) that are efficient use of pesticides technically are respondent or DMU 8,11,15,25 and 29 with value of 1,000. So, it can be concluded that only one farmer (2, 85%) efficient by CRS and five farmers (14, 28%) efficient by VRS. This implies that a large number of respondent farmers face serious problems in terms of technical efficiency.

Nowadays, there are many latest environmental problems on our planet, such as, increasing energy consumption, environmental pollution, climate change, burning forest, and others, which are related to the waste production by several anthropogenic activities. Palm oil industry [1] is one of the activities that contribute those problems 1,2 . The Republic of Indonesia is currently considered as the world's largest [3]

An anaerobic closed system using a pilot-scale digester tank has been developed in recent years at Universit as Sumatera Utara. The system was built for the purpose of producing biogas from the fermentation process of palm oil industry effluent obtained from a wastewater treatment plant of the palm oil mills owned by Sisirau Mill. The digester tank used was a reactor with the type of continuous stirred tank reactor has a volume of 3,000 liters equipped with electrical heaters, insulators, and baffles in it. Feed input was performed intermittently so that the operation occurred continuously. In this research, a series of experiments at pilot scale were conducted with 616 liters palm oil mill effluent/day feed rate, the temperature of feed tank 70 o C, digester tank temperature of 55 o C,

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The  primary purpose of a  credit clearing  system is to facili‐ tate  the  exchange  of  goods  and  services  among  its  users  without  the  use  of  political  money or  the  need  to  borrow  money from  a  bank. It  is  an  arrangement  that  enables “re‐ ciprocal  exchange,”  i.e., in  which  each  participant  gives  as  much  value  as  s/he  gets,  and  gets  as much  value  as  s/he  gives  (in  real  goods  and  services).  Commercial  trade  ex‐ changes  (sometimes  called  “barter”  exchanges)  and  grass‐ roots  community  exchange  systems,  like  LETS,  are  exam‐ ples of entities that utilize this credit clearing process.  In order to determine the health and effectiveness of such a  system,  it  is necessary to have  some  indicator(s)  that tells  how well  it  is achieving  that  objective  and  how  likely  it  is  that the system will  be sustainable, as well as scalable. Con‐ trol  mechanisms  must  also  be  in  place  to  assure  that  ad‐ ministrative  policies  established  by  the  membership  are  being  carried  out  and the  principle  of reciprocity  is  being  upheld.

For constructive and critical comments on full drafts I am grateful to John Gaventa, Naomi Hossain and Rosemary McGee of the Participation Team’s Writers’ Group at IDS, to Peter Feldman as External Reviewer, and to Petra Bongartz, Mark Ellery and Lyla Mehta. Their various comments and suggestions have led to many corrections and revisions. I thank Kamal Kar for his pioneering, enthusiasm and energy and what I have learnt from his work and our work together. I owe much to IDS colleagues engaged on the DFID-funded CLTS research project, ‘Going to Scale? The Potential of Community-Led Total Sanitation’ – Lyla Mehta, Petra Bongartz, Andrew Deak and Anu Joshi, and to Sammy Musyoki of Plan Kenya whose ideas and experience have informed and helped to reorient my perspectives. I especially thank those many colleagues, partners in research and action learning, in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Kenya and elsewhere, who have shared information and insights. Country information has been supplied and checked by Mark Ellery, Tezera Fisseha, Nilanjana Mukherjee, Sammy Musyoki and Matebu Tadesse. Errors may, however, have crept in through my subsequent editing. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the conference 1 on scaling up CLTS, held

Penelitian efisiensi bank syariah yang dilakukan oleh Fadzlan Sufian pada tahun 2006, dengan judul penelitian ‘Size And Returns To Scale Of The Islamic Banking Industry In Malaysia : Foreign Versus Domestic Banks’ dilakukan untuk menganalisis tingkat efisiensi perbankan syariah di Malaysia. Penelitian ini menggunakan periode 2001-2004 dengan menggunakan metode Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Variabel yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah, variabel input terdiri dari labor, total deposits, dan assets , sedangkan variabel output terdiri dari income dan total loans. Berdasarkan prinsip ekonomi Islam, pendekatan intermediasi digunakan untuk spesifikasi variabel input dan output . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat efisiensi bank syariah lokal mencapai 83,5% dan bank syariah asing mencapai tingkat efisiensi 71,2%, menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi bank syariah lokal lebih efisien daripada bank syariah asing.

For example, in the US, women make up 20% of engineering graduates, but it is estimated 40% quit or never enter the engineering profession (Silbey, S. 2016). In Indonesia women only represents 5% of engineers (Sakernas BPS, 2015), making the field is still dominated by male engineers; and place woman as minority*. Although various research have proven more diverse leadership leads to increased performance, but in reality, the so-called ‘leaky pipeline’ phenomenon for female engineers is also prevalent in Indonesia, especially as the further a woman advances in her career peran perempuan di dalam keluarga, masyarakat dan tempat kerja, serta mempelajari bagaimana insinyur perempuan yang telah berhasil menavigasi hambatan negatif dalam berkarir untuk tidak keluar dari jalur profesi insinyur. Bertentangan dengan hasil temuan riset sebelumnya, riset empiris ini menunjukkan bahwa insinyur perempuan merasa diperlakukan setara dengan rekan kerja laki-laki di tempat mereka bekerja, walaupun ada beberapa tuntutan pekerjaan yang dapat menjadi penghalang. Pengakuan kuat akan peran seseorang di dalam masyarakat kolektif melampaui pendapat yang menurut hukum Islam (fiqh) perempuan telah terpinggirkan, mengalami ketidakadilan dan diskriminasi. Studi serupa dimasa mendatang perlu mempelajari aspek dukungan sosial di tempat kerja guna mendapatkan solusi yang dapat mempertahankan dan meningkatkan andil perempuan dalam profesi insinyur di Indonesia.