L T. B. Tkn- ' Tf p chi Ngkicn cini N n ^ ngoai. Tjp 36. S« 2 (J020) 5
PHAN TICH CAU HOI CO TIT DE H 6 I VE DIA DIEM TRONG TIENG DU-C VA TIENG VIET
XET TREN BINH DIEN CAU TRUC
Le Thi Bich Thuy
Khoa Ngdn ngit vd f 'an hda Due, Tru&ng Dgi hgc Ngogi ngit, DHQGHN, Phgm Vdn Dong, Cdu Gidy, Hd Ngi, Vi0l Nam
Nhan bai ngay 14 thang 11 nam 2019
Chinh sih nga\ 19lhangl2 n t o 2019; Chdp n h ^ dang ngay 30 thang 03 nam 2020 T6m tit: Bai viel niiy muon chi ra s\i giong nhau va kh^c nhau cua cac cau hoi co tii de hoi ve dja diem irong ticng E>iJc va tieng Vi^t xet tir goc dg cau tnic hinh thu'c. D£ lam du^c di£u do, nghidn cijru khao sdt c ^ lic phim van hpc vict bang ti£ng Due va tieng Viet cijng nhu mgt so dich phSm roi t6ng hgp clu hoi CO til de hoi vc dja diem, sau do phan tich cau tnic de tir do dira ra cac khuon hoi. Theo ket qua nghien cihi, khuon hoi trong tieng Diic chi quy \'z mql dang didn hinh vcri dang thuc dSy dii la DTNV + BT + C (+ B)?
v4 d^ig tinh Iupc la DTN\'? Trong khi do, cac khuon hoi trong tieng Viet phong phu hon rdt nhi^u. Dieu do
\k do hai ngon ngiJ thupc hai loju hinh ngon ngii khac nhau: mpt ben la ngon ngii' bien d6i hinh thii (tiing Diic) \ a m^l ben \k ngon ngil don l$p mi tr^t t\r tir dong vai tro rit quan trgng (tiSng Vi?t).
Tit khda: cau hoi, tir dc hoi, khuon hoi, tifing Diic, ti^ng Vi^t 1. Dan nhfip
Cho un nay. de tai nghien cuu v^ cau hoi kh6ng con xa I9 \ 61 gioi nghien ciiu ngon ngii.
Trong linh hinh nghien ciiu o Viet Nam, khong chi CO cac tai li?u viet ve van de cau hoi trong ticng \ifl ma con co kha nhieu de tAi so sanh- d6i chi^u cau hoi tieng Vi?t voi cac ngon ngu khac, d$c bi?t la tieng Anh va tieng Phap. Tuy nhien, trong so d6 van chua co nhieu nghien Cliu so sanh-doi chieu cau hoi tiing Vi?t va lieng Due Bai \iel niy muon gioi thieu mpt khia c ^ h rat nho trong so sanh-doi chieu cau hoi trong tieng EhJc va tieng \1?t nhin tir binh di^n ciu tnic de lam phong phii them dia h?t nghien cuu nay, giiip ngum \1ei hpc ti^ng Due de dang hon ciing nhu giiip nguiri Due hpc tiing Mft nhanh ch6ng hon. Cu thi, bai vici muon chi ra s\r giong nhau \ a khac nhau
ciia cau hoi co tir de hoi ve dia diim trong cap ngon ngu tren nhin tii khia canh ciu tnic. Phin dau cua bai vi6t se trinh bay v i khai niem va cac loai cau hoi theo quan diim cua cic nh^
Diic ngii hpc va Viet ngii hpc. 6 phan tiip theo, dua tren dii lieu la cac tac phim vSn hpc (hai ban tiing Diic, b6n ban tiing Viet) cung nhu bon dich phim bing tiing Viet, nghien Cliu khao sat, phan tich cau hoi va cu6i ciing la t6ng hgp nhiing difim tuong ddng va khac biet cua cau hoi loai nay 6 hai thii tiing. Phuang phap duac sudung chu yiu trong nghian Cliu
"ay 1^ dmh tinh, dung thao tac phan tich ciu tnic cua cau de tii do khai .
khuon hoi u-ong ca hai n i quat th^nh cic '• ngon ngir.
2. Cau hoi va cac loai cau
Diic va tieng Vi^t > cau hoi trong tieng 2.1 Khdi ni^m cdu hdi
DT s-i-918483878 Emiil: )ethJbichihuy78<Sgmailxoin
hoi bao gio cung , i , i j „ ; ^ ^ 8 > n h mpt cau mpt tinh hudng hOi thoai Vh, 1 f '"• "^"""^
• • ' * ' * i e u thong tin
Typ cki Nghien c n Nir6t ngoii, T | p 36, So 2 (2020) 58-69 59
\a muin la^ diy khoang trong do, nguoi nghe st d$i cfiu hoi cho nguoi doi dien. Neu ngudi nay dua ra cau tra loi, co nghia la anh ta da lap lo h6ng d6. Cimg co quan diem tren la Helbig va Buscha (2001: 615). Hai ong cho rSng cau hoi dupc ngudi noi dien d&t khi khong co dii thong tin ve mpt sir vi?c vk can ngucri doi tho^i cung cap cho minh thong tin nay. Cau hoi Cling chinh la loi yeu cau theo mot each djc bi?t. Khong chi de cap ttii viec ngucri noi thong qua cau hoi de neu/mieu ta mpt "16 hong thong tin" d§c biet (cau hoi xac dinh/cau hoi CO tir dS hoi), Hentschel va Weydt (2013:3 76) c6n chu y tai vi?c ngudi noi neu/mieu ta dieu khong chic chan lien quan tdi viec xac djnh mOt n^i dung (cau hdi khong c6 tir de hoi).
Gidi Viet ngS ciing cd nhimg quan diem khi giong vdi cic nha nghien ciiu tren cua Dire mic dii cich dien dat cd the hoi khic.
Hoang Trpng Phiin (2008: 344-360) ndi tdi s^r c6 mit ciia "cii khong ro" va y djnh cua ngirdi hdi mong mu6n ngudi nghe tra Idi ve
"cii khdng rQ". Trong khi dd, Diep Quang Ban (2011: 119) cho ring ngudi ndi mudn thong qua ciu hdi neu len thong tin ma minh chua biit ho|lc cdn hoai nghi va mong ngudi nghe dua ra cau tra ldi hoic mot s^r giai lhich.
2.2. Cdch phdn logi edu hdi theo quan diem cUa cdc nhd Due ngu hgc
Da sd cic tic gii phan biet cau hdi dua tren g6c dp ngil phip, cu the la hinh thii ciu true. Hp chii y tdi vi tri ciia dpng tir trong cau, tdi tir de hdi hay khong cd tir de hdi. Theo dd, hai lo^i cau hdi dupc nhic tdi nhieu nhat li cdu hdi cd tu di hdi va edu hdi khdng cd lit ifc" Ad/(Hentschel va Weydt, 2013; Eisenberg, 2013; Habermann va cpng su, 2009; Boetcher, 2009; Engel, 2009; Kilrschner, 2008; Duden, 2006; Weinrich, 2005; Helbig va Buscha, 2001; Zifonun vi cpng sir, 1997; Wdllstein- Leisten vi cpng sir, 1997; Genzmer, 1995;
Conrad, 1978).
Loai cau hdi dau tien, cdn dupc gpi la cdu hdi xdc dinh/ cdu hoi bg phdn hay aSu hdi bd sung thdng tin, thudng bit dau vdi mpt tu de hdi hoac mpt diin dat hdi bao gdm nhieu thanh phan, hdi ve mpt phin cua cau (vi dy:
Wer hat das Haus gekauft? —* Ai da mua ngdi nha do?).
Cdu hdi khdng ed lit de hdi cdn dupc gpi la cdu hdi CO-KHONG hay edu hdi long qudl, danh dau npi dung cau la khdng chic chin.
Hinh thiic ngii phip dien hinh la dpng tir dirng d diu cau (vi du: Kommst du morgen? —*
Ngiy mai anh cd den khdng?), nhung cung cd ngoai le la cau cd cau true cua mpt cau tran thuit, ddng tir chia theo ngoi diing d vj tri thii hai, tinh nghi vin the hien qua ngir dieu, khi dd ta cd cau hdi ngir dieu (vi du: Anna hat ein Haus gekauft? - Ja/Nein —* Anna dS mua mpt ngoi nha? - U"/ Khdng).
Ben canh edu hoi khdng cd titdi hdi con cd cdu hdi lua chgn (Hentschel va Weydt, 2013;
Habermann va cpng sir, 2009; Boetcher, 2009;
Engei, 2009; Kilrschner, 2008; Weinrich, 2005; Helbig va Buscha 2001; Zifonun va cpng su, 1997; Genzmer, 1995; Conrad, 1978), thi hien sir kit hpp giua hai cau hdi khdng cd tir de hdi (vi du: Willsl du Honig Oder Mameladel —* Em muon dung mat ong hay la mut?). Khi tra ldi, nguoi ddi thoai sg phai chpn mpt trong cic kha nang dupc dua ra. Mpt loai dac biel ciia cau hdi dang nay li edu hdi Idy Igi. Nd gan cich hdi: nicht wahr, nicht, wall, gell, na, wa, v.v. vao phia sau cau trin thuat vi la mot cau hdi d dang nil gon cd chirc nang ciia mpt ciu hdi lai, cau hdi xic tin: Sie isi so schdn, (ist es) nicht (so)/ (ist es) nicht •wahr? (Cd iy that dep, ching phai vay sao/ chang phii that ihe hay sao?).
Ngoai cich phan loai cau hdi theo cau tnic ngti phip, cic nha nghien ciiu cilng rat quan tam chiic ning cua cau hdi, hay xem x6t cac hanh dpng ngdn trung khac dupc tao ra
60
dudl hinh thiic cau hdi. Theo dd, cd cau hdi ma ngudi nghe mudn kiem tra xem minh di hieu thdng tin nhin duoc diing hay chua (Engel. 2009; Zifonim va cpng sv, 199"), hdi \in l9i (Engel, 2009), cau hdi kiem tra, cau hdi ngd vuc ciu hdi tu van (Zifonim \ a cpng s\r, 1997), ciu hdi xac nhan thdng tin (Zifonun va cpng sir, 1997; Helbig va Buscha, 2001. \\'einnch. 2005), cau hdi I5p' (Duden, 2006; Wellstein-Leinstein vi cpng su, 1997;
Meibauer, 1987) va cau hdi tu hi (Henischel va Weydl, 2013; Zifonun va cpng sir, 1997;
Genzmer, 1995).
Cho ring cau hdi thudng dupc djnh nghta trong s\T so sinh ddi chieu vdi ldi khang dinh, Irong dd nd d d ^ g trung lip giiia hai c\rc
"khing djnh" va "phii djnh", Confais (1995:
1-5) da dua ra mpt bang so sanh giiia di£u khing dinh vi dieu dupc hdi. Theo dd, cd cac lo^i ciu hdi sau:
1. Ciu hdi thdng bao: Ngudi ndi mudn nhin dupc lir ngudi nghe mpl thdng bio (vi dy: ist Peter krank? —* Peter bi 6m i?)
2 Ciu hoi the hi?n sy ngac nhien {vi dy: Bisl du noch nicht angezogen?' Du bisl noch nicht angezogen ' - . Con cdn chua m^c quin io hay sao?)
3. Cau hdi keu gpi (chii \ku la ciu hdi
\cu cau) (vi dy: Gehst dujetzt ins BetP —>
Biy gid con di ngii chii?)
Thyc ra, irong danh sach cac cau hdi tren, chi cd cSu hoi thdng bio li thyc su cd ngdn trung li hdi, cdn nhiing lo^ cau hdi khac diu lien quan tdi mpt hanh ddng ndi giin tifip, nghia la. thdng qua hinh ihiic cau hdi, ngudi ndi mudn truyen di mpt y djnh khac.
Ben c^nh cic nghien eim \ e loai ciu hdi tiing Diic, ta cd the thiy mpt sd nghien ciiu
i_ T. B. Tkuy I TdP chi Nghifin cini N utrc ngoH T#p .W. S^ 2 (2020) 58-69
h?p hoic theo hudng khic \ e ciu hdi- Co thfi ki din Meibauer, Rost-Rothe. Ldtscher, v.v.
Trong khi Meibauer cd mpl nghien ciiu rat diy d ^ vi "ciu hoi tu tir" (1986), ve hinh thiic \a chiic ning ciia ciu hdi lap (1987), Rost-Roihe (2003) nghien ciiu vi cau hdi hdi l^i va cau hdi lap trong tiing Diic giao liip, Ldischer (1995) tip mmg vio ciu hdi trin thuit, Bresson (1995) tim hiiu quan hfi giiia ngii di?u v i hinh dpng hdi, Hindelang (1995) lap trung nghien ciru hinh dpng hdi trong quan he vdi cau tri ldi vi gpi do la cap Hdi - Tra Idi, thi Marillier (1995) nghien cihj ciu hdi Iheo linh ham chin tr].
Giiia cau true hinh thiic ciu va thiic cua cau cd mdi quan he qua lai chal che. Boettcher (2009:48-51) cho ring cd the thyc hien cic loai hinh dpng hdi sau day vdi dang ihiic cau hdi:
1) Hdi de biet (Ihudng duac gpi la cau hdi chinh danh);
2) Hdi de kiem tra kien thirc;
3) Hdi mang tinh gpi md;
4) Hdi tu tir;
5) Hdi lap;
6) Trach cii;
7) Yeu ciu c6 tinh trach cii;
8) Yeu ciu giin lifip;
9) Cau hdi cd thi dupc thyc hien thong qua mpt cau trin thu^t/ mdl cau cd dpng tii chia theo ngoi diing d cudi hay cac diln dai cd
I 0 ciu hoi l(p (echo question), cac >-eu lo xuit hi^n dudi hinh ihOc t ^ 1^ phai ng6n c6 li£n quan (Rosi- Rothe 2003). \'i d^: Anna hat ein Haus gekauft • .Anna -:..•: |».«j| pkauft'' — Anna di mua m^i ngoi nha. - Ar.nj dl mua [cdi giJ?
tinh hdi.
2.3. Cdch phan loai cau hoi Iheo quan diSm
<^a cac nha Viel nga hoc
Kha nhicu nha Viet nga hoc > . „ , . f . . h6i thep huong nay c h o ' i "^ ' " ' " " '™
d i ? n b i j u h i c n c a c c 4 u w e " " " " " ^ Trpng Phiin (2008: 344.3j(!;" '"'"P' " ° ^ 8 khpng r6-chinh la yiu t a q u v l ' ' ' ? " ' ' " ' ^ ' f^Vctdinhtoivi^c
TIP CU Nghien c ^ N«6c ngou, T^p 36, So 2 (2020) 5&^9 61 ti chiic cii phap ciia cau hdi va viec xuat hien
oOi <hing ngii nghia cua cau hdi la nhd sy cd mjt ciia "cii khdng rd" va y dinh ciia ngudi hdi mong mudn ngudi nghe tra ldi ve "cii khdng rO". Dya vio tinh chit ciia cau hdi ciing nhu cau tra ldi, tic gia phan cau hdi thanh bai lo?i ldn li: 1) Hdi trdng (hdi don giin):
Ihudng diing cic tir chuyen dung de hdi nhu:
cdi gi, ai,...; 2) Hdi cd dy kiin chpn lya de tri ldi: lo^i niy lai bao gdm hai lieu loai Ii lya chpn xic dinh mang linh chat khing dinh hay phii djnh (thudng cd cic tir: hay, hay Id) v i lya chpn khdng xic dinh (chi chpn mpt trong nhieu khi ning de tri ldi). Hoang Trpng Phien cflng nhic ldi "cau hdi lu tu", song khong di sau vio loai nay. Ben canh dd, dng cdn gidi thi?u ciu cd ciu tnic ciu hdi phy thupc (vi dy:
Tdi khdng biet nd mudn gi?).
Cung phan lo^i ciu theo myc dich giao tiep, Nguyen Thi?n Giip (2004) neu ba loai cau hdi sau day: 1) Cau hdi tdng quit: viec hoi ve sy tdn tai cua c i mdl sy viec, dupc dac tnmg hda bdi cic dau hieu ngdn hanh nhu fl, u, hd, v.v. d|l d cudi cau (vi dy: Anh chua dl d?), ho§c dua ca cau vao khudn hdi: "cd
.. khdng" (vi dy; Cd phdi edu ldm hdng xe khdng?); 2) Cau hdi bp phan: viec hdi hudng vio mpt bp phin, mpt chi liet Irong sy viec.
Ciu hoi lo^i nay cd dau hieu ngdn hinh la:
ai, cdi gi, & ddu, v.v. (vt du: Ai ldm nd ngd?), ho$c dat chi tiet cin hdi vao khudn hdi "cd (phii)... khdng" (nhu: Cgu cd phdi di ldm vdo chd nhgt khong?); 3) Cau hdi lua chpn: neu ra hai ho3c mpl sd kha ning de lya chpn, dau hi?u ngon hinh la "hay" va ngii dieu (vi dy:
Em lhich hoa hdng hay hoa cue?).
Dya vao viec sii dyng cic phuong tien hdi khic nhau, Diep Quang Ban {2008: 213-225) chia cau hdi thanh bdn loai la. 1) Ciu hdi dimg d^i tir nghi van (cdn gpi la ciu hdi ro trpng difim) (d^i tir nghi van nhu: ai, the ndo, bao gid, v.v. dimg de hdi vao nhirng diem xic dinh Irong cau); 2) Cau hdi dimg phd tir (nhu: co...
khdng, xong ... ehua); 3) Ciu hdi dung quan
he tu lua chpn "hay" (cau hdi lya chpn); 4) Cau hdi dimg tieu tir chuyen dyng (con gpi li cau hdi khdng rd trpng diem, vdi cic tieu tir nhu: d, u, hit, hd, v.v.).
Khic vdi cac tac gii iren, Cao Xuin H90 (2005: 392) phin loai cau hdi dua tren quan diem cua ngOr phip chiic ning. Ong cho ring cau hdi ciia tieng Viet cd gii tri hdi li gii trj ngdn irung tryc tiep ho^c gia tri ngdn tnmg phai sinh. Ciu hdi cd gii tri ngdn tnmg tryc tiep li cdu hdi chinh danh. Lo?i cau hdi nay dupc Cao Xuan Hao (2007:497-505) chia thinh bdn tieu loai la cdu hoi eo-khong (cdn gpi li cau hdi tdng quit) (vi dy: Lan cd din khdng?), cdu hdi chuyen bi^l (dimg dai tii nghi vin) (vi dy: Ai se Idi xe?), edu hdi lua chgn {cau hdi song tuyen) (vi du: Anh di xe dgp hay di xe mdy) vi cdu hdi dimg tieu id linh thdi {nhu: a, u, nhi, nhe) (vi du: Cdu khdng tin t& a?).
Cau hdi cd gia tri ngdn trung phii sinh (nhu phii dinh, khang dmh, td y ngd vyc, thich thiic, tranh luan, v.v.) dupc Le Quang Thiem (2004: 222) gpi la edu hdi phi chinh danh. Nhieu khi, chinh gii trj ngdn trung phii sinh nay mdi li myc dich duy nhit cua phit ngdn. Loai ciu hdi niy theo Cao Xuan Hao (2005) bao gdm:
7. Cdu hdi cd gid trf cdu khien: hinh thiic la cau hdi nhung dich ngdn trung l^i li mdl ldi yeu cau (vi du: Anh ch& ldi mgt Idt dugc khdng? ham y li: Tdi de nghi unh cha tdi mdt Idt);
2. Cdu hdi cd gid tri khdng dinh: hinh Ihiic la cau hdi nhung dich ngdn trung lai la ldi khang djnh (vi du: Chinh cdu ldm hdngxe chu ai? him y: Cdu ldm hdng xe);
3 Cdu hdi cd gid tri phu dinh: hinh thiic li cau hdi, nhtmg dich ngdn trung la ldi phii dinh (vi dy: Tlie ndy tbi ai md dn dugc?
ham y la: The ndy thi khdng ai an dugc);
4 Cdu hdi cd gid tri phdng dodn, ng& vice {vi dy: Phdi chdng nd khdng t&i? ham y:
Tdi dodn Id nd khdng l&i);
I_ T. a Tkiy Tfp chi Nghien cmi Nirit ngoii, Tjp 36, S i 2 (2020) 58-69
5 Cdu hot cd gid tri cdm than: cd hinh ihlic hdi. cd cac rir de hdi nhu "lam sao".
"chua". \ V de bieu thi sic ihai eim xiic ivi dy: Ao hdt m&i hay ldm sao?).
Nhu va>. khi nghien ciiu ve cau hdi, cac nha nghien ciiu ngudi Diic \'i ngudi Met thudng phan loai ciu hdi theo phuong dien bifiu hi?n ciia hinh thiic cau mic. Theo hudng na\, ciu hdi dupc chia thinh ba lo^i co bin la: cdu hdi cd lir de hdi, cdu hdi khdng cd tir di hdi va cdu hdi lua chgn. Cic nha nghien Cliu ciia ci hai ngdn ngii deu chii y tdi yeu td d^i tit nghi van khi phin lo^i cau hdi %*i yfiu td niy dfiu tdn t?i d tieng Dirc va tieng Viet Tuy nhifin, cic nha Diic ngO hpc rat quan tim tdi vj tri cua dpng tii chia iheo ngdi trong cau hdi, cdn cic nhi \'iei ngU hpc thi khdng. Trong tieng Vifit. cii dupc quan tam nhieu la cic tifiu lii, cac phd tir dimg dfi hdi. Ly do la cau hdi tifing Vifit khong lam xio trpn trii ty tir, ke ca ciu hdi cd tir dfi hdi, tire la khong cd su dich chuyfin, cdn ucni: Diic l^i cd djch chuyin, dao
\ t. thay ddi trai ty tit. Ngoii each phin loai trfin. mpt sd tic gii d ca hai ngdn ngii di theo hudng chiic ning \ a nghifin ciiu cau hdi iheo cich nhin nhin gii trj ngon trung uvc tiep hoic phai sinh ciia phit ngdn, theo dd cd cdu hdi chinh danh \ a edu hdi phi chinh danh.
3. Cftu hoi c6 tir de hdi \e dja diem trong ti^ng DiJc vi tiing M?t
Trong tieng Dirc, khi mudn bifit thdng tin ve v\ tri, dja difim va \c hudng, ngudi ndi dit ciu hdi bd sung ihdng tin bing each dimg dai tir nghi vin (Fragewort, vifit tit li FW) wo (d diu), wohin (tdi diu) vi woher (tir dau), cdn tifing Vifit dimg cic d?i tir nghi \an nhu dau, ff dfiu. cho nio. v.\'
3.1. Hdi ve dfa diem
Trong tifing Diic, khi djt cau hdi vdi tir de hdi wo, nguoi ndi mudn bifit vj tri ciia ngudi, sy vil, hifin tupng nio dd. Tir dfi hdi (FW) ludn dime d dau ciu hdi, lien sau dd la dpng
ni (V) chia theo ngdi cua chii ngii. va d \ i tri thii ba li chu ngii (S). Niu \" li npi dpng tii thi khudn hdi ihudng li FW + \- + S? (tuong ling trong tiing Viet la DTN\' + ©T + C?), cdn niu V Ii ngo^ dpng tii thi khudn hdi la FW + V + S + O? (DTNA + DT + C + B?).
Vi dy:
[I] Wo wohnen Sie? {Remarque, 1989:
83) (Anh [sdng] ddau?) (Le Phit, 2001: 120) [2] Wo waren die Engel? (Remarque, 1989: 95) (Cac thien thin diu roi?) (Le Phit, 2001: 137)
[3] tVo kann ieh das erfahren?
(Remarque, 1989: 92) (Co thi hdi Ihim tin tiic d diu nhi?) (Le Phit, 2001: 133)
6 VI du [1], wo la tii d i hdi (DTNV), wohni la npi dpng lii (DT), con Sie la chii ngir (C), cdn d vi du [3], erfahren la ngoai dpng ttr (DT)', ich la chu ngii (C), das la bd ngfl (B).
Tuy nhien, ciing cd khi khudn hdi chi bao g6m tir dfi hdi wo? (DTNV?) vi cac yiu td khic da bi tinh luoc.
Vidy;
[4] Dies ist niehl aehlzehn. Meine Eltern sind druben. - Wo? (Remarque, 1989:
94) (Nha sd 18 d ding kia, bd me tdi hi chdn dudi dd, mau Ifin. - Dau?) {Lfi Phit 2001:135)
Khi muin hdi vfi dia diim, ngudi Viet dung dai tir nghi van nhu (d) d i u va ciu tnic Audng li chii ngu (C) dung diu, sau dd la npi
Vidu:
L(m, 2001: 164) [6] Mid em a daa.'
( U LIIU, 2001:48)
!^!!!!:^-*^i';:::^^t;^
town la dgng tit tinh thii.
TfP cki Nghiin cvn Nvdrc ngoai, T^p 36, So 2 (2020) 58-69 63 dfi hdi nhu dau: C + DTNV?
Vi dy:
[7ia>ndatt.'(ULyu,2001: 156) [8] The gig bdc la Mu? {Thach Lam, 2004: 57)
[9] Himg ai, Huang ai, ede con dau cd r(5i.?{HdAnhThii,20I5: 67)
Nfiu chu ngfl ciing di rd rang, thi khudn hoi chi cdn l^i tir di hdi: DTNV?
Vidy:
[10] Gia dinh minh & xa ldm. - O dau hd 7an.'(HdAnhThii.2015:70)
Nhung neu ciu hdi cd mpt ngoai dpng tir (DT), cau sfi them bd ngfl (B) va vi vay khudn hdi sfi la C + DT + B + DTNV?
Vi dy
[11] Mdy lim ra ngua & ddu vgy? {Ngpc Anh & Ph?m Bich Lilu, 2006: 373)
Ciing CO khi bd ngfl dupc dit d diu ciu de nh^ m?nh. Khi dd khuon hdi sfi la: B + C + DT + DTNV?
Trong vi dy [12], vi chu ngii d3 ro rang nen ngudi ndi cd Ihfi Iupc bdt thanh phin nay, cdn dvi dy [13], ci yfiu Id chii ngfl va bd ngu deu bj tinh luac Khi dd, khudn hdi lin lupt la:
B + DT + DTNV? va DT + DTNV?
[ 12] Anh cdng an tuy khdng phdi Id ngu&i quen cU nhitng n&i ndng v&i ban nhu hai ngu&i da hiiu rdt luang ldn cdng vifc ciia nhau.
- Tien de & ddu rdi?
- Vdn a trong ngu&i ndy. Sao anh biit em lay.
(Lfi Lyu 2001: 218)
[13] - Hdm qua mdy Idy lien cua bd bdn cd khd phdi khdng?
- Vdng.
- Bao nhieu?
- Bdy trdm ndm muai ddng.
- Be ddu rdi?
{U Luu, 2001:211)
Trong tnrdng hpp hdi \ e mpt hi?n tupng, sy vific, tieng Diic phai dimg din chu ngu hinh thiic "es", thi khudn hdi la "FW + V + S + A/O?" (DTVS- + DT + C + TT/B?). Di sau chii ngii "es" cd thfi la mpt linh tu (TT) hoic mpt bd ngfl (B). Tuy nhifin, trong khdi lieu khio sit chi xuit hifin tnrdng hpp DTNV + DT + C + TT?
Vi du:
[14] Wo war es kuhler und trockener?
(Hagena, 2010: 250)
Ddi vdi trudng hpp tuong ly d tieng Vi?t, khudn hdi se li: DT.W + DT + TT/B? Trong vi du [15], ddng tir da da dupc tinh Iupc nfin khudn hdi chi cdn Iai la DTNV + TT?
[15] O dau mdl vd khd han? (Le Quang, 2016:241)
3.2. Hdi vi hit&ng chuyin ddng De hdi ve hudng chuyfin dpng, tifing Oiic dimg dai lir nghi vin wohin vi woher. Khi mudn hdi ve hudng xuit phit tu ngudi ndi hoic ngudi duac hdi tdi cho khac, tieng Diic sir dung wohin, cdn khi mudn hdi vi hudng xual phit tu noi khic tdi cho ngudi ndi, tieng Diic diing woher.
Cling gidng nhu cau hdi vdi wo, khuon hdi vdi wohin vi woher Ii: FW + V + S? (DTNV + DT + C?) vi FW + V + S + O? (DTNV + DT + C + B?)
[16] Wohinstellen'wirdie Vase? (Vzudrych
& Tallowitz, 2000: 60) (Chiing la nfin dat Ip hoa vio chd nao day?) Trong vi du tren, wohin la tir de hdi, slellen la dpng tir chia theo chii ngfl wir vi die Vase la bd ngfl.
Cling cd khi tu de hdi dimg mot minh (DTNV?) vi cic thanh phin khac da bi linh Iupc.
Vi dy:
[17] Rous aus dieser Rallenfalle' - Idiot!
Wohin denn? Ruhe! [...] (Remarque, 1989: 52) (Chuon ngay khdi cai biy
64 UT. B-TliBj/TJP chupt nay thoi. - Do ngoc! Ma\ con muon di dau nita. Cam di. [...] (Le Phat, 2001:-5)
Ntot Akc diem ciia cac cau hoi co ttr de hoi woher va wohin la; Dpng tu trong c5u la cac npi dpng tir chi sti thay dpi vi tri tir chp nay den chd khac, vi du nhu: gehen (di), kommen (din), fliegen (bay), \.v., hoSc cac ngoai dpng tir chi su tac dpng len mpt doi tupng nao do (nguoi hoSc vat) \ a lam thay doi vj tri ciia doi tupng do, vi dy: legen (dat nhm). stellen (dgt dimg), hdngen (treo len), v v (dan theo Fandrych & Tallowitz, 2000:
60-62) Vi d\>:
[18] Hij/ier liomml es? (Remarque, 1989:
161)(Ticngdanddauia thj?) (Le Phat, 2001:234) [19] Wohin Jahrsi du jcizr^ (Remarque, 1989: 76) (The cau dinh di dSu?) (Le Phat, 2001: UO)
[20] Ifohin wotlen Sie stall dessen?
(Remarque, 1989: 76) (Anh muon di dau?) (Le Phil, 2001: 109)
Tuy nhien, neu dpng tir trpng cau cp tign IP la hin (chi huong xuAt phat tir phia nguoi noi hpjc ngutri dupc hoi toi noi khic) hoSc her (chi huong tir noi khac toi phia nguoi n6i) (vi dti: herkommen, hingehen, v.v.) thi woher \a wohin dupc thay bing wo. Tuy nhien, npi dung cac cau do van hoi \i huong di chuyen.
Vidv:
[21] Wo mag der herkommen?
(Remarque, 1989: 46) (Cho a dau din th6?) (Le Phat, 2001: 67)
[22] Er stand auf. "Wo willsl du hin"^"
fragle Boucher "Ich weifi nicht.
Irgendwohin." (Remarque, 1989;
121) (Anh dimg day. - C?u di dau?
Botse hoi. - Toi khong biit nua. Di daucimgdupc.)(Le Phal, 2001: 175) Tuong irng vat cau true ciia cau hoi woher
clil Nghiin cihl Nirtc agoU. T|p 34. s i 2 (21"°' ' " ^ trong tiing Diic, tiing Vlfl co cac khudn hoi sau day:
Niu ciu hoi co dpng tu chi su chuyin dpng nhu "din", "toi", v.v. dti khuon hoi se la C + DTN^ + DT?
Vi dy:
[23]A'o*da«rfeni*J)'.'(LeLtlu,2001: 157) [24] Ngucri a lang nay- hay tir dau den?
(LeLtru, 2001:59-60)
[25] CAarr ten la gi, chau tir dau tii ddy?
(H6 Anh Thai, 2015:26)
Tuy nhien khuon hoi tren CO thfi c6 biin thi khac: C -^ DT + DTIW?
[26] Toi vita ch(n nha ra mot chuyen: tro hen ho va nhgn dgng cUa chung ra di din dau rdi nhi? (Le Quang, 2010:49) [27] Chuyen se dan din dau? (Le Quang, 2010: 83)
Khi cau CO ngogi dpng tir va nguoi n6i muon nhan manh thong tin mcri (di) c6 chlic nang la bo ngii, khuon hoi se co s\r thay doi nhu sau: B + C + DT + DTNV? Bd ngO la yeu to dimg dju cau, sau do la chii ngit, tiip theo la dpng tir, rdi tdi tir di hpi nhu "(6) dSu".
Trong nhieu trudng hpp, chii ngii ho5c vj ngu CO thi dupc Iupc hot vi nhd ngu canh, ngudi nghe cd thi hiiu dupc cau tinh Iupc dd. Cac tieu tir nhu vdy, ,hl ha. v.v. Ia yiu td khpng b » bupc trpng cau. Ta c6 thi them chiing vao de tao nghia tinh thai cho cau.
Vidu:
[28] Tiin Idy imu ra? ( U Luu, 2001; 208) (29]KodS„™,fti,(UQ^g_2015^241) P ' " " " ! * " " ' ^ > < T t a c h Lam, 2004: 154) Khi mudn nhan manh viu is „; u • „ • tft nghi v4ns« dupc d a d d f ' * ' khudn hdi: D T N V . o l . c r ™ ' * * ' ' ' "
Vi dti:
W Nhung tir Oau sinh
""f ""nan hanh
TfP cU NtUte CBdi NBOC ngoii, T|p 3«, So 2 (2020) 5S-69 65 tiin md tdi hay chung kiin & hg? (Le Quang,
2016: 143)
Ciing tuong ly nhu tieng Diic, trong cic ciu hdi ve hudng xuit phit tir ngudi ndi hoic ngudi ddi thoai d6n mpt noi khac, ngudi Met cung thudng diing cac tir chi sy chuyen dpng nhu "di", v.v. Khudn hdi doi vdi trudng hpp nay Ii: C + DT + DTNV? (Vi du [32] - [33]) hay C + DT + B + DTNV? (Vi du [34]).
[32] Bdy gid em dtnh di ddu? (Le Luu, 2001: 162)
[33] Tu dem hdm dy den gi&, bgn biin di dau vdy? (Hd Anh Thii, 2015: 70)
[34] Chung nd bdt dua em di ddu rdi?
(BioNinh,2011:44)
Ciing cd khi khudn hdi dupc nit gpn thinh: DT + DTNV? neu nhu chu ngfl da rd ring nhd ngfl cinh.
Vi dy:
[35] Mgl mui ldi nhgt, Tdn lao vdo chgp Idy lay bd, bdi hd keo bd chgy ra hdnh lang. - O kia, di dau the ndy? De bd xem ndi ehe ra sao ... (Hd Anh Thii, 2015: 7)
[36] Trong cdnh thiiu nhd &, ngu&i ta thu&ng hda Hiu, keu ca thi vdn keu ca, nhung chang gia dinh ndo ehuyin dl, md biit chuyin di ddu? (Ho Anh Thai, 2015: 16)
[37] - Niu mgi ngu&i khdng ddngy, em ed ddm bd di v&i anh khdng?
li - Di ddu hd anh?
:> - Di bdt ki ddu. Em ed ddm khdng?
H (ULyu.2001:64)
• j 3.3. Hdi vi ngudn gdc, xudt xir jc Trong tieng Diic ciing cd tnrdng hpp Irong
ciu khdng xuit hien cic dpng tir chuyen ddng {tihu fahren. gehen) hay cic ngoai dpng tu , ^ (nhu legen, stellen) nhu da neu d uen. nhung
woher vin dupc diing vi ngudi ndi mudn hdi ve ngudn gdc, xuit xii. Khi dd, khudn hdi \ an li: F\^ + \ + S + O? (DTW + DT + C + B?) hoic dang nil gpn FW + \ ' + S? (DTNV + DT + C?)viF\V?(DTNV?)
Vi du:
[38] Woher hast du das? Aus dem Weinketler. (Remarque, 1989: 203) (Anh liy cua nay d diu \ a\ ? - Trcmg him rupu. (Le Phil, 2001:294))
[39] Woher wissen Sie, dass sie tot sind?
(Remarque, 1989: 107) (Sao bac bill bd me chiu da ch^t?(Le Phil, 2001: 155)) [40] Panzer haben sie auch genug. Woher blofi?- Von Amerika. Oder aus Sibirien. Da sollen sie ja einen Haufen Fabriken haben.
(Remarque, 1989:61)
(Lai xe ling nua. Khdng biet ca man nao ma ke. - Tir ben M> hay d Xiberi. Hinh nhu chiing cd nhieu .\i nghiep o day lim.) (Le Phil, 2001: 88)
Tuong ty nhu tieng Dirc, tiSng Vi?t cung dimg dai tir de hdi nhu dau de hdi ve ngudn gdc, xuit xii. Khi dd cd khudn hdi la DTNV + DT + C? va C + DT + DTNV + B?
Vi du:
[41 ] anh ed de cdm ndng vai thu lap tbi chuc Gidng Sinh! O dau ra cdi dc edm dd vdy? (Le Quang, 2010: 19) [42] Chi liy dau ra thdi gian rinh rdi de
ban biu vdi loai giu Bac Cyc xa la?
(Le, Quang 2010: 41-42) [43] Anh dgcdMu ray ddy? (Le Quang, 2010:85)
4. Su tiroDg dong va khic biet cua cSu hdi cd tir hoi ve dia diem Duc-Viet
Sau day li bing tdng hpp cac khudn hdi trong tieng Diic vi tieng Vi?t:
L T. B. Thiv / T#p cbi Nghien eihi Nirdc ngoid, T j p 56. Si 2 (^20) •
Bang I. Cic khudn hdi trong tieng Dirc \ a tieng Vi^t
Hoi ve dja diem
Hoi vc huong chuyen dpng
Hoi vc nguon goc, xuat xir
Tiing Diic | Tiing \1(' DTNV?
DTW - DT + C + TT/B?
DTST.' - DT + C?
DTW - DT - C - B^
DTNV + DT + TTB7 DTNV-^TT?
C + DT + DTNV?
C + DTNV?
C+DT + B + DTNV?
B + C + DT + DTNV?
B + DT + DTNV?
DTNV + DT + C?
DTNV + DT+C + B?
DTN\'7
DT + DTNV?
C + DTNV + DT?
C + DT + DTNV?
C + DT + B + DTNV?
B + C + DT + DTNV?
B + DT + DTNV?
B + DTNV?
DTNV + DT + C?
DTNV + DT + C + B?
DTNV?
C + DT+DTNV + B?
De cau t^o cau hoi ve dia diem, noi chdn, tieng Dirc diing ba dai tir nghi v4n la wo, wohin va woher, trong do wo diing di hdi vi mpt dja diem ma ngudi ho$c \ at dang hi?n hitu, tdn t^i, cdn wohin \i woher dimg di hdi ve hudng chuyen dpng, hudng dd cd thi xuit phat tir phia ngudi ndi ho$c ngudi doi tho^i de di tdi chd khac {wohin) hoac xuit phat tir dja diem nio dd tdi cho ngudi ndi {woher).
Doi vdi trudng hpp wohin va woher, ngudi hdi cd the tach chijng ra \ a d5t wo d dSu cau
\a her ho$c hm de d cudi cau. Tiing Viet khdng cd hi?n tupng tach d?i tir nghi vin nhu
\a\. Trpng tieng Viet, tu di hdi phong phii hon. Cd the ke den: ddu, ncri ndo, cho ndo, nai ddu, v.v. Viec dung tir hdi nao trong sd cic tu uen tiiy thupc vap hpan canh giao tiip.
Khi hdi ve dia diem, hudng chus en dpng hay \ e ngudn gdc xuat xir, ca hai ngdn ngii deu cd nhihig khudn hdi gidng nhau. Theo ngil lieu khio sat, d tnrdng hpp hdi ve dja diem, i;a tieng Due va lieng Vi^ deu cd chung
khudn hdi d dang tinh Iupc la DTNV?; d hai trudng hpp cdn lai deu cd khudn hdi chung ia DTNV + 8 T + C?.
O ca ba trudng hpp, trong tiing Diic ludn ludn cd su xuit hien cua khuon hdi DTNV + DT + C? (xem vi du [1] d tren), DTNV + DT + C + B? (xera vl dii [3] d tren) va dang tinh Iupc la DTNV? (xem vi du [4] d tr«n). Chi khi hdi ve dia diim va hdi v i hudng chuyin
"long, ngdn ngO nay cd chung khudn hdi lii ' ; ; * ' ' ^ * B + D T N V ? ( x e m v i d u [ l l ] v i [34] " tren); unidng hpp hdi v i hudng chuyin dpng va nguon gdc xult xil cd chung mpt khuon ho. la DTNV + DT + r-> j • j n , , . , . , , * " + C? (xem VI du [31]va[411dtrcn).
d^ngtinh Iupc cua khudn hou ' ™ * Phongph. hon. Cd thit fe."^"^^!' qua dupc li?t ke dudi day ' " " ^ ^^
Tfp cU Nghifai cvn NB6C ogoJu, Typ 36, So 2 (2020) 58-69 B£n cfinh ba khudn hdi chung d i neu d tren, t i ^ g Diic chi cd them mpt khudn hdi nt^a v6n dupc sii dung khi hdi ve dia diem li DTNV + DT + C + TT? Ngupc lai, Irong ti^g Vi?l, sd cic khudn hdi khic dupc sii dyng nhi^u hem vi da dang horn rit nhieu.
Khi hdi ve dia diem: Trong khi tieng Diic c6 bdn khudn hdi thi tiSng Vi?t cd idi tam.
Ngoii cic khudn hdi chung d i dupc Ii?t ke 0 tren, cd the ke tdi cic khudn hdi cd chu ngfl dung diu nhu C + DTNV? (xem vi dy [7]). C + DT + DTNV? (xem vi dy [5]), bd ngfl dung diu nhu B + C + DT + DTNV? va d?ng nit gpn B + DT + DTNV? (xem vi dy [12]) hay cic d^ng tinh Iupc khic nhu DT + DTNV? (xem vi dy [13]) va DTNV + TT?
(xem vi dy [15]).
Doi vdi trudng hpp hdi ve hudng chuyen dOng, sfi lupng khudn hdi trong tieng Vi?t gap ba lan sfi lupng khudn hdi trong lieng Diic.
Khudn hdi trong lieng Viet khdng chi bit dau bing DTNV nhu trong tiing Diic mi cdn bat diu bing chu ngfl nhu C + DTNV + DT?
(xem vl dy [23]), C + DT + DTNV? (xem vl dy [26]), d?ng tinh Iupc DT + DTNV? (xem vl dy [35]); bit dau bang bd ngu nhu B + C + DT + DTNV? vdi dang tinh lupe B + DT + DTNV? (xem vi dy [28]) va B + DTNV?
(xem vi dy [29]).
Chi khi hdi ve ngudn gdc xuil \ii, kel qui khio sit cho thiy sd khudn hdi trong lieng Vi^t (2) it hem trong tifing Due (3). Ben canh DTNV + DT + C? la khudn hdi chung trong hai ngon ngfl thi lieng Viel cdn cd C + DT + DTN\- + B? (xem vi dy [42]); tiing Due cd DTNV + DT + C + B? (xem vi du [38]) vi d?ng tinh Iupc DTNV? (xem vi dy [46]).
5. K^t lu$n
Bii viet nay chi ra ring cau hdi cd tir de hoi vk dja diem trong tieng Diic v i tieng Viet
cd khi nhieu diem tuong ddng nhung ciing khdng it sy khic biet d ci hai ngdn ngfl, cau hdi chiia tir hdi ve dia diem d dang day dli deu cd cic thinh phin co ban la dai tu nghi vin, ddng tir, chii ngfl. Trong tieng Due, khudn hdi cd dinh ciia cau hdi lo^i nay ludn la DTNV + DT + C7. Tu\ theo dpng tir hay ngu cinh m i khudn hdi tren cd the md rpng Ihanh phin thinh D T W + DT + C + B/TT hay dupc nit gpn thanh DTNV?. Tieng Vi?l cung cd khudn hdi luong ty, tuy nhien, ben canh dd cdn cd rat nhilu khudn hdi khic, ke c i d dang hoan chinh ciJng nhu d^ng tinh Iupc. Trong khi khudn hdi d tieng Dure luon bit diu bing tir de hdi vi dpng tu chia theo ngdi dung d vj tri thii hai, thi d tieng Vi?t, dirng diu cd the la dai tir nghi vin, nhung ciing cd the li chu ngfl, bd ngfl hojc dpng tfl vi theo dd cic thanh phan ciu diing sau cung rai linh dpng.
Bii vilt nay chi la mpt nghien cflu rit nhd trong so sinh - ddi chieu cau ndi chung va cau hdi ndi rieng khi nghien cuu cip ngdn ngfl tiing Due v i lieng Viel. Chung tfii mong mudn sg cd mpt nghien cuu so sinh - ddi chieu diy din hon ve cac loai ciu hdi khac Irong hai thii tieng ndi tren.
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Di?p Quang Ban (2008) .S'gi/phdp Tiing Viit. Ha Ngi:
Nxb Giao dye.
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Tf p cbi Nghien cira Nvvc ngoai, T|p 36, So 2 (2020) 58-69 69
QUESTIONS WITH QUESTION WORDS ABOUT PLACES IN GERMAN AND VIETNAMESE FROM
SYNTACTIC PERSPECTIVE
Le Thi Bich Thuy
Faculty of German Language and Culture.
VNU Universily of Languages and Inlernalional Studies Pham Van Dong Cau Giay. Hanoi, Viemam
Abstract; This paper points out the similanties and differences of questions wilh question words aboul places in German and Vietnamese seen from syntactical fwrspective. For this purpose, those questions in lileraiy works written in German and Viemamese and their tnuislations are analysed to identity their synlactic patterns. The results show there is only one question structure in German: QW + V + S (+ O)?
(elliplical construction: QW?) whereas question structures in Vietname are far more varied. This is because ihe two languages belong to two different types of languages: German is an inflectional language while Vietnamese is an isolating one whose word order plays a very important role.
Keywords: question, question word, question structure, German, Vietiiamese