Nghien cuu - Trao ddi Tpp chf C^ng s d n
TU TRIET LY "Dl BAT BIEN UNG VAN BIEN' DEN TRIET LY HANH DONG HO CHJ MINH
NGUYEN HUNG HAU
Chu tich Ho Chi Minh duac ban be tren khdp ndm chau ca ngoi ve su ket hoa tren the gidi. Sir kit hgp ndy duoc dong cua Ngudi.
vd cdc ddn toe ua chuong hoa binh hgp nhudn nhuyen nhung net tinh the hien ro trong suy nghi vd hdnh
1 - Ngay 31-5-1946, tnidc khi di Phap, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh ndi vdi cy Huynh Thiic Khang rang: Tdi vi nhiem vu qude dan giao phd phai di xa It lau, d nha tram sy khd khan nhd cay d Cu cung anh em giai quyet cho. Mong Cu dibdt bien ung van bien. Thyc ra cau "DI bat bien iing van bien" chi la mdt ve trong ddi cau ddi hoan chinh ma ve thir hai la "DI chiing tam vi ky tam" (Liy tam chung sinh lam tam cua minh) trong nen van hda, triet hpc phuong Ddng.
Nhu chiing ta da biet, mdi quan he giiia bat bien va van biln, giiia cai khdng thay ddi va cai thay ddi, giiia ban the va hien tugng, giiia cai nhat (cai mdt) va cai da (cai nhieu),... la van de trung tam cua triet bgc xuyen sudt tu cd chi kim, tir Ddng sang Tay. DI bat bien ung van bien tiic la lay cai bat bien (khdng thay ddi) ma ung phd vdi cai van bien (cai ludn thay ddi). Y nghia trilt ly tren la d chd dii mgi su vat hien tugng thien sai van biet, phong phii, da dang, thay ddi khdn luong nhung deu xoay quanh true ciia nd, dd la ban the, cai ma Trang Tii ggi la "Chdt cua dao".
Trong mdi quan he giiia ban the va hien tugng thi ban thi la bat bien, khdng sinh
khdng diet; cdn cac hien tugng bien chuyen khdng ngimg nay cdn mai mat. Trong mdi nIn trilt bgc, cai bat bien - ban the khdng them khdng bdt nay duge ggi bang nhiing cai ten khae nhau> ehang ban nhu "Brahman"
trong triet hge An Do, "Dao" trong hge thuyet Lao Trang, "Thai cue" trong Kinh djch, "vat chat" trong chu nghia duy vat, "tam" trong chii nghia duy tam; ...
Trong chu nghia duy vat bien chirng, ban the la vat chat, nhung no ludn van ddng bien ddi, ludn chuyen hda tii dang nay sang dan^
khae; nd vinh vien, vd ciing, vd tan; nd bat bien so vdi hien tugng ludn ludn thay ddi.
Mgi sy vat hien tugng deu la nhiing dang cu the ciia vat chat, cd ket cau hoac ngudn gdc vat chat, do vat chat sinh ra. Trong the gidi khdng cd gi khae ngoai nhirng qua trinh vat chat dang van ddng, chuyen hda lan nhau, la ngudn gdc, nguyen nhan, ket qua ciia nhau.
2 - Y nghia nhan sinh sau xa ciia triet ly nay cdn la d chd, trong cudc sdng nen nam giii cai Idn lao, dimg cd sa vao nhiing cai vun vat nhat thdi, nen dung o chdt (cai bat bien)
* GS, TS, Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh quoe gia H6 Chi Minh
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Nghien cuu - Trao ddi Tpp chf Cdng s d n
ma quan sat, tir dd dung hda, quan binh van vat. Nhiing bac thanh nhan ludn dung d cai bat bien ma quan sat cai van bien, dung bat bien iing phd vdi van bien, do dd ma thanh nhan trudng cuu (bat bien). Khdng nam duge cai bat bien ma sudt ddi cii chay theo cai van bien thi ca ddi mdi met.
Ndi cu the, trong cudc ddi mdi ngudi nen nhin ra cai Idn, chii dung nen sa vao nhiing cai vyn vat, tam thudng; phai nhan ra dau la ban the trong cai hien tugng, dau la cai vinh hang trong cai tam thdi, dau la cai khdng thay ddi trong cai thay ddi, dau la cai toan the trong cai cue bd, dau la cai bat bien trong cai van bien,...; cdn neu khdng, ta rat de lac vao cai me cung, lac vao rimg ram cua nhiing sy kien le te, vun vat ma khdng biet dudng ra.
3 - Vay, vdi Hd Chi Minh, vi Td qudc, vi dan tdc thi bat bien la gi? Mdt sd nha nghien cuu cho rang cai bat bien d Hd Chi Minh chi cd ba, dd la dgc lap, tu do, hgnh phiic. Theo tdi, cai bat bien d Hd Chi Minh tap trung d bdn yeu td hen he mat thiet vdi nhau, khdng tach rdi nhau, dd la dgc lap, tudo, hgnh phuc, ddn ehu. Dieu nay the hien rd trong cau dau tien tren mgi van ban tii khi lap qudc: Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda/ Dgc lap - Ty do - Hanh phuc. Nude Viet Nam la mdt nude dan chu, nude ddc lap, mpi ngudi duge ty do, hanh phuc.
Vay bdn yeu td tren lien he vdi nhau nhu the nao? Trude bet la ddc lap, bdi le neu khdng cd ddc lap, tiic bj vong qudc, mat nude, dat nude trong canh nd le lam than thi lam gi cd tu do, lay dau ra tu do, hanh phuc, dan chu.
Chinh vi vay, nude bj mat ddc lap thi viec dau tien la phai gianh cho bang duge ddc lap, va trong hoan canh nhu vay, ddc lap cho dat nude la cai bat bien sd mdt hang dau. Theo nghia nay, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh tuyen bd:
cai ma tdi can nhat la Td qudc tdi duge ddc lap. Cd ddc lap rdi thi mdi ndi den ty do, ty do gan lien vdi ddc lap, nude cd duge ddc lap
thi dan mdi duge ty do. Vdi ly do dd ma Bac ludn nhae nhd: trude bet la phai gianh cho ky duge dgc lap; tit ca cho ddc lap; khdng cd gi quy hon ddc lap, ty do. Mat khae, dgc lap cdn gin lien vdi dan chii. Cd ddc lap rdi thi mdi ndi den chuyen dan lam chu; cdn neu khdng cd dgc lap thi ciing khdng the cd dan chii. Cd ddc lap chiing ta phai lap tiic xay dyng mdt nha nude ma dan lam chii, cd nghia la bao nhieu lgi ich deu vi dan, bao nhieu quyen ban dlu cua dan, tdm lai, quyen hanh va luc lugng dlu d noi dan. Cd nhu vay mdi dem lai duge tu do, hanh phiic cho dan.
O day can luu y rang, dieu kien tien quyet dl cd tu do, hanh phuc, dan chu la nude phai ddc lap; nhung khdng phai cii cd ddc lap la cd ngay ty do, dan chii, hanh phiic. Do dd, khi da cd ddc lap rdi thi ty do, hanh phuc, dan chu lai ndi len. Nhu vay, mac du bdn yeu td nay nam trong mdi lien he mat thiet, khdng tach rdi nhau, nhung nhin chung chung lai chia ra lam hai cap do, mdt ben la ddc lap, cdn ben kia la ty do, hanh phuc, dan chu. Hai cap dp nay khdng tach rdi nhau vi neu cd cai thii nhat ma khdng cd cai thii hai thi cai thii nhat ciing trd nen vd nghia.
Theo Ngudi, cd ddc lap ma dan khdng duge hudng ty do, hanh phiic thi ddc lap ciing ehang de lam gi. Nguge lai, mudn cd cai thii hai thi dau tien, tnrdc bet phai cd cai thii nhat.
Cai thu nhat la tien de khdng the thieu duge, nhung cai thii hai mdi la myc dich cudi cimg.
Ngudi cho rang thang de qudc, phong kien con tuong ddi de, nhung thang ban cung, ngheo nan lac hau cdn khd hon nhieu. Tii dd, Ngudi cho rang da hy sinh lam each mang, thi nen lam cho den noi de khdi phai hy sinh nhieu lan, de dan chung duge hanh phuc.
Ld-gic dd tat yeu dan den tu tudng ciia Ngudi la gan giai phdng dan tdc (nude dgc lap) vdi chu nghia xa hdi (dan duge hudng tii do, hanh phiic, dan chii) - tu tudng trung tam, cdt ldi ciia Ngudi. f 'ft;
Nghien ctiu - Trao ddi Tpp chf Cdng sdn
Nhu vay, triet ly "Di bit biln iing van bien" cd nghia la lay cai bat biln (cai khdng thay ddi) iing phd vdi cai van biln (cai thay ddi); iing phd vdi cai van bien nhung khdng xa rdi, virt bd, danh mat cai bat biln; tuyet ddi khdng the dem cai bat bien ay ra mua ban, ddi chac. Hoan canh ludn thay ddi, cudc sdng ciing nhu sy nghiep each mang ludn thay ddi, phat trien,^ bdi vay, sach luge trong tiing linh vuc cu the ciing phai mem deo, uyen chuyen, thay ddi (cai van bien). Nhung dii cd mIm deo, uyen chuyen, thay ddi nhu the nao di ehang nira cung khdng duge quen myc dich cudi cung (cai bat bien), boi neu khdng se de bj lac vao cai me cung, riing ram ciia van bien, cai vun vat ma khdng biet dudng ra. Dd la cai nhin toan canh cd tinh chat vl md ddi vdi each mang ca nude. DI nhien, neu di sau vao timg linh vyc, pham vi nhd ban lai xuat hien nhiing cai "bat bien" va "van bien" d cap dp nhd ban, trong pham vi hep hon. Tii dd ta cd each nhin nhan, danh gia mdt each bien chiing, mem deo, uyen chuyen; nhimg nhiing cai "bat bien" nho nay deu phai huong den cat
"bat bien" Idn nhat ma ta da ndi d tren.
4 - Tir triet ly "DI bat bien irng van bien" nay da dan den triet ly hanh ddng d Hd Chi Minh.
Ngay chir "dl" ciing ndi len triet ly khdng phai de triet ly, ma triet ly phai dan den lam, den hanh ddng. Dd ciing la triet ly hanh ddng.
Triet ly hanh ddng la triet ly va hanh ddng, ndi va lam, ly luan va thyc tien hen he mat thiet vdi nhau, khdng tach rdi nhau. Trong ljch sir ta thIy cd nhieu triet ly tach rdi khdi hanh ddng, ndi khdng di ddi vdi lam, ly luan xa rdi cudc sdng, ehang ban nhu triet ly cua mdt sd nha tu tudng Tay Au thdi trung cd nham phuc vu cho myc dich ciia than hpc va tdn giao; trilt ly tu bien theo kieu trd choi cua nhirng khai niem (choi chii); triet ly ciia mdt sd nha khdng tudng;... Hpc thuyet ciia hp d?p thi cd dep, hay thi cd hay, nhung khdng gan vdi hoat ddng, hanh ddng thyc tien ma ddi khi chiing trd thanh trd choi cua ly tri, tri tue
thuIn tuy. Ngay giai cap tu san hd hao, giuong cao triet ly ve ty do, binh dang, bac ai, nhung sau khi danh dd giai cap phong kien thi nd lai phdt Id triet ly ma nd neu len ban dau.
Ndi thi hay nhung ve sau khdng thyc hien la vi quyen lgi ich ky cua nd. Ly luan cua cac nha trilt hpc trude Mac chu yeu chi la giai thich, ly giai the gidi chii khdng gan lien vdi nhiem vu cai tao, cai bien the gidi. Chinh vi vay, sy xuat hien ciia triet hpc Mac da tao ra mdt cudc each mang trong triet bgc ndi chung va trong triet ly hanh ddng ndi rieng vi nd khdng chi giai thich ma cdn quyet tam cai tao the gidi bang boat ddng thyc tien ciia con ngudi.
Nhu vay, triet ly hanh ddng Hd Chi Minh khdng chi ke thira nhiing tinh hoa ciia triet hpc Ddng Tay trude day ma cdn ke thiia nhimg tinh tiiy ciia triet hpc Mac - Le-nin va dua triet ly hanh ddng len tam cao mdi, trong dd triet ly va hanh ddng, ndi va lam, ly luan va thyc tien khdng tach rdi nhau, tao nen mdt khdi thdng nhat. Dieu nay the hien rd khi Ngudi cho rang ly luan phai lien he vdi thyc tien, hpc phai di ddi vdi hanh. Thyc tiln khdng cd ly luan hudng dan thi thanh thyc tien mil quang bdi le khi dd thyc tiln khdng biet di theo hudng nao, khdng bilt di vl dau gidng nhu con tau giira biln khoi mil mit nhung lai khdng cd la ban. Cdn ly luan ma khdng lien he vdi thyc tien la ly luan sudng, tue ly luan de ma ly luan, ly luan trd thanh trd choi cua ly tinh va ly tri. Ngudi cdn vi khdng cd ly luan thi liing tiing nhu nhim mit ma di;
ly luan va kinh nghiem nhu hai con mit cua con ngudi, cd kinh nghiem ma khdng cd ly luan cung nhu mdt mat sang mdt mit md.
Bom to, thdi phdng kinh nghiem se roi vao benh kinh nghiem chii nghia; nguge lai, bom to, thdi phdng ly luan se roi vao benh giao dieu, kinh vien. Dd la hai loai benh tuong ddi phd bien d nude ta trude kia va hien nay vln cdn tdn tai trong mdt bd phan khdng nhd can bd lanh dao, quan ly.
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Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Tpp chf Cpng s d n
Phuong eham cua Ngudi la ddc thu bdt vong ciiu qudc, cuu qudc bdt vong dgc thu, nghia la dgc sach khdng quen ciru nude, dgc sach khdng chi nang cao tam hieu biet, ren luyen tri tue ma phai hudng den cihi nude ciiu ngudi; ciiu nude khdng quen dgc sach, tiic cuu nude khdng quen nang cao tri tue. Qua day, ta thay ngudi each mang va ngudi tri thue hda quyen vao nhau, trong ngudi each mang cd ngudi tri thue, trong ngudi tri thue cd ngudi each mang, ngudi each mang phai cd tri tue, cdn ngudi tri thiic phai phuc vy Td qudc, phuc vu nhan dan, ngudi tri thiic ciia nhan dan.
Triet ly "DI bat bien irng van bien" d Hd Chi Minh ddng thdi ciing la triet ly hanh ddng, gan vdi hanh ddng bdi le vi cai bat bien dd ma Ngudi rdi bd que huong ra di tim dudng cihi nude luc mdi hai muoi mdt tudi;
va ciing chinh vi cai bat bien dd ma Ngudi da hy sinh ca cudc ddi minh cho dan tdc, dat lgi ich ciia dan, ciia nude len tren bet, sudt ddi het Idng het siic phung su Td qudc, phuc vy nhan dan.
Mdi triet ly hanh ddng ddng thdi cung la mdt triet ly sdng, qu^ dinh mdt phong each sdng tuong ung. Triet ly hanh ddng "DI bat bien iing van bien" ddng thdi cung la triet ly sdng "Dl chung tam vi ky tam" (Lay tam cua mgi ngudi lam tam ciia minh). De di sau vao triet ly sdng nay ta hay xem tam, long mong mudn ciia ngudi dan Viet Nam khi dd la gi?
Dd la nude duge ddc lap, dan duge ty do, mgi ngudi duge hanh phuc. Bac da lay cai tam (mong mudn) ciia mgi ngudi lam cai tam (mong mudn) ctia minh khi Ngudi viet: "Tdi chi cd mdt sy ham mudn, ham mudn tdt bac, la lam sao cho nude ta duge hoan toan ddc lap, dan ta duoc hoan toan ty do, ddng bao ai cung cd com an ao mac, ai ciing duge hge hanh"*'\ Bac da lay tam ciia mgi ngudi lam tam cua minh bang nhirng boat ddng thiet thyc, cu the nhu ra di tim dudng cuu nude va khi da tim duge cai "cam nang" thi trd ve
nude thue tinh nhan dan, td chiic, doan ket, huln luyen hg, dua hg ra tranh gianh ty do, ddc lap. Din do chin mudi, N^udi da tien hanh thanh lap Dang, dl ra chien luge, sach luge each mang cho timg thdi ky, keu ggi toan dan doan kit, dly manh phong trao thi dua yeu nude, ... tii dd da din dIt dan tdc ta di tu thang lgi nay den thang lgi khae.
Vdi trilt ly sdng "Di chiing tam vi ky tam", Bac va Dang ta ngoai lgi ich cua nhan dan khdng cdn lgi ich nao khae. Mdt ngay ma Td qudc chua thdng nhlt, ddng bao cdn chju khd dau la mdt ngay Bac an khdng ngon, ngii khdng yen. Vdi trilt ly sdng "Di chung tam vi ky tam" tit ylu se din den phong each sdng
"Lo tnrdc thien ha, vui sau thien ha"(Tien thien ha chi uu nhi uu, hau thien ha chi lac nhi lac), ldi sdng vi mgi ngudi, hda ddng ciing xa hdi, tham chi ca thien nhien cay cd, ldi sdng khdng cho rieng minh, va chinh vi khdng cho rieng minh cho nen trudng ciiu.
Vdi triet ly hanh ddng, triet ly sdng nhu vay, nen Ngudi thudng viet it, neu cd viet thi ngan ggn, de hieu, de nhd de thyc hien, de lam, tiic viet khdng phai de ma viet, ndi khdng phai de ma ndi; viet, ndi de thue tinh va tir dd keu ggi, hd hao ddng bao dung len lam each mang. Cd ngudi cho rang khi viet can phai trau chudt. Ngay trong "Dudng cdch mgng", phuong eham, chti truong ciia Bac la phai keu to, lam chdng de cihi lay gidng ndi, thi gid dau ma ve vdi trau chudt. Dan tdc ta khi dd nude bi mat, gidng ndi cd nguy co diet vong, vi vay khdng the chi cu triet ly ve nguy CO diet vong cua dan tdc, ma phai keu to lam chdng de ciiu lay gidng ndi.
O Hd Chi Minh khdng chi triet ly gan vdi hanh ddng, di lien vdi hanh ddng ma nguge lai, ngay hanh ddng cung ndi len triet ly. Theo Giao su Tran Van Giau, boat ddng thyc tien, hanh ddng bieu hien tu tudng trung thanh hon
(1) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap. Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, Ha Noi, 2000, t 4, tr 161
Nghien ciiu - Trao ddi Tpp chf C^ng sdn
gap nhieu lan nhiing bai van duge ngdi but deo gpt. Cai danh gia diing sai cua tu tudng khdng phai nam trong tu tudng ma phai d uong boat ddng thyc tien. Chinh thyc tien, suy cho cung la cai duy nhat kiem tra tinh diing dan ciia tu tudng, la tieu chuan cua chan ly. Thyc tien duge tdng ket bien thanh ly luan, tu tudng. Nhu vay, hoat ddng thyc tien ndi len tu tudng.
Tir tnrdc den nay chiing ta quen cai ldi nghien cihi triet hpc, nghien ciiu tu tudng qua cau chii. Ngay di theo hudng nay ciing cdn nhieu cai phai ban, ehang ban cd ngudi chi dimg lai d cau chii be ngoai ma chua di vao cai than, cai hdn nam sau cac cau chir. Theo Trang Tii, ngudi ta diing ldi de dat y, duge y rdi hay quen ldi. Mat khae, tu tudng, triet ly, theo tdi, dau chi the hien qua cau chii. Nhirng nha hien triet phuong Ddng thudng it viet, it ndi, neu chi qua cau chir ciia hg ma ndi len tu tudng ciia hp thi e rang khdng day dii. Bdi vay, triet ly, tu tudng cdn duge bieu hien, the hien qua nhieu hinh thiic khae nhau nhu am nhae, hdi hoa, dieu khae; qua hanh ddng, boat ddng, hanh vi, thai dp, cu chi, each ddi nhan xii the ciia con ngudi. Chiing ta can giai ma, phat hien ding sau nhirng di san van hda vat chat va tinh than, ngudi xua mudn giii gam nhiing thdng tin tu tudng gi cho the he mai sau, dae biet la nhirng y tudng triet hpc.
Phuong hudng nay cd vj the vd ciing quan trpng trong viec nghien ciru tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, bdi le qua cau chir chi phan anh duge mdt phan tu tudng ciia Ngudi. Nhirng cii chi, hanh ddng, hanh vi, tac phong, ldi sdng, each ddi nhan \u the ciia Ngudi, deu toat len mdt triet ly tham sau vi te, triet ly sudt ddi vi dan, vi nude.
5 - Triet ly "DI bat bien ung van bien" cdn mdt khia canh nhan thirc luan kha quan trpng ma it ngudi ban tdi. Cai bat bien trong nhan thirc chinh la cai tam binh tinh, tinh tao, trong sang, sang sudt, minh man. Vdi cai tam nay
(bit biln) thi cd thi ung vdi cai v^n bien, tue nhin nhan su vat hien tugng biln ddi ben ngoai rd rang ban, khach quan hon, diing dan hon. Khdng thi nhin van vat mgt each chinh xac, khach quan khi cai tam dly due vong, tham vpng den tdi, dly ca nhan ich ky. Triet hpc phuong Ddng vi cai tam bit bien nhu mat hd phing lang, yen tinh, trong veo, khdng mdt ggn sdng, tir dd nhung vien cudi dudi day hd ciing hien len rd rang; cdn cai tam day dye vpng den tdi, chao dao, gidng nhu mat hd ndi sdng, cat bui mii mit, bdi vay, nhin sy vat hien tugng dudi day hd khdng rd, tiic khdng nhin ra dae biet la ban chat cua su vat hien tugng.
Vdi tinh thin "DI bit biln ting van bien"
dd, Hd Chi Minh da nhieu lan giao due can bd, dang vien rang, mudn danh thang ke dich ben ngoai thi trude bet phai danh thang ke dich ben trong la chii nghia ca nhan; mudn cai tao the gidi thi tnrdc het phai cai tao ban than minh; mdt dan tdc, mdt dang vien va mdi eon ngudi ngay hdm qua la vl dai, cd sire hap dan Idn khdng nhat djnh ngay hdm nay va ngay mai van duge mgi ngudi yeu men va ca nggi, neu long da khdng trong sang, neu sa vao chii nghia ca nhan. Nhu vay, vdi cai tam binh tinh, tinh tao, sang sudt, minh man, vdi long da trong sang (cai bat bien), chiing ta khdng nhiing nhin sy vat, hien tugng bien ddi ben ngoai (cai van bien) mdt each rd rang, khach quan, ma cdn tranh duge benh chii quan duy y chi.
Tdm lai, d Hd Chi Minh, tir trilt ly:" DI bat bien ung van bien" dan den triet ly hanh ddng, triet ly sdng "DI chung tam vi ky tam"; hai cai dd quyen chat vao nhau, gan lien mat thiet, chat ehe vdi nhau, khdng tach rdi nhau; triet ly hudng den hanh ddng, hanh ddng ndi len triet ly, trong triet ly da bao ham xu the hanh ddng, trong hanh ddng cd triet ly, triet ly va hanh ddng gan chat vdi nhau tao nen triet ly hanh ddng Hd Chi Minh ma khdng phai vi nhan nao ciing cd duge. •
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