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Trong bd'i canh cae van dd mdi trtfdng ngdy edng trd nen khd kidm sodt vd ngan sdeh qud'c gia han che', vide thiic diy dau ttf cua khu vtfc ttf nhan trd thanh dpng ltfc chinh cho edng tac bao ve mdi trtfdng. Day dang Id xu htfdng tai nhieu qu^e gia trdn the gidi. Nham dtfa ra nhifng gdi y ehinh sdch eho Viet Nam, bai vie't nay da ehi ra 3 nguydn nhdn chinh khie'n d^u ttf ttf nhdn cho bao vd mdi trtfdng d Vidt Nam edn han chd', dd Id: thdi quen d^u tif vao cdc Imh vtfc cu va quy md nho cua cac doanh nghidp thudc khu vtfc ttf nhdn; hd thd'ng quan ly mdi trtfdng cd the chtfa tao cd ehd' canh tranh cdng bang eho cdc doanh nghidp; vd mdt sd' chinh sach phat trien xung dot vdi chinh sach khuye'n khich dau ttf eho bao ve mdi trtfdng. Ttf do, nhdm tac gia dtfa ra 4 nhdm giai phdp chinh vd day manh ttf do hda thtfdng mai va hdi nhap qud'c te'; sd dung Iuat phap va tidu chuan mdi trtfdng qud'c gia; sd dung cdng cu kinh te';
va ndng cao nhdn thtfc ciia doanh nghiep ttf nhan.
Tii khda: Thdc da'y d^u ttf, khu vtfc ttf nhdn, bdo vd mdi trtfdng.
1. Md d^u
Phdt trien kinh te' di ddi vdi bao ve mdi trtfdng dang la each tie'p can dtfdc nhidu qud'c gia trdn the' gidi Itfa chon. Tai Viet Nam, Ludt Bao ve Mdi trtfdng nam 2005 da ehi rd "Dau ttf bao ve mdi trtfdng la dau ttf phat trien" (Khoan 5, Didu 5, Ludt BVMT 2005). Vi vdy, ke ttf nam 2006, ngdn sdch cho bao vd moi trtfdng cua Viet Nam thtfdng xuyen chie'm tren 1% tong ngdn sach nha ntfdc hang nam vd vdn lien tuc tang nhanh. Ndm 2015, tdng chi ngan sach cho bao ve mdi trtfdng
Id 11.400 ty ddng, gan gap 2 lan so vdi nam 2010 (Thdi bao Tai chinh, 2016). Tuy nhien, trong khi boat dpng phat trien kinh td' dang nhan dtfde rat nhieu ngudn dau ttf khdc nhau, boat ddng bao ve mdi irtfdng vdn dtfa khd nhidu vdo ngdn sach nha ntfdc. Vi vay, bai vid't nay nghien ctfu mdt sd' kinh nghiem qud'c td' vd thiie day dau ttf bao vd mdi trtfdng trong khu vtfc ttf nhan tren the gidi, nhdm cung cd'p them eae gdi y eho viec da dang hda ngudn dau ttf cho cdng tde bao vd mdi trtfdng, giam phu thude vao ngan sdch nha ntfdc
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2. Mdt sd' nguyen nhSn ban chd' dau tif cua khu vtfc tif nhan cho bao v^ mdi trifdng
Hidn nay, khai niem dau ttf ciia khu vtfc ttf nhdn cho bao ve mdi trtfdng khdng chi la dau ttf cho bao ve mdi trtfdng cua doanh nghiep' ma cdn bao gdm cdc boat ddng dau ttf trong ITnh vtfc bao vd mdi trtfdng (doanh nghiep chuyen xd ly rdc thai, xu" Iy ntfde thai,...). Tai chdu Au, trong giai doan 2006-2014, khi dau ttf td ngdn sdeh nha ntfdc cho bao ve mdi trtfdng giam 5,2%, thi dau ttf ttf nhdn tang them 3,2%. Nam 2014, dau ttf ttf nhan da ehid'm 59% tdng dau ttf trong linh vtfc nay trdn toan chau Au (EUROSTAT, 2016). Tai Viet Nam, nhieu nghidn ctfu diem nhan dinh rang, dau ttf ttf nhan trong Iinh vtfc bao vd mdi trtfdng eiia ntfdc ta cdn ra't tha'p, chtfa ttfdng xtfng vdi dau ttf ttf ngdn sach nha ntfde (Bd Ke'hoach va Dau ttf, 2016; Minh, 2013; Vu Xuan Nguyet Hong, 2008).
Mdt sd' nguyen nhan cd ban cd the ke dd'n nhtf sau:
Thd nhd'l la nguydn nhan ttf thoi quen d^u ttf vd quy md ciia cae doanh nghiep thupc khu vtfc ttf nhdn, nhd't Id cac doanh nghiep trong iTnh vtfc bao vd mdi trtfdng. Tai Vidt Nam, theo Thdng ttf so' 16/2013/TT-BTC ban hanh ngay 08/02/2013, khoang 96% cdc doanh nghidp ttf nhan hidn nay la doanh nghidp vtfa va nhd. Ddc diem cua cdc doanh nghidp nay la so' vd'n ttfdng dd'i It (dtfdi 100 ty ddng), nen thtfdng phai tfu tidn cde khoan mue dau ttf nho, ngan ban, quay vdng vd'n nhanh.
Trong khi do, dau ttf eho bao ve mdi trtfdng thtfdng cd chi phi ban dau ldn vd qud trinh van hanh dai. Vi du, mdt nha may xd Iy ntfdc thai nhd cung can tinh todn dau ttf cho giai doan ttf 10-15 ndm, vdi chi phi ban dau hang ty ddng. Vi vdy, cae doanh nghiep vtfa va nhd thtfdng ed xu htfdng tranh ne cde khoan muc d^u ttf nay. Dae bidt, cac rui ro cua ngtfdi di d^u, riii ro ve thie'u thdng tin, thie'u kinh nghidm va ca rui ro ve ldi nhudn, khi cdc gia tri mdi trtfdng thtfdng ra't khd do dd'm va dtfdc danh gid ra't khdc nhau d edc khu vtfc, la nhffng rao can khdng nho. Vi du, mdt nha dau ttf trong ITnh vtfc ed lap carbon (Carbon capture and storage) cd the rd't thdnh cdng tai chdu Uc, nhtfng se phai dd'i mat vdi nhidu riii ro hdn nd'u bat dau
tai Trung Qud'c hay Viet Nam, do eac ntfde nay chtfa cd ngtfdi mua trong thi trtfdng nay.
Thd hai, he thd'ng quan ly mdi trtfdng cd the chtfa tao ed che' canh tranh cdng bang cho cac doanh nghiep. Dae biet dang ltfu y, cdc thidt hai mdi irtfdng thtfdng khdng gidi ban d mdt pham vi dia ly nhd hep. Vi du, mdt doanh nghiep san xua't thep xa thai gay d nhiem d tinh nay, van cd the gay anh htfdng tdi ngudn ntfdc ciia mot doanh nghiep thep ttfdng ttf d tinh khae. Vay ne'u khdng cd bidn phdp khie'n doanh nghidp thep thtf nhd't ndi hda cdc chi phi ngoai tfng tidu ctfc ma hp gdy ra (nhtf dp dung thue', phi, gia'y phep xa Ihai cd the chuydn nhddng,...); hoac ede bidn phdp khdng triet de thi san pham thep ciia doanh nghiep thtf nhd't se cd Idi the' hdn so vdi doanh nghidp thtf hai, do dtfcfc htfdng ngudn ntfdc sach hdn. Kd't qua la doanh nghidp thep thd nha't se khdng cd ddng life dau ttf giam thai bao ve mdi trtfdng, tham chi ho se mud'n xd nhidu hdn dd gia tdng ldi the' so sanh cua minh. Didu nay ra't dd xay ra khi edng tae quan Iy mdi trtfdng dtfdc chia theo tinh, vdi eae mtfc dp quan ly chat, Idng khdc nhau (Yunze, 2011). Ngodi ra, do quydn sd htfu ve mdi trtfdng d nhieu qud'c gia dang phat trien, trong dd cd Viet Nam, chtfa dtfdc a'n dmh rd rang, nen vide dp dung cd che' thoa thudn bdi thtfdng tren cd sd kinh te' thi trtfdng nhtf d cac ntfde phdt trien, theo dinh ly Coase (1960), khdng the thtfc hien dtfdc. Khi do, gdnh nang Idn kha nang dp dung eac edng cu qudn ly va Idem ira, giam sdt cua Nha ntfdc la rat ldn, khd tranh khoi vide mdt sd'doanh nghidp cd' tinh vi pham nham cdt giam ehi phi cho bao ve mdi trtfdng va tang ldi nhuan.
Thd ba, mdt so' chinh sdch phdl trien xung dot vdi chinh sdch khuyd'n khich dau ttf eho bao ve mdi trtfdng, Didu ndy vdn tdn lai d nhidu ntfde dang phat trien, trong do cd Viet Nam. Vi du, viec midn thiiy ldi phi tai Viet Nam, quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd' 115/2008/ND-CP ngay 14/11/2008, dd triet tieu dpng Itfe sd dung ntfdc tid't kiem cua cde doanh nghiep san xua't, kinh doanh ndng nghidp. He qua Id mdt so'ndi tai Tdy Nguyen lieu thu tdi 800 lit ntfdc cho mot lan ttfdi tren mdi cay ca phe, trong khi mtfc tieu chuan ehi can 350-400
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lit ntfdc mdi lan (Haggar & Schepp, 2012). Ttfdng ttf Id irtfdng hdp trd cd'p gid nhien lieu hda ihaeh (than va khi dd't) dd'i vdi Tap doan Dien life Viet Nam (EVN). Nam 2012, gid nhien lieu than bdn cho ddn visan xua't dien bdng 70% gid thdnh san xud'l vd 60% gid xud't khau (WB & MPI Vietnam, 2016, p. 264). Dieu nay khie'n gid thanh san xua't didn ttf nhidn lidu hda thach tha'p, gidm ddng life ciia doanh nghidp dd'i vdi vide thay ddi cd ea'u nang Itfdng, htfdng tdi cac ngudn nang Itfdng lai tao, it d nhidm vd than thidn vdi mdi Irtfdng hdn.
3. Cac bi$n phap thuc dd'y d^u ttf ciia khu vifc ttf nhdn cho bao ve mdi trtfcfng
3.1. Nhdm bien phdp day mgnh td do hda thuang mgi vd hgi nhqp qudc te
Cac chinh sdeh nay bao gdm ndi long stf can thidp eiia nha ntfde, chinh phii vao ITnh vtfc trao ddi, budn ban qud'c id', nhtf: gd bd cde hdng rdo thud' quan, gidm vide bao hd mdt so nganh ndi dia,... Tai chau Au, viec ky ke't cdc thda thudn thtfdng mai ttf do (Free Trade Agreements - FTAs) da dtfde tie'n hanh tif nhtfng ndm 1990 vd hidn nay dang dtfdc md rdng vdi nhieu ntfde Nam My va chdu A. Dieu ndy khid'n cac doanh nghiep trong ntfdc chiu dp ltfc ttf yeu eau cua cac dd'i tae, ban hang, khdch hang vd vide dap tfng cac tieu chud'n qud'c te' ve mdi trtfdng, bao gdm cd tidu chuan trong quy tnnh san xua'l va lieu chuan san pham. Ttf dd, hp ed thdm ddng ltfc dd dau ttf bao vd mdi trtfdng. Thtfc Id', ed thd xud'l hien y kie'n cho rdng viee ttf do hda ihtfPng mai se tang tinh canh tranh cua thi trtfdng (tidm can vdi thi trtfdng canh tranh hoan hao), khie'n ldi nhuan trdn mdi san pham cua cdc doanh nghidp giam, do dd, cde doanh nghiep se dm each tang ldi nhuan bang vide giam chi phi, trong dd cd chi phi eho mdi trtfdng. Tuy nhidn, trong bd'i canh mdi hien nay, khi nhan thtfc vd mdi trtfdng cua ngtfdi tidu diing ngdy cang cao, cdc tieu chuan qud'c td' vd mdi trtfdng cung rd't rd rang va chat che, chi phi cho mdi irtfdng se Id mot hang muc khdng the cat bo cua cdc doanh nghidp trong thd'ky 21 (Kawamura.
2000; WB, 2002, p. 44). Ddy la thdi ky ma ede doanh nghidp se canh tranh bang tidu chuan mdi
trtfdng cua minh, ben eanh cdc tidu chu^n chd't Itfdng san pham.
3.2. Nhdm bien phdp sd dtfng ludt phdp va tieu chuan moi tnidng quoc gia
Cde bidn phap thudc nhdm nay bao gdm vide xay dtfng, ban hdnh va thtfc thi luat phap, quy dinh, tieu chuan mdi irtfdng dd'i vdi qud trinh san xud'l vd kinh doanh eua cae doanh nghidp. Nhdm bien phap nay dtfdc sd dung phd bid'n d nhidu ntfde trdn the' gidi vd trong nhieu trtfdng hdp da dem lai hidu qua tich ctfc trong viee dieu chinh hanh vi eiia doanh nghidp, thuc day dau ttf ciia khu vtfc ttf nhdn cho mdi trtfdng. Vi du, sau khi Nghi dmh thtf Montreal vd vide giam phdt thai Itfdng khi CFCs (cdc khi gdy thiing tang Ozdn) dtfdc ky vdo ndm 1987, Lidn minh chau Au da ban hanh dieu lual sd' 2037/2000 quy dinh rd thdi han vd tidu chuan eu the. Ngay lap ttfc, ede nha saa xud't da phai dau itf tim cdch cat giam Itfdng phat thai khi CFCs ciia minh va lim kie'm eac khi thay the'. Ke't qua la tdi ndm 2000, Itfdng CFCs trong khi quydn da dtfde ghi nhan trd lai mtfc dn dinh, dung nhtf muc tieu eua Nghi dinh thtf Montreal.
Day Id mdt vi du didn hinh cho thanh edng cua vide ke'l hdp nd Itfc qud'c le' va sd dung ludt phap qud'c gia trong viec giai quye't cac van dd moi trtfdng toan ciiu. Tuy nhien, khi HFCs, loai khi dtfpc ede doanh nghidp Itfa chon thay the' cho CFCs trong vide ldm lanh, lai la mdt trong nhffng khi nhd kinh gay ra hien ttfdng bid'n ddi khi hau.
Thdng 10 nam 2016, hdi nghi todn cau lai Kigaly, Rwanda thanh cdng, thd'ng nhd't cat giam vide sil dung khi HFCs se lai dai cde doanh nghiep tnfdc mdt thach thtfc mdi trong viec dau ttf lim kid'm khi sach cho san xua'l vd bao ve mdi trtfdng. Day la mdt thdch thtfc nhtfng cung cd the la cd hdi cho nhidu doanh nghidp. Hp cd the thu ldi ne'u bidt lid'p can va ddi mdi cdng nghd sdm, nham ddp tfng cae tidu chuan mdi trtfdng qud'c gia sap dtfdc ban hanh dd'i vdi san pham eiia minh.
Tuy nhidn, cac bien phap thudc nhdm nay ehi thtfe stf hieu qua khi viee kiem tra, gidm sat dtfdc thtfchidn td't, kem theo dd Id chd'tai phii hpp vdi cae trtfdng hdp vipham. Ne'u vide vi pham khdng
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bi phat hidn hoac che' lai khdng du manh, cac doanh nghidp, vdi mue tieu td'i da Idi nhuan, se khd cd ddng life de dau ttf cho bao ve mdi trtfdng.
Tnfdng hdp tai An Dp la mdt vidu. Tuy Ludt Tai nguyen ntfdc (Water Act) va Ludt Khdng khi (Air Act) ddu da dtfdc ban hanh tai An Dd, nhtfng chi c6 Ludt Khdng khi phdt huy tac dung, giiip giam 17% mtfc dp d nhidm khdng khi (Greenstone &
Hanna, 2014). Nguyen nhan dtfde chi ra Id bdi trong Ludt Khdng khi cd cd chd' cho phep ngtfdi dan va Tda dn td'i cao giam sal, trong khi dd, Luat Tai nguyen ntfdc chtfa cd ed ehe' cho phep cong ddng tham gia vao viec giam sat nay. Dieu ndy khie'n cho vide gidm sat khdng dtfde thtfc hien tot.
Ke't qua Id cdc doanh nghiep, ca nhdn hodc tap the gay d nhidm ntfdc se dIu ttf it hdn cho vide gidm thai, bao ve mdi trtfdng.
3.3. Cdc bien phdp sii: dgng cdng cu kinh te' Cac cdng cu kinh td' dtfdc thid't ke' dtfa tren kinh Id' hpe mdi trtfdng, vdi diem cd't loi la khi xay ra thd't bai thi trtfdng, dac biet la irtfdng hdp cd ngoai dng, thi Nhd ntfdc can can thiep de dtfa thi Irtfdng ve trang thdi td'i tfu xa hdi. Cde cdng cu kinh id' truyen thd'ng bao gdm: thud', phi thdi, gid'y phep xa thai cd thd chuyen nhtfdng, ky quy mdi trtfdng, ddt coc hodn tra,... Nhdm cdc cdng cu ndy ed mdt sd' tfu diem ndi trdi, dd la khie'n doanh nghidp ttf thay ddi hanh vi ciia minh theo htfdng cd Idi hdn cho mdi trtfdng, ddng thdi tao thdm ngudn thu cho ngan sdch nhd ntfdc. Cac cdng cu nhtf phi thai (Pollution Fees) va gia'y phep xa thai cd thd ehuyen nhtfdng (Transferabie/Tradable Emissions Permits) ed tdc dung rat td't trong vide khuye'n khich cdc doanh nghiep dau ttf giam thai, bao ve mdi trtfdng. Bdi ne'u giam dtfdc Itfdng thai, mtfc phi thai vd Itfdng gid'y phep xa thai ma doanh nghiep can se it hdn, hp se ed ldi ve kinh te'hdn.
Vdi nhffng tfu diem do, cae cong cu nay da dtfde dp dung ra'l phd bie'n, dae bidt la trong vide kidm sodt d nhidm vd sd dung hdp ly lai nguydn, Tai chau Au, khdi niem phi thai da xud'l hidn tff nhtfng nam 1960 vd phi ntfde thai dtfdc dp dung d^u lien vdo nam 1976 (ECOTEC, 2005, p. 2).
Thud' tieu thu ddc biet vdi mdt so' boat ddng san xud't kinh doanh anh htfdng dd'n mdi trtfdng nhtf xang, dau diesel... cung dd dtfdc ap dung d nhieu ntfdc nhtf My, Thd Nhi Ky, Hd Lan, Anh,...
(OECD, 2011). Ngoai ra, chinhphu Auslraha cdn dtfa ra ngtfdng bdt dau dp dung thud' eao hdn vdi d td hang sang cd tie't kidm xdng so vdi d td hang sang khdng tid't kidm xang (Australia Government, 2017). Tai Dan Mach, thud' cung cd'p ntfdc (Water supply lax) dtfdc ban hanh vao nam 1993 da tao ap life cho cdc doanh nghiep cap ntfdc dau ttf vao bao ve mdi trtfdng, cu the la dau ttf nhdm giam Itfdng ntfdc thd't thoat xud'ng chi edn 10%, so vdi mtfc 30-40% eiia loan khu vtfc chau Au (Withana, 2014, p. 12). Tdi nam 2005, cd che' budn bdn khi thai ciia chdu Au (EU-ETS) da dtfdc thanh lap, khuyd'n khieh cac doanh nghiep va qud'c gia dau ttf giam thai xud'ng tha'p hdn mdc cho phep, de bdn Itfdng ban ngach thtfa eiia minh cho doanh nghiep khac, ihu ldi nhuan (Clini, Musu, & Gullino, 2008, p. 311). Nam 2011, ntfdc Dtfc dtfa vao ap dung thue' hang khdng (Aviation Tax) cho mdi hanh khaeh bay khdi qud'c gia nay.
Mdc thud' nay tff 8-45 Euro tren mdt hanh khach, tiiy thudc vdo didm de'n ciia chuyd'n bay la gan hay xa (ttfdng tfng vdi mtfc phdt thai it hay nhieu).
Dieu ndy khie'n cdc hang hdng khdng phai linh todn lai dtfdng bay ciia minh dd giam td'i da Itfdng phat thai, thdn thidn vdi mdi trtfdng hdn. Kd't qua la long phat thai C02 ciia hdng khdng Dtfc dd giam dtfde 0,21 tridu td'n, ttfdng tfng vdi 0.6%
trong nam 2011 (INFRAS, 2012). Tai Australia, thud' Carbon ciing da dtfdc dp dung trong giai doan ttf ndm 2012 de'n nam 2014 (Tabemer &
Zorzetlo, 2014).
Ngodi vide kiem soat d nhidm ttf cac nganh sdn ed, edc ntfdc cdn chu trpng vdo vide thu hut dau ttf phat trien cac ngdnh mdi, cae san pham mdi thdn thien vdi moi trtfdng. Khi do, chinh sach trd cd'p thtfdng dtfde sd dung de tdc ddng. lam thay ddi thdi quen dau ttf ciia eae doanh nghiep, thu hut dau ttf vao eae ITnh vtfc mdi ndy. Tai Nhdt Ban, mdi ehii xe cd the dtfdc nhan hd trd tdi 250,000 Yen (ttfdng dtfdng US$2500) ne'u bd chid'e xe d td eu trdn 13 ndm tudi dd mua mdt
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chid'e xe mdi, loai lie't kidm xdng (JAMA, 2010).
Tai bang Victoria, Australia, phi dang kiem cho cac xe chay bdng dien hoac xe hybrid chay ca xang va didn dtfdc giam AU$100 (VicRoads, 2015). Cdc chinh sach trd cd'p ttfdng ttf cho cdc xe tid't kidm nhien lieu vd than thidn vdi mdi trtfdng cung dtfde ban hdnh tai nhidu ntfde nhtf Han Qud'c, Dtfc, Romania, Bo Dao Nha, Anh va My.
Nhd vdy, nganh cdng nghidp d id trdn toan the' gidi dang cd xu htfdng ehuyen sang eae loai xe than thien vdi mdi irtfdng. Cde doanh nghiep san xud't d td cung tdng ctfdng dau ttf nghien ctfu, ehd' tao ra ede san pha'm sd dung cdc loai nang Itfdng sach hdn, nhtf nang Itfdng gas, didn, hay ndng Itfdng mat trdi.
bang eac chinh sdch dac thu, nhtf giam thud'thu nhdp doanh nghiep, midn thud'tdi nguydn trong mot so' nam dau lien,... cho cdc dtf an dau ttf thudc ITnh vtfc nay. Tai Ha Lan, edc doanh nghiep dau ttf trong ITnh vtfc tid't kiem ndng Itfdng va mdi irtfdng se dtfdc giam tbue^, nhd vay mdt sd'doanh nghiep ed thd giam tdi 14% ehi phi d^u ttf (Wisman, 2016). Tai Viet Nam, Nghi dinh so 19/2015/ND-CP ngdy 14/02/2015 cua Chinh phii vd Thdng ttf sd' 212/20I5/TT-BTC eiia B6 Tai ehinh cQng quy dinh rd mdt so' loai ehi phi eho hoat ddng bao vd mdi trtfdng dtfdc midn thud' khi tinh thu nhdp chiu thud' Thu nhap doanh nghidp. Tuy nhidn, hidu qua cua vide dp dung chinh sdch giam thud'ndy rd't khdc nhau vdi tffng Hinh J: So IUdng xe dien (PEV) ban ta tren toan cau
500,000
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• Canada
• Western Europe ' Japan
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100,000
2013 2014 2015
Tren Hinh I, so lifdng xe dien (PEV) duoc ban ra dang tang len nhanh chong qua iCrng nam. Day la xu hifdng dang dien ra d hau hel cac quoc gia ldn tren the gidi.
Mot each tifdng tif nhif trd ca'p cung thu'dng difdc su" dung de thuc day dau tif i\i nhan trong ITnh vifc moi trifdng, dd la viec khuye'n khich
Nf^iton: Argmne National Laboratory 12016}
quoc gia va can than trong so sanh vdi cac giai phap thay the khac trifdc khi ap dung.
Ngoai ra, viec tao dieu kien de ap dung Dinh ly Coase trong thifc te cung la mot hifdng tiep can de thuc day dSu ttf bad ve moi tnfdng trong khu vifc tif nhan. Coa.se (1960) cho rang, khi quyen sd hilu du-flc xac dinh ro rang va chi phi
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giao dich la khdng dang ke, se xay ra eac thoa thudn giffa cdc bdn lien quan vd kd't qua la mtfc d nhidm se dtfdc didu chinh vd td'i tfu xa hdi. Cu the, bdn gay d nhidm se ed ddng ltfc de giam Itfdng thai eua minh ve mtfc td'i tfu xd hdi. Nhtf vay, ne'u nhtf quyen sd htfu vd cdc tdi san, dac bidt la tdi sdn da't dai, sdng hd, cac vung bien,...
dtfdc xde dinh rd rang, thi ed thd se xud't hidn eac hoal ddng dau ttf giam thai hodc xdly chd't thai, bdo vd mdi trtfdng mpteachra't ttf nhidn. Trtfdng hdp ciia ludt sd hffu ddng sdng (Riparian Water Rights) tai Hoa Ky la mdt vi du dien hinh (Nam, Hue, & Nhan, 2018)
Dd'i vdi mdt sd' hoal ddng dac thu trong ngdnh mdi irtfdng (nhd xu: Iy cha't thai, ntfdc thai, thu gom va xd ly rdc thai,...), md hinh hdp tdc cdng ttf (Public-Private Partnership - PPP) dang dtfdc coi la each tie'p can hdp Iy de thu hut dau ttf tff khu vtfc ttf nhan. Dukhan, Bourbon-Seelel, & Yannie (2016) da long ke'l va chi ra stf can thie't phai ke't hdp giffa khu vtfc cdng va ttf trong vide quan Iy chd'l thai ran. Thdm chi, cdc nha nghien ctfu nay cdn nhdn dinh rang nd'u khdng cd stf tham gia eiia Nha ntfdc thi cde doanh nghidp ttf nhan, du cd du ndng Itfc lai ehinh va quan Iy, vin khdng the thtfc hidn hoat ddng nay mot cdch ben vffng va lau dai dtfde. Vdi cdch lie'p can do, trong ITnh vtfc cung ca'p ntfde sach, hidn nay Trung Qud'c Id ntfdc di dau vdi 200 dtf dn dtfdc xay dtfng theo md hinh PPP. Tie'p theo la khu vtfc My Lalinh vdi 113 dtf dn vdi tdng vd'n dau ttf 9,7 ti USD (WB, 2014, p.
10). Cdc dtf an ttfdng ttf cung dang rat phd bid'n tai chau Phi, Trung Ddng va Nam A.
3.4. Cdc biSn phdp nham ndng cao nhgn thttc cua doanh nghidp tii nhdn
Tren thtfe td', giai phdp cd't ldi nha't de thuc d£y dIu ttf cho bao ve mdi trtfdng trong khu vtfc Id nhdn ehinh la giiip eho cac doanh nghidp hieu dtfdc ldi ieh va trach nghiem ciia minh khi thtfc hien vide nay, Hp can nhan thtfe dtfdc rang viec dau ttf cho bao ve mdi trtfdng khdng phai dd dd'i phd vdi cae tieu chuan mdi trtfdng ma se lam Idi cho doanh nghiep. Nghidn cdu cila IFC (Cdng ly Tai chinh qud'c td') da chl ra bang chtfng tff hdn 170 cong ty xuydn quoc gia rar y viec dau ttf cho
bao vd mdi trtfdng da giup giam chi phi, tang doanh thu va tao hinh anh td't vdi khdch hang (WB, 2002, p. 45). Ddc bidt, hien nay xua't hien them cac ITnh vtfc kinh doanh mdi ma toe do phat tridn ngay cdng nhanh va dang dan trd thdnh tam diem ciia nen kinh te", dtfdc goi la cac ITnh vtfc
"xanh", nhtf: nang Itfdng sach, san pham than thidn vdi mdi Irtfdng, giam phdt thai,,.. (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2007). Cdc doanh nghidp can dtfdc cung ca'p day du thdng tm, nhdn thtfe dtfdc xu the' phat tridn cua nen kinh td', ttf do nam bat dtfde cd hdi eiia minh.
Vide cung cd'p thong tin vd nang cao nhan thtfc eiia doanh nghidp ttf nhdn da sdm dtfde thtfe hidn d nhieu ntfde trdn the' gidi, vdi nhieu hinh thtfc khde nhau. Tai Phdp, eud'n sd tay htfdng ddn
"Eco Guide Professionel" cho cdc doanh nghidp vtfa vd nhd dd dtfdc xud't bdn ttf nhffng nam 1998 (European Commission, 2001, p. 25). Tai lieu nay dd dtfde phd bie'n vdi khd'i cac doanh nghidp va ea trong mdt sd' trddng hpe tai Phdp. Cde dtf an nhtf Quan Iy Vtfdn qud'c gia Agios Nikolaos tai Hi Lap va dtf an khdi phuc da dang smh hoe tai Aranjuez, Tay Ban Nha tff nam 1997 deu ed tich hdp cae hdp phan lidn quan ldi giao due mdi trtfdng cho cdng ddng vd doanh nghiep ldn cdn (European Commission, 2001, p. 53). Mdt sd' dtf dn khdc thtfc hien nang eao nhan thtfc bang each kd't nd'i hieu bie't ciia cdc cdng ddng vdi nhau, vd giffa cdng ddng vd edc doanh nghidp dia phtfdng qua eac mang Itfdi chia se thdng tin va edc khoa ddo tao.
4. Kd't lu0n
Hidn nay, hai xu htfdng dang dan trd nen pho bie'n d nhidu ntfde tren the" gidi, do la: (i) Dau ttf eho bdo ve mdi Irtfdng ngay cang cao trong long thu nhdp qud'c dan vd (li) Dau ttf trong khu vtfc ttf nhan se ddng vai tro chinh trong tdng dau ttf eho bao vd mdi trtfdng. Ddn cijf, trung binh long dau ttf qud'c gia cho bao ve mdi Irtfdng cua mdt ntfdc chdu Au ehid'm khoang 2,1% ldng thu nhdp qud'c dan (GDP) ciia hp, Trong do, dau ttf ttf khu vtfc ttf nhan chie'm khoang 59%. De chuIn bi cho xu thd' nay, cac qud'c gia ttf lau da nhin nhan nhffng didm cd the ban chd'dau iff ttf nhan cho edng lac
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bao vd mdi trtfdng va dd ra cdc bien phdp de xda bd cae ban ehe' dd. Nhdm dtfa ra nhffng gdi y chinh saeh cho Viet Nam, bdi vie't nay dd chi ra 3 nguyen nhan ehinh, do Id thdi quen dau tff vdo eac ITnh vtfc cij vd quy md nhd eiia cde doanh nghiep thudc khu vtfc ttf nhan; he thd'ng quan ly mdi irtfdng cd the chtfa tao cd ehd' eanh tranh cdng bdng cho cae doanh nghiep do tde ddng mdi trtfdng thtfdng ed tinh rdng vd khdng gian; va mdi sd'chinh saeh phat tridn xung dpi vdi ehinh sdch khuyd'n khieh dau ttf cho bao ve moi trtfdng, Ttf
do, nhdm tae gia dtfa ra 4 nhdm giai phdp chinh ve day manh ttf do hda thtfdng mai va hdi nhap qud'c te'; sff dung luat phap va tieu chudn mdi trtfdng qud'c gia; sff dung cdng cu kinh td'; vd nang cao nhdn thdc cua doanh nghidp ttf nhdn. Cac each lid'p can vd cae vi du kinh nghidm dtfdc tdng kd't ta i bai vid't nay cd the la gdi y tdt eho eac nha hoach dinh chinh sach lai Viet Nam trong nd ltfc thuc day dau ttf cho bao vd mdi trtfdng trong Hnh vtfc ttf nhan, hda chung vao xu htfdng vdn dpng ciia the' gidi •
T A I L I E U T R I C H D A N :
' "Ddu tu cho bdo ve moi trUdng cua doanh nghiep bao gdm tdt cd nhSng khodn chi de hinh thdnh tdi sdn cua doanh nghiep nhdm thu gom, xii ly, kiim sodt, gidm thieu. phong ngM hay loai bo 6 nhiem/chd't d nhiim trong qud trinh hoat dgng sdn xudt" (VU Xudn Nguyit Hdng, 2008).
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O :
1. Argonne National Laboratory (2016). Global plug-in light vehicle sales, 2011-2015 [Image], Retrievedfrom h tips://en e rgy. gov/eere/veh ic les/fact- 918- ma reh-28-2016-global-plug-lighl-vehicle-sales-increased-about-80- 2015
2. Australia Government. Australian Taxation Office. (2017). Luxury car tax rate and thresholds. Retrievedfrom https://www. ato. gov.au/rates/luxury-car-tax'rate-and-th resholds/.
3. Bg Ke hoach vd Dau tu. (2016) Bdo cdo dudn Ddnh gid thUc trang tinh hhih ddu tucho doi mdi cdng nghe thdn thien vdi mdi trudng ciia doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Trung tdm Thong tin vd Du bdo kinh te - xd hdi qudc gia.
HdNoi
4. Clini. C, Musu. I., & Gullino. M. L. (2008). Sustainable development and environmental management- Springer.
5. Coase, R. H.(1960). The problem of social co.u. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.
6. Dukhan. n., Bourbon-Seclet. C. & Yannie, N. (2016). Linking Public & Private. Handshake-IFC's quarterly journal on public-private partnerships. (12), 22-25.
7. ECOTEC. (2005). Study on Environmental Taxes and Charges in the EU. ECOTEC in association with CE5AM, CLM, University of Gothenburg, UCD andlEEP (CR). The Insdtute for European Environmental Policy (lEEP):
Czech.
8. European Commission. (2001). LIFE - environment in action . 56 new success stories for Europe's environment. Luxembourg: OOPEC.
9. EUROSTAT. (2016, 30/12/2016). Environmental protection expenditure accounts. Luxembourg: Eurostat.
10. Greenstone, M.. & Hanna. R.(2014). Environmental regulations, air and water pollution, and infant mortality in India. The American Economic Review. 104(10), 3038-3072.
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11. Haggar, j . , & Schepp, K. (2012). Coffee and climate change: Impacts and options for adaptation m Brazd.
Guatemala. Tanzania and Vietnam. Climate Change. Agriculture and Natural Resource.
12. INFRAS. (2012). Auswirkungen der Einfiihrung der Lufiverkehrsteuer auf die Unternehmen des Luftverkehrssektors in Deutschland - Ex-Post-Analyse nach einem Jahr. INFRAS: Zurich.
13. JALMA. (2010). Fact Sheet - Japanese Government Incentives for the Purchase of Environmentally Friendly Vehicles.
14. Minh, N. D. (2013). Tdng cUdng vd da dgng hoa nguSn luc tdi chinh cho bdo vi mdi trudng. Tgp chi Cong Sdn.
15.Nam.N.H ,Hue,H. T, &Nhgn.N. T. T. (2018). Cdch tie'p can iht Irudng trong qudn ly tdi nguyen, bdo vi mdi trudng vd dng phd vdi bie'n ddi khi hdu: Kinh nghiem Hoa Ky. Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Nghiin cdu Chinh sdch vd Qudn ly. Tap 34, So 4 (2018) 43-50.
16. OECD. (2011). Taxation, Innovation and the Environment: 4 Policy Brief. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/environment/tools-evaluation/48178034.pdf
17. Tabemer, J., <£ Zorzetto, J. (2014). A short history of climate change policy in Australia
18. The Pew Charitable Trusts. (2007). Clean Energy Economy Report. Retrieved from http://wwwpewtrusts org/en/about/news-room/press-releases/2009/06/lO/pew-finds-clean-energy-economy- generaleS'Sigmficant-job-growth
19. Thdi bdo Tdi chinh. (2016). 11.400 ty ddng chi cho sit nghiep bdo ve mdi trudng ndm 2015 Retrieved 28/12/2016, from http://thoibaotaichinhvietnam.vn/pages/nhip-song-tai-chinh/2015-01-25/11400-ty-dong-chi- cho-su-nghiep-bao-ve-moi-truong-nam-2015-17526.aspx
20. VicRoads. (2015). VicRoads Registration fees. Retrieved 30/12/2016, from https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/registration/registration-fees/vehicle-registration-fees
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22. WB. (2002). Management's discussion and analysis, financial statements, sustainability review, and investment portfolio Washington DC: World Bank.
23. WB. (2014). Success Stories and Lessons Learned: Country, Sector and Project Examples of Overcoming Constraints to the Financing of Infrastructure. Overcoming constraints to the financing of infrastructure.
Washington D.C: World Bank.
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Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Rotterdam: Knowledge Centre Tax.
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Opportunities for the future. The Institute for European Environmental Policy (lEEP): Brussels. Belgium 27. Yunze. M. (2011). Problems and solutions facing environmental protection industry in China. Energy Procedia. 5. 275-279.
Ngay nhSn bai: 17/6/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va siJa chira: 27/6/2019 Ngay cha'p nhSn dang bai: 7/7/2019
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Thdng tin tdc gid:
1. TS. NGUYEN HOANG NAM
Vidn Chie'n ltfde Chinh sach Tai nguydn va Mdi triftfng 2. ThS. N G U Y I N THI BICH PHl/ONG
Hpc vi$n Chinh sach va Phat tridn
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN PROMOTING PRIVATE - SECTOR INVESTMENT
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
• Ph.D NGUYEN HOANG NAM
Institute of Strategy a n d Policy on Natural Resources a n d Environment
• Master. NGUYEN THI BICH PHUONG A c a d e m y of Policy a n d Development
ABSTRACT:
In the context of increasing environment problems and limited state budget, the investment from private sector is playing a more important role as a financial source for environment protection. This is also a growing trend in many eountfies over the world. This study is to determine three main reasons for the limitation of private investment m environment protection in Vietnam, thereby providing pohcy recommendatins for Vietnam. These three reasons include the private businesses' habit of investing in small-sized and ttaditional fields, the meffective environment management system which fads to create the equal eompedlive mechanism for private enterprises, and the conflict between development pohcies and investment policies for environment protection. In this sludy, authors summaries 4 groups of solutions for promoting the role of private sector's investment in envtfonment protection, including promodng free trade and internationai integration process, implementing national environmental laws and standards, using economic tools and raising the awareness of private enterprises.
Keywords: Investment promotion, private sector, environment protection.
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