.mn rathe giai
TAM NHIN VA BQ TIEU CHI DE PHAT TRIEN NEN TANG HlTONG TOtt KEVH T E SO: C A C H TIEP CAN CUADIEN DAN CONG
D O N GTHONG MENH THE GlOfl
TS. NGUYEN VIET LONG '*>
T6m t3t: Dien ddn Cong dong Thong minh the gi&i (Intelligent Community Forum - ICF) la mpt td chiic quoc te uy tin, hien co han ISO thdnh vien den tir cdc khu vuc, do thi thong minh thinh virong tren the giai. ICF dd de ra phuang thuc tiep can vd bo tieu chi xdy dtmg do tk thong minh md cdc thdnh vien phdi dgt duoc, trong do khong ehi Id nhiing giaiphap cho ck van de rieng le cita do thi, ma con de cao viec phdt trien cong dong vd lien ket hap tdc, diu trong hg tang cong nghe mang tinh nen tdng. Tir do, ddy mgnh doi mai sdng tgo cua todn hi thing, huang din nin kinh ti sd vd phdt huy tri thiic, tgo dd phdt trien bin vUng ed ve vdn hoa, xa hgi, moi truang vd kinh te.
Bai viit tap trung phdn tich ve ICF vd cdch tiep can phdt trien do thi thong rninh, di sdu vio ban chat phdt triin kinh te - xa hoi, do vay, day co thi Id tdi lieu tham khao ve huang phdt triin cho nhiiu diaphuang dang mong muon xdy dung do thi thong minh.
Tir khoa: thanh pho thong minh: ICF; cong ding thong minh: kinh te so
%
nhu vto dd ngudn liie ma dac biet 14 nhan luc va tai ehinh, vin dd cdng nghe lac hau qua nhanh, hay vfa de dSu tu va duy tri cdng nghe cdn tdn kem hem lai ich ma nd mang lai. Khae vdi each nliin h-en, ICF thiie dSy phat tridn dd thi thdng minh theo hudng toan dicn hon, giiip nang cao tinh canh ttanh ndn kinh Id, hudng cong ddng ddn ndn kinh td hi thiic, kinh te sd.
1. ICF - cong diing cac khu virc thong minh, thinh vu-ffng
Cilng li tudng vd xay dung kinh te - xa hpi thinh vucmg, ICF la diln dan toan cau dupe hmh thanh nl eudi the ki XX, tm sd tai New York, hien cd su tham gia cua hon 180 do thi la eac cdng ddng thong minh, thinh vupng the gidi.
ICF hudng ddn xay dung cupe sdng tdt hon, lao dpng hieu qua hon, mdi trudng bdn viing hon.
H
ien nay, phat trien "dd thi thdng minh" dang la xu thd tren the giai va Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, ed rat nhieu thach thtrc dupc dat ra khi tridn khai dinh hudng nay, truoc hdt la viec chpn md hinh nao trong hang tram each tidp can khac nhau, de phii hop voi di6u kien dia phuang va tao duac hieu qua dot pha kinh te - xa hdi. Vi du: nhidu dd thj chon each tiSp can phd bien, xem do thi thdng minh don thuSn la nai ung dung cac giai phap rang nghe de giai quydt nhiing vdn dd rieng le (giao thdng, nang lupng, xu li rac thai...) da sip phai nhiing khd khan nan giai trdn thuc te,'"' Tong cong ty Becamex tinh Binh Dirang
92 • Nhin ra the gi&i thong qua ung dung thanh tuu khoa hpc - cong
nghe, nhung khong xem cong nghe la muc heu, ma chu hpng vao phat trien cpng dong, con nguai. Vi vay, ICF nhan manh khai niem "cong dong thong minh" (intelHgent community), chu khong chi la "thanh pho thong minh" (smart city). Cpng dong thong minh khuyen khich cong nghe, nhung hpng tam that su nam a thm nhm xa hon, tao moi truang nang dpng ket noi de giup cong dong minh hoat dpng tot hon, cho du do la trung tam do thi lan hay cac thi han nong thon nho.
Trong cpng dong thong minh, dan cu a mpi Ilia tuoi va doanh nghiep phat trien manh me va thanh cong, phat huy ha tang bang thong rpng va nen kinh te so thinh vucmg. ICF cho rang, moi cgng dong thong minh deu co the tien hanh cac du an thanh pho thong minh, nhung khong tu giai han voi nhirng hieu qua tiic thoi va loa ich chi phi cua cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong.
Vi vay, cac do thi thanh vien cua ICF phai bao dam nhung tieu chuan sat sao ve cac van de ca ban, nhu ha tang cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong, bang thong rpng, nguon nhan Iuc tri thiic, moi truong ben vung, nen hanh chinh va chinh sach cai ma, cpng dong nang dpng sang tao, dii siic tao ra sir canh hanh va ap dung cac chuang trinh doi mdi. Dac diem chii dao hien nay ciia ICF la khong thuc hien qua nhieu no lire de tao ra luc luong lao dpng chat lupng cao, co du nang luc de dam nhan cac cong viec tri thuc, ma ICF hucmg den xay dung he sinh thai doi moi, ca che hap tac thuan lpi va tien bg cho cac thanh phSn kinh te - xa hgi, chinh quyen, tnrdng, vien nghien ciiu va cac doanh nghiep de cung nhau tao ra ca hgi, tu do lire lupng lao dgng chat lugng se tu phat tri^n, dap iing dupc nhu cau ngay cang tang cua nen kinh te va xa hgi hong thai dai cong nghiep 4.0.
Dua vao kinh nghiem thuc te trong qua trinh phat triln va doi mdi kinh te - xa hgi, cung nhu nhiing nghien ciiu chuyen sau cua cac chuyen gia, ICF da hinh thanh bp heu chi chung nham xem xet, danh gia kha nang cac do thi, cgng d6ng c6 mong muon gia nhap vao
mang ludi nay Bp tieu chi la dinh hudng ban dau cho cpng dong phat triln toan dien, khong chi hong viec tao ra mot he thSng nen tang ben viing va he smh thai d6i mdi, ma con phai bao dam dupc su phat triln chung ve kinh te - xa hpi cua ca khu vuc. HSng nam, ICF t6 chuc cac giai thudng d l vinh danh nhimg cpng dong, do thi heu bilu cua thi gidi hong chiln lupc xay dung do thi thong mmh, bao g6m 3 giai thudng: bat dSu la Smart21 vdi 21 do thi, hip theo la Top?
vdi 7 do thi tilp tuc dugc lira chpn va cao nhat la cpng dong thong minh cua nam. Smart21 la yeu cSu phai vugt qua d l dugc hd thanh thanh vien ICF, dupc chpn lgc sat sao vdi dii lieu dinh lugng va dinh tmh, thong qua danh gia hi dpi ngii cac nha phan tich dua hen c^c tieu chi ciia ICF, cung cap khung kliai niem de xac dinh kha nang canh hanh cua cgng dong trong cac dieu kien kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa va co chiSn lupc phat triln phu hpp de hd thanh mot cgng dong thinh vupng.
Hien nay, cac do thi thanh vien ciia ICF rat da dang, nhung nhin chung deu co trinh dp phat trien cao va co niem tin tuong doi tuang dong theo xu the tren, bao gom nhiing khu vuc do thi trpng diem, nhu New York, Chicago (Hoa Ky), Toronto (Canada), London (Anh), Stockholm (Thuy Diln), Moscow (Nga), Melbourne (Uc), Dai Bac (Dai Loan), Singapore...; dong thdi, CO ca nhiing do thi nho han nhung phat triln rat thinh vugng, nhu Columbus bang Ohio (Hoa Ky), Winnipeg bang Manitoba (Canada), Eindhoven (Ha Lan), Espoo (Phan Lan), Tel Aviv (Israel), Whanganui (New Zealand), Mikata (Nhat Ban)... Ben canh do, ICF co mpt so it thanh vien la nhung do thj thupc cac nudc dang phat trien, da vugl qua dugc cac heu chi sat sao cua ICF, dugc danh gia co tiem nang ldn vdi nen tang da co va tSm nhin chien lupc phii hpp thdi dai, nhu Bangalore (An Dp), viing Nairobi (Kenya)... dac biet la d Viet Nam da c6 Vung thong minh Binh Duong (thupc tinh Binh Duang, la khu vuc dugc quy hoach d phia Nam cua tinh vdi dan s6 khoang 1 trieu ngudi).
.mna the gi&i 2. Bfl tieu chi ICF
Bo tieu chi cua ICF la mdt he thong cac cau ' hoirat sat sao, ca dinh hnh lan dinh lupng, dupc tap trung vao 06 heu chi ldn mang tinh nen tang, baogfim: Bang thong rpng, Iuc luong lao dpng tri thiic, dii moi, bmh dang hep can cong nghe j s6, ben viing va iing hg - khich le. B6 tieu chi giiip cho cac cgng dong co the budc dau "do ludng" duac "su thong minh" cua chinh minh, dua v^o do CO nhung dinh hudng phat triln, cai thien chat lugng dich vu cdng dong, huy dpng liiTC luong tham gia v^ hanh thii dugc sy ung hp ciia toan khu vuc. Viec dat dugc yeu can ciia b6 tieu chi la dieu kien bat buoc d l c6 thi chmh thiic ha thanh thanh vien cua mang ludi ICF.
- Kha ndng kit ndi hang thdng rgng: ICF nhan manh bang thong rgng la tien ich cSn thiet, d6ng vai tro quan trgng doi vdi tang tnrcmg kinh te ngang bang vdi nudc sach va giao thong thong thoang. Dii toe dp intemet nhir the nao thi siic manh cua bang thong rpng van phai du de truyen tai. Bang thong rpng ket noi may tinh ban, may tinh xach tay hoac thiit bj di dong cua tiing ngudi tdi hang ti thiit bj va nguai dung tren toan thi gidi, bao phu toan bp the gidi vat chat, tao ra cugc each mang ve each thiic lam viec, vui choi, sinh song, giao dye va giai hi cho ban than, quan li ngudi dan va lien ket vdi thi gidi.
- Luc lugng lao ddng tri thuc: Ngay nay, idiflng cong viec quan trpng tai cac nin kinh te cong nghiep hoa (ngay ca nhiing nin kinh tl dang phat trien) diu cSn dpi ngh tri thiic rdt ldn so voi tnrac day. Vdi viec ap dung nliimg kiln thiic va kl nmg chuyen nganh, ngudi lao dpng se tao ra c k gia hi gia tang cho cong viec de bii
^P1^ chi phi luong cua ho. Trong tuang lai, neu ngiroi Iao dgng khong tao ra dugc nhiing gia tri gia tang vupt qua miic chi phi luang cua ho. flii se s6m bj thay the bSng cac phdn mim c phan Cling. Do do, m6i ca nhan diu phai tng cai thien cac Id nang khac nhau de h gia hi ban than.
^•Bdimai sdng tgo: ICF khdng dinh vai tro aoi men s ^ tao la vo ciing cdn thiit trong
, 93_
nen kmh t l lien kit toan cdu cua thi ki XXI.
Cgng dong thong mmh theo du6i su dii mdi thong qua cac m6i quan he giua doanh nghiep, chinh phu va cac t6 chiic, nhu cac trudng dai hpc, vien nghien ciiu. Tam giac d6i mdi hay Ba Nha (Triple Heltx) la mo hinh phat triln hgp tac chat che giiia chmh quyin, cac doanh nghiep, cac vien, trudng, h6 hg duy tri cac lgi ich kmh te cua d6i mdi d dia phuong, va tao ra mpt he sinh thai doi mdi gan kit toan cgng d6ng huong din thay doi tich cue. ICF tin rdng, viec chmh quyen dau tu vao ha tdng va cong nghe tien tiln se dong gop to ldn vao viec phat triln van hoa hpp tac tren, giam dugc chi phi van hanh va cai thien djch vu cho ngudi dan.
- Binh ddng tiep can cdng nghi so: Trong quan diem ciia ICF, binh dang cong nghe so tuan theo quy tac dan gian, do la mgi ngudi trong cpng dong deu co quyen tiep can cong nghe bang thong rgng va co kT nang sir dung chung. Giong nhu hau het cac quy tac khac, quy tac nay de hieu nhung kho thuc hien. Thuc te cho thay, viec bung no ciia bang thong rpng va nen kinh te so da khien tinh canh cua nhieu ngudi trd nen kho khan hon, nhdt la nhiing ngudi von nam ben le sy phat trien ctia xa hgi, CO the la do ngheo kho, khong dugc dao tao day du, do dinh kien, tuoi tac, khuyet tat hoac do nai hp dang sinh song. Nhiing viec tren da gay anh hudng tdi cac nganh cong nghiep tii san xuat din dich vu ban le, khien nhieu ngudi cam thay cupc each mang cong nghe so la ganh nang hon la tien ich hieu qua,
- Phdt triin ben vUng: Cai thien ddi song hien tai, d6ng thdi bao dam cac the he tucmg lai CO the giir viing va phat huy, la yeu to cot loi cua phat hiln bin vihig. Trong lich sir, tang trudng kinh t l luon lien quan tdi viec tieu thu rat nhieu tai nguyen va thai ra rat nhieu rac thai. ICF nhan manh cac cpng d6ng thong minh phai co nhung giai phap dl tilp hic tang hudng, dem lai tac dpng tich cyc doi voi cpng ding, ding thdi giam thiiu tac dgng tieu cyc den moi hudng.
- Ung hd - khich li: Thong thudng, cac lanh dao, ngudi dan hoac cac to chiic co xu hudng
- hlhin ra the gi&i phan khang nhiing thay dli, mac dii sau ciing
nhiing thay doi do c6 thi dem lai lpi ich cho cgng dong. Tuy nhien, n6 luc d l thay d6i va quyit tam d l thuc hien la nhiing nang luc c6t loi ciia cgng dong thong minh. Thuc t l cho thay, CO khong nhieu dia phuang tu nhien sd hiiu nhirng nang lyc nay, ma day la nhiing pham chat phai mat rat nhilu nam van dpng ung hg mdi hinh thanh.
3. Nen tang thanh cong
- Cac nhdn to chu chot quyet dinh thdnh cong
Khi danh gia de cu, ICF tim kiem nhiing xu hudng thi hien dugc t l chdt cua cgng d6ng thong mmh. Vdi nhieu nam quan sat va nghien ciiu cac trudng hpp Uen thi gidi, ICF kit luan 02 nhan to chu chot quyit dinh su thanh cong, chen lan hong cac hoat dpng cua cpng dong la hpp tac va lanh dao.
+ Hcfp tde: Sy phat trien ciia cgng dong thong minh doi hoi phai co sy hgp tac manh me giiia chinh quyen, cac doanh nghiep, trudng dai hpc va cac to chiic. Bdi, hen thyc te rat it to chiic co dii nguon lyc, nguon von hay CO du ung hp de dem lai su thay doi hoan toan cho cpng dong. Tuy nhien, hgp tac ciing la mpt thach thiic. De c6 the hgp tac, can co tam nhin, sy linh hoat va do tin cay cao giiia cac doi tac.
Cgng dong thong minh phat trien tam nhin, the hien sy linh hoat va xay dyng long tin giiia cac ben tham gia chu chot. Viec hgp tac chi dem lai hieu qua khi cac nha lanh dao tao ra moi trudng lam viec hieu qua.
+ Ldnh dgo: Cpng dong thong minh khong the thanh cong neu khong c6 sy lanh dao sang suot. Mgt nha lanh dao hieu qua se xac dinh dupc nhiing thach thiic, dat ra thii tu uu tien, truyen dat tam nhin va thuc day cac hanh dpng de dat dugc muc tieu. Hp tao ra mgt moi trudng hgp tac, khuyen khich mgi ngudi chap nhan nii ro va tao ra cac moi quan he dem lai lpi ich cho tdt ca doi tac: chinh quyen, doanh nghiep va to chiic, vien, huong. Trong cac cpng dong thong minh ma ICF tung nghien ciiu, nha lanh dao co thi la nhiing can bp dupc ban, vien chiic hong
chinh phu, lanh dao doanh nghiep, lanh dao cac trudng dai hpc va to chiic phi lgi n h u ^ . Do do, dilu quan hpng chinh la tinh each, dpng lyc va tai nang cua cac ca nhan - nhiing ngudi cam kit se cai thien phiic lgi kinh te va xa hpi cho cpng dong.
- Ba Nhd: mo hinh xuyen sudt trong each tiep cgn cua ICF
D I day manh tinh hpp tac va lanh dao, h i l n khai hieu qua bp tieu chi, cpng dong ICF dac biet de cao mo hinh tam giac doi mdi, con gpi la Ba Nha (Triple Helix), dugc khdi xudng tir giua nhiing nam 1990 bdi Henry Etzkowitz va Loet Leydesdorif. Ba Nha la mo hmh tfaiic ddy va chinh thiic hoa sy hgp tac mat thiet giiia chinh quyen dia phuang, cac doanh nghiep, cac vien, trudng hong dia phuang cung nhu day m^nh lien ket linh dgng vdi cac viing khac. Trong moi quan he hpp tac nay, nha nudc giir vai tro dinh hudng tao dieu kien ca che chinh sach, doanh nghiep va cac vien, trudng nhan hach nhiem hong Imh vyc tuang iing. Mo hinh nhu vay se tao ra dau vao rgng ldn de ciing kien tao nen tam nhin chung dai han va thiet lap cac chien luge, chucmg trinh hanh dgng phii hgp, thiic ddy dia phuang phat trien nang dpng, sang tao.
Mac du, sy cgng tac hong mo hinh Ba Nha da dugc chinh thiic hoa nhung vln mang tinh dgng va ty nguyen. Tat ca cac ben lien quan hong hgp tac Ba Nha se dong gop vao hin hinh chung thong qua viec cimg chia se nhihig m6i quan tam, kiln tfiiic, tu tudng va tdm nhin cu thi cho sy phat hien hong tuang lai. D6i lai, hp co dil Cling tham gia vao nhiing dy an cu thi giiip cho to chiic ciia mmh dat dugc vi thi canh hanh cao hem ca hong lan ngoai viing. Dilu nay co nghia la cac doi tac vln giu su dpc lap va hach nhiem rieng cua hp. Hop tac Ba Nha se dong vai ho h6 h p d6i tac diam gia c6 dugc nhiing quyet dinh tit hem, phu hgp hem vdi moi trudng, ding thdi lien ket vdi muc tieu chung ciia cac ben.
Nhilu dia phuang iing dung each tilp can ciia ICF nhu nin tang ca ban d l phat triin kinh te - xa hgi. Mpt hong nhimg vi du tieu bilu la Eindhoven. Tii thanh ph6 khiing hoang
•iMrrajhlgiai
loin dien giiia thap nien 90 cua thd ki XX vdi Ung loat deanh nghiep chao dao, pha san (uhu Philips, DAF...) va ti le thit nghiep trdn 25%, nhung bang vide iing dung quydt liet Ba Nlij,'diiih hudng phat tridn thanh phd thdng ninh theo each tidp can cua ICF, sau hon 10 nam, Eindhoven da vut len trd thanh trung tam ngiiSii oiu phat triin va san xuat cdng nghe cao hang dSu chau Au. Tap chl Fortune danh gia: "Thung liing Silicon tidp theo riit cd the la Eindhoven", edng vidn khoa hoc Eindhoven Jiigc danh gia la cay sd vudng cd nhidu bing piat miih va bai bao khoa hoc nhit thd gioi, dat danh hieu cdng ddng thdng minh tieu bidu nhat nam 2011 ciialCF.
Hita nay, tai Viet Nam, Binh Duong vdi Vimg thdng mmh Bmh Duong (phia Nam cua Tinh, CO tdng dan sd khoang 1 ttieu nguoi), la vimg d^u hen duge lot vao danh saeh Smart21 cong bd nam 2018 va duoc kdt nap vao ICF. Tu nam 2016, Bmh Duong quydt liet tidp bidn md binh Ba Nha, toan tinh eung doan kdt sat eanh xiy dung thanh pho thdng minh, bam sat each sip cjn va bd tieu chi eua ICF, tCr dd da giiip Tinh chuygn rainh nhanh chdng va dat nhiing thanh cdng vugt bae vd kmh te - xa hdi trong 3 nam qua.
iKltluSn
Tnmg xu thd phat tridn do thi thdng minh hien nay, mgt hrong nhiing thach thiic ldn la vi^c chon lira each tidp can va bo tieu chi eho thuc su phu hgp dd tao dgng lire phat trien kinh te - xa hpi va bai vidt nay phan tieh ve phuong ftiic tilp c|n mang tmh ddt pha ndn tang cua ICF. ICF chii trgng khai nidm "cdng ddng thdng mUi" (intelligent community) nhu_ mgt each tiep can hidu qua mang tmh ban chat eua khai aiem con nhien tranh luan giiia "do thi thdng ffliuh" hay "thanh phd thong minh". Dd thi tong minh vdi each nhin la cgng ddng thdng tiiuh, khuydn khich cdng nghe nhimg ttgng tam la con ngudi va phuong thite kdt noi cgng dong, phat huy dugc siic manh tap thd, nguon lire t o ^ dan va cac thanh phin td ehiic, day manh ddi
•noi sang tao, ha ting cong nghe thong tin va
95_ truyen thdng, bang thdng rgng lam nen tang cho kl thuat sd va kinh te tri thiic trong thgi dai mgi.
Voi ICF, phat tridn ben vimg phai ehii ttgng ea kinh te va tmh eanh ttanh, mgt dd thi thdng minh khdng nhimg giiip cho ngucn dan ed duge cudc sdng tdt dep hon, ma cdn can nang cao dugc nang suat lag dgng cua cdng ddng. ICF dua ra mdt bd tieu chi sat sao vgi rat nhieu cau hdi, tuu trung ttong 06 tieu chi ldn ma mgt dd thi, khu vue ein phai dat dugc dd cd the ttd thanh thanh vidn eiia mang ludi, bao gdm: (1) Bang thdng rgng; (2) Bmh dang tiep can cdng nghd sd; (3) Nguon nhan luc tri thiic; (4) Ddi mdi sang tao; (5) Bdn vimg; (6) Su ung hd khich Id ciia loan cgng ddng; ddng thgi, nhan manh hai ydu td quyet dinh ehg thanh cdng la tuih hgp tac, doan kdt va su lanh dao sang sudt, quydt liet. Thue tidn eho thiy eac thanh vien ICF dang phat tridn ngay cang thinh vuong vdi each tiep can cdng ddng thdng mmh nay Hien nay, tam nhm va mang lugi ciia ICF dang tiep tuc md rdng khdng ngung, cudn hut dugc nhieu dd thi khip the gidi quan tam. Viing thdng nunh Bmh Duong thugc tinh Binh Duong la khu vuc diu tidn cua Viet Nam dugc gia nhap vao cdng ddng nay va dugc ICF vinh danh Smart21 nam 2018.
Tac gia se tidp me phan tieh, lam m them cac kinh nghiem thuc udn ttong phat ttien dd thi thdng minh thanh cdng ciia mdt sd thanh vien ICF ttong cac ki tiep theo, vgi mong mudn cd the ddng gdp them y ttrong tham khao cho vide xay dimg dd thi thdng mmh tai Viet NamQ
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bell R., Jung J., Zacliarilla L (2009), Braadbar^
Ecmomie^ Creating the Comnnnity ofthe 21st Century, Intelligent Commimity Fomra
2. BeU R., Jung J., Zachaiilla L. (2014), Brain Grain, CreateSpace Independent Publishmg Platform 3 GregoryMone (2015), CoramumcationoffheACM 4 Nguyin Viet Long, Xdy dmg Ihdnh phi thcng minh Binh Duong: & mS hinh qudc ti tin tdm nhin dot phd.
Tap cM Khoa hoc chinh tn, s6 01/2018
5. Rob van Gijzel (2016), A Cly Creattng the Future, Lecturis
