82 t » TRAO D 6 | H O C THUAT VA T H O N G TIN KHOA HOC
D A O TAO TirXA: THACH THUC 6 THE KY 21
Ngiy nhgn tai: 02/12/2014 Le Thj Thanh Thu' Ngav nhgn lai: 10/12,7014
NgayJuyeldang: 15/12/20]4 \ u ' b ^ ^ ^
TOM TAT
Bdi viet gi&i thieu qud trinh phdt triin ciia ddo tgo tir xa. Tir khi xudt kiin den nay han 2 the ky, ddo tgo lir xa da kkdng dink vai trd tkiet yeu ciia mink trong viec xdy dung xd hdi hgc tap vd phdt triin kkdng ngimg bdng cdck kit hgp vdi nhung triet ly vd nguyen tdc ddo tgo mdi di tgo nen dien mgo mdi: ddo tgo tir xa, ddo tgo m&. ddo tgo md vd tir xa, ddo tgo md vd mim deo.
Ngodi ra, thdch thuc ddi v&i ddo tgo tir xa trong thai gian tdi xudt pkdt tir tkay ddi a dgc diem ngu&i hoc, yeu cdu mdi tir bdi cdnh td chirc ddo tgo tir xa cung nhu viec nhu cdu ddo tgo mim deo cung dugc tap trung phdn tick. Td chdc ddo tgo ticxa da vd dang thay ddi mot cdck mim deo han v&i cdc md hinh truyen tdi thdng tin khac nkau di ddp ung nhu cau hQC tgp da dgng vd di tiip tuc kkdng dinh mlnh trong thi ky 21.
Tie kkoa: Ddo tgo tir xa, ddo tgo m&, ddo tgo ma vd tir xa. ddo tgo mem deo.
ASBTRACT
This article reviewed ihe evolution process of distance education. Since its existence two centuries ago, distance education has contributed poteniially to the development of learning society and continuously developed in the way of combining the emerging philosophy and learning principles to operate in new forms: distance education, open learning, open and distance learning and open and flexible learning. The challenges to the distance education originating from the changes in student profiles, changes in information transferred technology trends and more demand of flexible learning are also discussed. Distance education has changed dramatically in tke 2r' century to meet the fast changing demand and to secure their status and impact.
Keywords: Distance education, open learning, open and distance learning, flexible learning.
1. Dat van de mudn bat ky Iiic nao, tai bdt ky dia diem nao Ddo lao tir xa (DTTX) la mdt qua trinh ''^ ^^'^ ^ ^ ''^^ ^ ^ ^''^l^' <-^ "^^^n lya dao tao tudng nhu la cd su cdch biel giua ' ^ " ™ S ^'"^ "^^- ^ ' hoc, ngudi hgc cd tiiS ngudi day va ngudi hgc v l mat thdi gian va '^^^'^ ^^'^ "^^^ §' ™'°^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^i^ Y^ P^"^
khdng gian hoc qua hgc liSu hhu: giao ttmh, *^^ t ^ ^ ^ ' ^^^'^- *^^' "^^"^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^" P^°
bang hinh, bang tilng, mang intemet, . .dudi '"^" ^ "^^^ "^"^ ' ^ ^ ° ""^ ^"^'^ ^'^" * ? ^ su td chirc, tra giiip cua nhd ttudng (Quylt ^°^ ''^"^ su thanh Ifp Dai hgc Md Anh Quoc dinh sd 40/2003/QD-BGD&DT). C^^'*' ^^^^J- "^'^P » ° ' ^^* ^"^.^^ ^° ^^ 0"°*^'
cac dai hgc md khac tten the gidi dugc thanh Ddo tgo md la mdl khdi nigra ttiet ly lira iip diu theo dudi ciing nguySn tdc dao tgo md.
kiem cdch logi bd rdo cdn ngudi hgc dugc hgc fheo ttao luu nay, phan ldn cac ca sd DTTX tgp va thanh cong lrong hgc tap suot ddi. Nd thanb lap sau dd chdp nhdn khai niem dao Igo gdra 2 tinh chat: (I) Tiep nhgn md: Ngudi hgc md va t l chiic thuc hien theo nguyen tdc cua vien cd the ghi danh hgc chuang-tiinh ma hg ddo tgo md va ddo lao md ttd nSn kll chat vdi
' TS, Tnfcmg Dai hpc M a TP.HCM Email-thu ltt@ou,edu.>,H
TAP CHf KHOA HOC TRLTONG DAI HOC M 6 T P . H C M - S < 5 1 (40)2015 DTTX va cd the xem nhu ddng nghia. Tir dd
dao tgo md va tir xa xudt hien (DDL) (Evans, 1995). Cac hinh thirc dao tgo md xuat hign thudng tryc tiep hay gidn liep dp dung phuong phap dao lao tir xa. Ngoai ra, vi tinh chdt ciia dao lao md phu bgp vdi nhu cdu hgc tap sudt ddi cua mgi ngudi nen thdng thudng dao tgo md ciing noi kel mgl thiet vdi giao due sudt ddi hay giao dye thudng xuyen.
Ddo tgo rad va tir xa (ttong bai nay sii dyng thay tlie tiiugt ngfi DTTX) tgo nSn nhfing hinh thiic giang day va hgc lap radi, dgc bigt vdi su phat triSn cua CNTT, nhu dao tao tryc tuyen (online learning) va dao lao qua thiel bi di ddng (mobile learning). Nhin chung, DTTX cd the dugc xem nhu la mdl phuang phap thich hgp cho viec theo dudi cdc myc lieu giao due khde nhau, tir bgc tgp chuong tiinh cir nhan den vigc nang cao ky nang nghe nghigp chuyen radn, bd sung kien thirc, thda man sd thich va nhu cdu lu hgc va ty chii ttong ke hoach hgc tap ca nhdn, gdp phdn nang cao dan tri, pbat trien ngu^n nhan lyc, dap ung quyln dugc bgc tgp cua raoi ngudi dan. Tgi cac qudc gia dang phdt ttiln, nai ngudi ddn song lrong tinh ttang kinh te hgn hgp va sy cd lap d viing ndng thdn, GDTX dugc xem nhu Id phuang lien cung cdp ca hgi thii hai cho nhiing ngirdi khdng the lheo hgc tap trung trong he thdng gido due tiuyin thong mat giap mgt, giam thieu cac rao can ve thdi gian, dia diem, hodn canh kinh tl, tudi tac va ttinh do ban dau (BeIawati,20I0).
Q nudc ta, he thdng giao dye qudc ddn gdm giao due chfnh quy va thudng xuyen.
Giao dye thudng xuyen bao gdm hinh thiic giao due tu xa va vira ldm vira bgc. Tir nhflng ndm I960, Trudng Dgi hgc Su phgm Ha Ndi va Dai hgc Bach khoa Hd ndi da id chiic nhiing khda hgc ham thy gdp phdn dao tao ngudn nhan luc ngay tgi dia phuong, ca quan ttong thdi ky chien ttanh. Den nay DTTX da cd nhflng budc phat trien dang ke: ngay cdng cd nhilu ngudi thara gia hgc tir xa va ngay cdng cd nhilu co sd dao tao DTTX, chii ylu tap trung vdo ddo tgo va cdp bdn^ cu nhan. Ca nudc hiSn cd 21 trudng dai hgc td chiic DTTX vdi udc tinh khodng 161.000 sinh vien dang theo hgc 97 ngdnh dao tao.
2. C i c the hf DTTX
Cho den nay, cd tbS tdng ket dugc 4 giai doan DTTX (Unesco, 2002). Moi giai doan cd hinh thirc id chirc rieng xuat phdt tfi- phuong lign hay mdi trudng truyen tdi kiln tiiirc phd bien vao thdi diem dd. The hg ddu tiSn cita DTTX xuat hign khodng 2 thl ky trudc (Moore, Dickson-Deane & Galyen (2011)), la dao tao bam thu, vdn cdn dugc sir dyng rdng rai den ngay nay ddc biet tgi cac nudc dang phat trien. Dao tgo hdm thy dya vao tai ligu in dn kem lheo bang hinh, bang tilng vd lien lac qua buu dign va dien thoai. The he thii hai sir dung he thdng trayen thanh va truySn hinh ttong ddo tgo. Bdi gidng ttong ldp dugc ghi hinh hay thu am lai rdi Iruyen den cho ngudi hgc hay Iruyen true tiep. Hinh thirc nay van dugc dp dyng hien nay vd dugc ket hgp vdi intemet de gia tdng tucmg tac giira thay va ngudi hgc (Hannay & Newvine, 2006). Mdl sd trudng cung c ^ thera hd ttg hgc tap tai Idp.
ThS he thli ba sir dung he thdng da phuang tign bao gdm tai lieu in an, bang hinh, bang tilng va bai giang tren mang. Viec cung cap them hd ttg hgc tap tai ldp vdn dugc thyc hien. Cac chuang trinh ddo tao Ihudng dugc chudn bi thdng qua nhdm chuyen gia (gidng vien, ky thudt vien,...) de truyen den cho cdc nhdm ngudi hgc cd sd lugng Idn. The he thii tu dya vao internet, hien ngdy cang dugc dp dyng rdng rai tten the gidi. Bdi giang da phuang lien (lai lieu, bang hinh, bang tilng va bdi giang) dugc sd hda va dugc truySn dSn tirng ca nhdn qua may tinh, cimg vdi vigc tilp cgn ca sd dir lieu, thu vien dien tii giiip thyc hign dugc viec luang tac giua thdy - ttd, ttd - trd, ca nhdn - ca nhan, cd nhdn - lap thS vd tgp IhS - lgp the, cd sy tuong tac theo thdi gian thyc hay khdng theo thdi gian thyc. Chinh vi the khdi niem DTTX cung thay ddi theo thdi gian. Tir dinh n^Ta ciia Honeyman & Mller (1993) DTTX la qua trmh dao tao ttx)ng dd phdn ldn hoac loan bg qua ttinh dao tgo cd su tach biet giua ngudi dgy va ngudi hgc. DSn nay DTTX theo Keegan (1999) la qud ttinh dao tao tudng nhu la cd su each biet giiia ngudi dgy va ngudi hoc ve thdi gian vd khdng gian ma thdi vi vdi su hd tto cua cdng nghe, su
TRAO 061 HOC THUAT VA T H O N G TIN KHOA HQC
each biet gifia ngudi day vd ngudi hgc dang thu hgp dan.
3. Lffi ich tir DTTX
Lgi ich ciia DTTX ngay cdng dugc xdc lap rd ret diSn hinh cjua 4 diem ndi bat sau: Thii nhdt, DTTX thiic ddy su cdi md cua nen giao due qudc ddn, tao co hgi cho cac ddi lugng gap khd khdn vS thai gian, dia diem, hoan canh kinh te, tudi ldc, trinh do lilp can tri Ihiic. Hinh thuc dao tgo raSra dSo, linh hogt ndy tao dieu kien cho viec hgc lgp sudt ddi va gido dye cho mgi ngudi, gdp phan thiic day sy phat trien kinh te-xa hgi cua ddl nudc. Ngoai ra, DTTX cung tac ddng mgt each sau xa dSn tat ca cac hg tbdng gido due vd ddng vai ttd quySl dinh lrong vigc tao nen xa bdi tri thiic toan cdu (Unesco, 2002). Thii hai, DTTX nudi duflng va phat triSn viec hgc tap sudt ddi cua cd nhdn nham hodn thiSn nhdn cdch, md rdng hieu biet, nang cao trinh do hgc van, chuyen mdn, nghiep vu de cai thign chat lugng cudc sdng, tim viec lam, ty tgo vigc Idm va thich nghi vdi ddi sdng xd hdi (Luat Giao due, 2005).
Thli ba, DTTX giiip sinh vien del kiem thai gian vi bg khdng c ^ phdi di chuyln din trudng. Sinh vien cd hgc theo thdi gian bieu ly chgn phil hgp vdi hoan canh ciia hg. Ngoai ra vdi viec kien thiic va thdng tin tbay ddi nhanh chdng, cdc nhd chuySn mdn cd thS Iudn cap nhdt vdi kien thiic mdi ma khdng cdn phdi di chuyen xa den nai cung cdp cdc khda bdi dudng chuyen mdn. Thii tu, DTTX giiip tiet kigm chi phi. Chi phi giang day ciing cd the dugc tiel kiSm vi cdc co sd hgc khac nhau cd the ed cimg mgt gidng viSn va vdi nhung mdn hgc trSn mang gidng vien cd the giang day cho nhiSu ngudi ban (Wheatkey & Greer, 1995).
4. Rao can ddi vdi DTTX
Tuy nhien DTTX cung cd nhimg vdn de, ddc biet ttong bdi cdnh nudc ta.Vdn dl thir nhdt la chdt lugng chua dn dinh cua DTTX.
Thai dg cua ngudi quan ly xem DTTX nhu Iogi hinh dao lao hang bai va giang viSn cho rang chat lugng Idp dgy tir xa chi thudng thdp hop hogc bang chdt Iugng cua lop hgc iruyln tiidng, nSn hg khdng cd gang dS dilu chinh, cdi tien CTDT hay bdi gidng cho phu hgp vdi giang dgy tir xa va chap nhgn sy de dai ttong
dao tgo (Valentine, 2002). Hien tai, ngodi viec cac dgi hgc danh tieng truyin thdng cdn cd ca dgi hgc qudc tS tham gia cung cap cac chuang trinh DTTX. Sy cgnh ttanh gay g4t giua trudng td chiic DTTX cd thl khiln cdc trudng chap nhdn su dl dai de thu hiit sinh vien, dnh hudng den chat Iugng DTTX ve Iau dai (Le, 2014). Ngodi ra, tdi lieu hgc tap bien sogn rieng cho ngudi hgc tii xa cdn rat thieu. T ^ ca nhirng dieu ndy Iam cho xd hgi chua danh gia cao bang cap tir xa. Nd dugc xera nhu la radt hinh tbiic ddo lao dS ddi, khdng yeu cau cao d ngudi hgc, kiem tra nhe nhang vd ty lg tdt nghiep cao (Ldm, 2009).
Van de thii hai lieu quan dSn ngudi hgc.
Khdng phai tdt ca sinh vien dSu phu hgp vdi Ioai hinh hgc lgp nay.Theo Hannay va Newvine (2006) khi hgc tir xa sinh viSn cd the tiep nhdn khd khan kien thiic lien quan den ky thuat, khoa hgc hay dinh lugng. Ngoai ra, Threkeld va Bi20ska, (Valentine, 2002 tiich) cho rdng ngudi hgc tir xa thanh cdng cdn cd mgl sd tinh each nhu klia nang chap nhdn sy mo bo, kha nang ly chu ttong hgc tap vd mim dec, linh boat. So vdi sinb vien chinh quy, hgc tir xa ddi hdi ngudi hgc phai lap trung hon, quan ly thdi gian tdt ban, biel sii dyng cdng nghe, cd kha nang Iam viec dgc lap va Iam vigc nhdm. Mdi trudng hgc tap dgc lap cd the Idm ngudi hgc thilu tap trung va nggi hgc.
Trang thdi don ddc nay cfing Idm cho ngudi bgc dan ttd nen thilu ndng dgng, thieu tu tin va suy giam ddng lyc hgc tap (Ta, 2009).
Tdm lai, ngudi hgc tii xa ggp nhieu khd khan ttong viec nam bit kien thiic mdi bon so vdi ngudi hgc chinh quy, va vi the kha nang thanh cdng, hoan tdl cbuang ttinh hgc ciia hg khdng cao bang. Ty lg bd hgc ciia sinh vien tir xa hien udc ti'nh khoang 30-50%, gdp ddi ly I?
bd hgc cua sinh vien chinh quy. Rieng ty IS bd bgc tir xa d Chau A cd Uil ldn tdi 50%-60%
(Latifah. Sumalee & Ramli, 2009).
4.1. Thdch tkuc doi vdi td churc DTTX ff theky 21
Thach tinie ddi vdi Id chiic DTTX ttong thl ky 21 chu yeu d 3 ITnh vyc xuat phat tir vigc thay ddi ddi tirgng hgc tir xa, thay ddi trong bdi canh td chiic dao tgo va sy ra ddi ciia
TAP CHf KHOA HQC TRUONG OAI HOC M 6 T P , H C M - S 6 1 (40)2015 85
hinh thiic dao tgo mdi, mem deo ban.
4.2. Thdch tkuc: Thay ddi & dgc diim ngudi hgc tuxa
Dgc diSm ngudi hgc tir xa da thay ddi so vdi nhiing dgc diem dien hinh ciia ngudi hgc cdc thdp nien tiirdc nhu ldn tudi, dang di ldm, d xa CO sd dao tgo, chiu nhilu thiSi thdi ttong CO hdi tiep can giao due, ... (Wallace, 2007).
Ngudi hgc tir xa ngay nay thich nhimg khda hgc ngan va chia thdnh cac module kit ndi nhd. Ngay cang nhieu ngudi hgc cu tni tai thanh phd ldn. hgc toan thdi gian, tte hon, hgc nhieu mon hon/hgc k>'. ... Hg la nhung ngudi giai quyel vdn d l radt cdch thyc te. Hg cd muc tieu hgc tgp ro rang, biSt rd vi sao phai hgc kien thiic cu the nao dd, chi hgc nhfing ^ lien quan, raong mudn dugc phat trien nghS n ^ i g p , va lam vigc tdt hon. Hg vdn bi hgn che ve thai gian va tien bac. Hg cam thdy kbdng an tdm cd the hoan thdnh hgc tap tu xa. va ludn tira den each gidng dgy phu hgp vdi phong each hgc ciia hg, cd dii tuang tdc vdi gidng vien, cd he thdng hd ttg hgc tap va hudng ddn ky thual (Howell, Wilhanis & Lindsay, 2003).
4.3. Thdch thuc: Thay ddi trong bdi canh td chuc DTTX
Bdi canh giao due thS ky 21 tbay ddi rdt nhanh do su phat trien vfi bao cua cdng nghe vd nhu cau xa hdi ddi hdi cac ca sd DTTX dap irng mgl each hieu qua de tiep tuc phat trien.
Ngdy cang nhieu dgi hgc id chiic cdc mdn hgc, cap hgc, thdng qua hinh thiic DTTX \^ sinh vien hgc tir xa ngay nay bao gdm cd sinh vien hgc theo he ddo tgo Ichdng chinh quy truyen tbdng va sd lugng ngay cdng !dn sd sinh vien tre, hgc chinh quy vi cdc khda hgc cd sy hd ttg cua ky thual sd cung cdp cho sinh viSn d Idp hoc tiuyen thdng nhieu co hdi ty hgc hon (Anderson, 2001).
Trong bdi canh intemet hien ttd thanh thong lanb trong cac phuong tien/'mdi Irudng giang dgy, to chuc DTTX da va dang dich chuySn sy tap trung chu ySu vao ky thuat dya va hg thdng mang va truyen tai dya vdo internet. Nhu cdu ve he thdng quan ly mdn hgc higu qua va dich vu mgng ngay cang tang do sy phat triSn ciia ddo lao online, Ngoai ra, yeu cdu vS trien khai chien lugt hgc tap va giang
day khai thdc ndng lyc ciia cdng nghe cung ngay cdng tang (Howell. Williams & Lindsay, 2003). Su phat trien nhanh ve cdng nghg hiia hgn tao ra ca hdi iing dung lam cho viec gidng day higu qua hon vd vigc nghiSn cim de khai thdc higu qua cac cdng nghg mdi da trd nen biic thiet.
4,4. Tkdck tkuc: Ddo tgo mim deo Vdi su thay ddi nhanh chdng ttong dac diera ngudi hgc, cdng nghe phuc vy dao tgo, va sy thay ddi nhanh cua nhu cdu xa hdi thi dao Igo raem deo cd the dap iing nhu cau ngudi hgc hien nay hern dao tgo rad. Ddo tao mem deo cung cdp cho ngudi hgc sy chgn lua 5 ITnh vyc sau ttong qud ttinh hgc (Tucker &
Morris, 2011): (1) mem dec ve ndi dung; (2) mem deo ve dieu kien ddu vao; (3) raSm deo ve phuang phap gidng day; (4) mem deo ve tdi lieu hgc tap va (5) mem dSo vl phuong tign iruyen tai kien tbiic.
Dao tgo md va ddo tao mem deo deu tap trung vdo thda man sy chgn lya ciia ngudi bgc, ap dyng phucmg phap gidng dgy lay ngudi hgc lara trung tdm, va Iogi bd cdc rdo can tiep can bge lap dS ddp iing nhu cau hgc lap cua ngudi hgc. Cac dgi hgc md Id chtic dao tgo vdi mdt sd ddc diem mem deo nhdt djnb ma thdi va cac Irudng cung cdp dao tgo mem deo chua hdn da cd linh chdt md d ddu vao.
5. Cff hoi doi vdi t^ chirc DTTX d t h l ky21
Muc tieu hang dau cua cac Iogi hinh dao tgo ttong tuong lai cfing la cung cdp cho ngudi hgc nhiSu lua chgn va nhiSu sy kiSm soat hon trong kl hogch, phuang phap va thdi gian hgc.
Trong bdi canh hign nay tten thl gidi vd cd nudc ta, cac chinh phii deu cam kll phat triSn xd hdi hgc tap thi tinh chat rad va mim deo thudng xuyen dugc nhan mgnh vi nhiing dac diera uu viet ciia nd. Nhiing tinh chdt nay Ihudng di chung vdi nhau vd cd the diing thay the cho nhau va cdn dugc ggi la hgc tap md va ralm deo (OFL). Nhirng tinh chdt nay la dgc trung cho khuynh hudng giao dye radi vi nd dugc chap nhdn rdng rai nhu Id huih thirc dao tgo hieu qud cao. Mdt ttong nhirng vi dy dien hinh ciia loai hinh hgc t ^ nay la sy xudt hien ciia MOOC (khda hgc true tuyin, md, danh
TRAO O O I HOC THUAT VA T H O N G TIN KHOA HOC cho ingi ngudi). Viec xudt hign cua cac khoa
hgc true tuyen, md, danh cho mgi ngudi cang thuc day su phat ttien nhanh va sdu sdc ban cung nhu lara gia tdng sd lugng cac trudng truyen thdng tiiam gia tich cyc va dao tgo md.
Cac tiirdng tmyln thong hiSn ciing chii trgng phat triln chuong trinh cua minh danli cho Ioai hinh sinh vien khdng truyin thdng, dgc biet la nhfing chuang ttinh gido due thudng xuyen, vdi cac phuang phap mSm deo, dap ling yeu cau cua ngudi hgc mudn dugc mem deo hon ve thdi gian, noi hgc tap va hinh thuc hgc tap.
Khuynh hudng dao tao ttong tuong Iai la cac dgi hgc md ngay cang tien gan han den dao tao mim deo vd cdc dai hgc truyen thdng (chinh quy) cung vgy dl tang dich vy giao dye va anh hudng. Cac dai hgc md vd dgi hgc tiuyin thdng hien diu md rdng va tang cudng su raSm deo ttong each truyen tai kien tbiic dia minh. Hg cd khuynh hudng ngdy cang mem deo ttong viec td chirc dao tgo cho sd sinh vien ngay cang Idn va da dgng, img dung cdng nghe ttong giao dye, de co dugc su hnh boat ttong dao tgo va gidm chi phi (Panto &
Comas-Quin, 2013). Ranh gidi giua dao tgo md va truyen thdng ngay cang md di va ca 2 logi hinh dao tao nay ciing phai ddi mat vdi nhung thach thiic mdi tir khuynh hudng nay (Li & Lam, 2014).
6. Khuynh budng dao tao trong tinmg lai: (Blended learning) Hoc tap hon hop
Hgc tap hdn bgp la binb thirc ket hgp gidng dgy tryc tiep va tryc tuyen/qua may linh, tiuit bi di dgng (Graham, 2004). Mgt each bao quat hon, hgc lap hdn hgp co ban la sy ket hgp ciia nhiSu hinh ihiic hgc ttong mgt mdn hgc (Li & Cheung, 2013). Hoc tap md va mem deo da dugc dimg de tang hieu qud ddo tgo cho cac phuang phap hign hanh hay truyen thdng thdng qua cac hinh tbiic truyen tai hdn hgp (Peter & Deimann, 2013). Vdi y dinh tan dyng
nhung uu diSm ciia hinh thiic hgc tap truyin thdng va true tuyen, hgc tap hdn hgp bao gdm gidng day tgi Idp va giang c^y qua mang thong qua vigc kSt hgp su mem deo ciia E-learaing vd mdi trudng hoc tap truySn thong. Hgc tap hdn hgp tap trung cung cdp cho ngudi hgc nhieu chgn lya vS each hgc tgp va phat trien tinh mem deo dS cd the ddp iing da dgng ngudi bgc. Hgc tap hon hgp cung cap nhieu co bdi tuang tac giiia thay va ngudi hgc ban, lang sy gdn kel ciia ngudi hgc vdo qua trinh hgc, tang su mera deo lrong mdi Irudng day vd hgc, va CO hgi tiep tuc hgc de phat trien.Vdi sy phat trien ciia ky thuat thdng tin hen lac, cdc trudng se cd kha nang tgo nen nhieu rad hinh hgc tap hdn hgp hudng den tang hieu qud hoc tap nhieu ban cho ngudi hgc (Tham & Tham, 2011).
Cdc md hinh day va hgc dya vdo nguyen tdc nay dang phat ttien maiih, ndi bat la md hinh hgc tap Hnh boat (flipped classroom) Men dugc thuc bign thdng qua nhieu mdi tnrdng hgc da dang, rihung chii yeu bao gdm: (1) hogl dgng tuong tae hgc tgp lgi Idp va (2) cac bai tap tten may tinh dugc cd nhan hda ngoai Igp hgc (Bishop & Verleger, 2013) hay bai giang, bdi tap dugc gbi binh vd truyen qua interact hay thiet bi di ddng (SV xem trudc khi bgc va cung cd bai sau khi hgc tai ldp),... (Educause, 2012).Viec tbiet ke cac Iogi mdi trudng hgc khac nhau tiiy thudc vao rauc lieu, ddi lugng hgc, kha nang tilp can (lgi Idp hay qua mang hay ca hai) va ndi dung cdn truyen tai.
Nhin chung, cac co sd td chiic dao tao tii xa y thiic dugc nbung thach thtic ttong giai dogn mdi va hg da va dang thay ddi hinh thiic td chirc dao tao mdt each mem dec han thdng qua cac md binb hgc tdp bdn hgp, linh boat dS dap ling nhu cdn hgc tap da dang den tirag ca nhan va de liep luc tdn tgi, pbat triSn va khang dinh minh trong the ky 21,
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