Doi mai kinh te va cai thien moi tripo'ng dau t u tai Myanmar'*'
TS. TRAN THI N G p C QUYEN*
Th.S. TRINH QUANG H I T N G "
O ASEAN, ben egnh cdc diim den hdp ddn cde nhd ddu tu nude ngodi nhu Malaysia, Thdi Lan, Indonesia, Viet Nam, thi gdn ddy, cde nhd nghien cuu cUng nhu cdc doanh nghiep ddu tu nude ngodi (FIEs) rdt quan tdm din mot dia diim ddu tu rdt hdp ddn vd ddy tiem ndng do Id Myanmar. Sau thdi gian ddi ddng cita, chinh sdch doi mdi nin kinh te cua Myanmar dugc ddnh gid Id khd an tugng vd mot trong nhicng chinh sdch doi mdi do la day mgnh thu hut FDI, vai dac diem noi bat la nhung no luc nhdm hodn thien khung phdp ly lien quan den FDL Trong bdi viet ndy, nhom tdc gid se tap trung phdn tich qud trinh ddi mdi nen kinh te vd edi thien moi trudng ddu tu cua Myanmar.
Tie khoa: Chinh sdch thu hut, FDI Myanmar.
1. Tong quan qua trinh doi mdi nen kinh te Myanmar
Trong boi canh cac quoc gia tren the gidi, dac biet la ASEAN dang no lyc tai cau triic kinh te va tang thu bdt FDI, Myanmar dugc danh gia la thanh vien trong nhom cac nude Campuchia, Lao, Myanmar, Viet Nam (CLMV) co nhimg no lyc noi bat trong thdi gian gan day..
Chinh phu Myanmar tap trung thyc hien 5 chien luge tang trudng do la Chien luge Nong nghiep cong cpng, Chien luge Hudng ve xuat khdu, Chiln luge Hudng din FDI, Chiln luge Hai eye tang trudng va Chiln luge Phat trien hanh lang kinh te npi dia. (Toshihiro Kudo,
*,** Tririrng Dai hoc Ngoai Thirffng
'"'Bai v\h trong Ithuon kho 6h tai d p Bp Gi^o due va D&o tao: "Mdi hoa hoa Ichung chinh sdch ddu tu hir&ng tai phdt trien bin vung tgi ASEAN vd gai y chinh sdch cho Vi?t Nam" do TS. Tran Thi Ngoc Quyen l^m chu nhiem (2015-2016).
' D3y Id nhom 4 nude L i o , Campuchia, Myanmar va Viet Nam.
Satoru Kumagai vd So Umezaki). Nam chien luge nay tap trung giai quyet nhimg van de kinh te quan trpng nham dat dugc myc tieu tang trudng nhanh cua nen kinh te Myanmar. Mot la, chien luge ''Nong nghiep++" (Agriculture Plus Plus) nham tang nang suat nong nghiep va chuyen doi trong chuoi gia yi san pham nong nghiep. Hai la, chien luge tdng trudng dua vdo xudt khdu (export-led) tu kinh nghiem ciia cac quoc gia cong nghiep mdi (NIEs) tai ASEAN.
Chien luge Tang trudng dya vao xuat khau bao gom md rpng san xuat cac san pham tao gia tri gia tang gianh cho thi trudng xuat khau va tao Igi the cua mang ludi san xuat va phan phoi tai Dong A. Ba la, chien luac FDI thiic ddy tdng truang (FDI-driven). Chien luge nay xoa bo cac quy dinh han che boat dpng dau tu tryc tilp nude ngoai trong cac van ban phap luat. Bon Id, thue day nhanh tang trudng va can bang dii vdi 2 cue tang trudng quoc gia, do la Yangon (trung tam kinh te va la thanh pho Idn nhdt ciia Myanmar) va Mandalay (thanh phi Idn thu 2 ndm d trung tam nude nay) (TinMaung, 2014).
NhQ-ng vin di KINH T £ VA CHINH TRj TH^ Giai S6 4(228) 2015- 45
D6i mdi kinh t l va cai thien moi trudng dau lu . Trdn Thj Ngoc Quyen -Trjnh Quang Hung Mpt trong nhijng dilm nhan tai Myanmar do la
''"Khuon khd cai cdch kinh te vd xd hoi "
(Framework for Economic and Social Reforms - FESR).
Ve tong the, Chuang trinh Boi mdi kinh te cua Myanmar tap trung giai quyet mpt so van de kinh te do la quan tri tot, minh bach va khuyen khich thu hiit dau tu npi dia va dau tu tryc tiep nude ngoai (FDI), ty do hoa thuong mai, tang cudng hgp tac kinh te khu vyc,
Bang I: Quy mo dau tu" trirc tiep nirdc ngoai vao M y a n m a r (2009 - 2014)
giam vai tro kinh te nha nude, tang nang suit lao dpng.
2. T h y c t r a n g thu hut FDI tai Myanmar Myanmar la qudc gia gan day mdi co cac quy dinh cu the lien quan den hoat dpng FDI va mdi tao dung dugc long tin doi vdi cac chii ^u tu. Ve quy mo dy an dau tu, cac s i lieu cu thi dugc the hien ro trong Bang 1 dudi day.
STT 1
2 3
Chi tieu Tong du an dau tu da duac cap phep (so du an) Tong von cap phep (trieu USD) Tong von thirc hien (trieu USD)
2009-2010 8
302 963
2010-2011 25
19.997 2.249
2011-2012 13
4.644 2.057
2012-2013 94
1.419 2.880
2013-2014 94*
3.209"
3.516*"
Ngudn: Central Statislkal Organisalion, Statistical Yearbook 2011.
Nay Pyi^ Taw, 2012. Actual investment: IMF (2013b).
Ghi chu:*Con so du kiln: **Tir thang 01 din thang 2 : ***du tinh).
Qua so lieu tong hop v^ FDI vao JVIyanmar cho thay, tong so du an FDI vao qu6c gia nay tang nhanh tir nam 2011 d6n nay, dac biet day la nam von dau tu dang l<y tai nuac nay da dat con s6 l<y luc. Day la m6c thoi gian Myanmar bat dau thue hien qua trinh d6i mai nfin I^inh t l Tuy nhien, trong nam 2011, ty le von cjp phep so voi vfln thue hien lai thdp nhjt. Mot trong nhihig nguyen nhan chinh la su tham do hay de dat ciia cac FIEs khi bit diu tham nhap va hoat dpng tai qu6c gia nay. Tuy nhien, cac nam tiSp theo, ty le nay da dugc cai thien ro net, dac biet la hai nam 2013 - 2014. Dieu nay cho thiy, lihung phap ly hay moi truong diu tu dugc cai thien ro net tai Myanmar.
Ve ITnh vuc diu tu, cac du an FDI cung co khac biet r3 net. Nlu nhu, nganh cong nghiep che tao la lira chpn cua nhiSu FIEs khi hoat dong tai ASEAN, thi Myanmar van la dia dilm
thu hut cac du an tim kiem nguon tai nguyen thien nhien. Trong thai gian dai, qu6c gia nay da dong cira njn kinh tS va h i u nhu khong thu hiit dupe sir quan tam cua FIEs. Tir khi mcr ciia, nguon von dau tu vao Myanmar tap trung o cac du an trong nganh nang lugng, tim kilm va tham do dau khi va khi d6t, nganh khai khoang.
Hien nay, Myanmar thu hut manh dong von FDI tir Trung Qu6c va Thai Lan vao linh virc nang lugng nham muc tieu tim kilm ngu6n tai nguyen. Do la cac du an tai cac viing niii nham xuat khau dien va gas trg ve 2 quoc gia nay {Toshihiro Kudo, 2014). Vao giira nhiing nam 2000, cac nha dau tu nuac ngoai chl diu tu cac du an vao nganh khai thac cua Myanmar va con cac du an FDI vao cac ITnh vuc khac thi rit ban chl (Bissinger, 2012).
Ve chu diu tu hien nay, Myanmar chua phai la dja diem lira chpn d i u tu cua FIEs. Cac du an
4 6 ( - - Nhirng vin di KINH Tg VA CHfNH TRj THfe Gidi So 4(228) 2016
TfSn Thj Ngoc Quyen - Trjnh Quang Hu-ng g6i mdi kinh t§ va cai thien moi tru'dng dau tu-,..
FDI van chi tSp trung cac nha dku tu tir cac quoc gia dang phat triln, trong do phai kl din cac nude trong khu vyc chau A nhu Trung QuIc, Thai Lan, Malaysia, Viet Nam... PhSn Idn cac nha dau tu boat dpng tai Myanmar la tu Trung Quoc va muc tieu cua FIEs nay la tim kierti nguon tai nguyen thien nhien de xuat khau (resource seeking). Gidi kinh doanh tai ASEAN da CO nhan thue tot ve nhimg thach thue ftong boat dpng dau tu tai quoc gia nay. Thyc te, da c6 nhung chua nhieu cac tap doan da quIc gia ddu tu vao nude nay, bdi moi trudng dau tu, dac bi|t la khung phap ly lien quan din FDI mdi dang dan dugc thiet lap va dan hoan thien.
3. Cai thien moi trirdng dau tu* cua Myanmar thdi gian gan day
3.1. Khung chinh sdch tien quan den FDI Thue tl, tu nam 2011 din 2014, tai Myanmar, khung phap ly lien quan den FDI da va dang dugc Chinh phu nude nay xay dyng va CO mpt si diem n6i bat dang ghi nhan. Tu nam 2011, Myanmar bat dau qua trinh chuyen doi, trong do mpt nhan to cot loi ciia chuong trinh nghi sy dii mdi kinh te la xay dyng moi trudng kinh doanh canh tranh va hieu qua hon.
Cdc quy dinh lien quan den thdm nhdp vd hogt dong ciia cdc nhd ddu tu nude ngodi da cd su thay ddi ro net. Chinh phu mdi cua nude nay da thay dii hang loat quy dinh lien quan din the chl bao gIm chl dp ty gia hoi doai, Ngan bang Nha nude, Luat Bm tu nude ngoai (Foreign Investment Law - FIL) va cdp gidy phep thuong mai. Nam 2012, Myanmar ban hanh Luat Dau tu mdi nham thu hut dong von FDI, dong thdi la luSt va cac quy dinh bao gom tang cudng uu dai thul, CO chl giai quyet tranh chap mdi, ro rang hon doi vdi cac doi tac dau tu va danh muc chi tilt cac ITnh vyc ban che dau tu. Chinh phii Myanmar ciing giam thue thu nhap doanh nghiep cho cac cong ty, giam thue xuat khau.
trong do bao gom ca cac san pham tieu dung nong nghiep (World Bank 2013; Burma News International 2011; People's Daily Online 2011). Nhirng dii mdi vT mo can ban dupe tien hanh thanh cong tai quoc gia nay do la tai cau triic Ngan hang Trung uong Myanmar (CBM) va cho phep boat dpng chu dpng hon, ndi long cac quy dinh ciia Luat Dau tu nude ngoai (FIL) nham tang cudng thu hiit dong von FDI va thanh lap cac dac khu kinh te (Special Economic Zones - SEZs) tai nude nay vao nam 2012.
Chinh phu da cd cdc quy dinh lien quan den tdi chinh vd ngdn hdng. Thyc te, nude nay da khong CO mpt be thong ngan hang vdi chuc nang thyc sy cua no ke tir 40 nam trudc day cho din tan nam 2011. Chinh phii da co cai thien sua doi trong he thong thanh toan quoc te (VDB Loi 2013). So lugng cac ngan hang cua nude nay tang len ciing rat nhieu . So lupng cac chi nhanh ciia 25 ngan hang nay tai Myanmar da tang len nhanh chong vdi con so khoang 1.100 chi nhanh, trong do hon mpt nua la thupc sd hiru nha nude. Tuy nhien, day van la nude co so lupng chi nhanh ngan hang tren so dan (dudi 2 chi nhanh/100.000 dan) thdp nhdt trong ASEANl
Chinh phii Myanmar ciing da ndi long viec cap giay phep cho cac ngan bang tu nhan nude ngoai boat dpng tai Myanmar, cho phep cac ngan hang nay cung cap cac dich vu ngan hang quoc te, bao gom chuyen dien tin va thu tin dung (L/C) trong thuong mai. Nam 2013, Chinh phu Myanmar da ban hanh Luat Ngan hang
- Mynamar cliia ra lam 3 niiom ngan hang (NH):
i)Ngan iiang ihupc so iiQ'u nha nirac (State-Owned Banks): 4 NH
ii)Ngan hang phi chinh thijc (Semi-Official Banlcs): 9 NH
iii) Ngan hSng tir nhan (Private Banlts): 12 NH (Tumell,20l4, p225-240)
' Lao dat gdn 3 chi nhanh/l 00.000 dan, Thai Lan la hon 11 chinhanh/lOOdan.
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D6i mdi kinh t l va cai thien moi trudng diu ty... Tran Thj Ngoc Quyen - Trinh Quang Hung ynng uong mdi (Cenyal Bank Law), frong do
cho phep Ngan bang Trung uong co quyen doc lap hon dii vdi Bp Tai chinh nude nay va linh boat hon trong qua trinh giam sat khu vyc tai chinh. (Bissinger, 2014, p 246).
Nhu vay, mac dii co nhirng thay doi dang ke nhung hien nay, Chinh phii Myanmar van con nhilu viec can phai lam de cai each khu vyc tai chinh va xay dyng thi chl thong thoang hon.
Cdc chinh sdch lien quan den thuang mgi:
Chinh phu Myanmar cung do bo cac rao can trong he thong thuong mai Myanamar ciing da bo chl dp cap giay phep xuat khau va nhSp khau doi vdi 166 mat hang nhap khau va 152 mat hang xuat khau tu thang 3/2013.
Dudi day la nhiing diem noi bat yong khung phap ly lien quan den FDI cua Myanmar yong thdi gian gan day.
Bdng 2: Mot so dilm nii bat trong khung phap ly lien quan den hoat dong FDI cua Myanmar giai doan 2011 -2014
STT 1
2 3 -
4
5
6
7
Quy dinh Luat Dau tu nude ngoai {Foreign Investment Law - FIL)-2012
Luat Quan ly ngoai hoi Luat Ngan hang Trung uong moi (Central Bank Law) - 2013
Chinh sach Tai chinh, ngan hang
Chinh sach thuong mai
Chinh sach thue
Chinh sach lao dong
Noi dung - Danh muc chi tiet cac ITnh vuc han che dau tu.
- Thanh lap cac dac khu kinh te (SEZs).
- Giam bdt nhijng rao can doi vdi chuySn va thanh toan 6 niroc ngoai.
- Ngan hang Tmng uong c6 quyen doc lap hon doi vdi Bo Tai chinh va linh hoat hon trong qua trinh giam sat khu vyc tai chinh.
- Tai cau true Ngan hang Trung uong.
- Cai thien he thong thanh toan quoc te.
- Cai each che dp ty gia hoi doai.
- Day manh cac hoat dpng thanh toan quoc te nhu L/C.
- Cap giay phep thanh lap ngan hang tu nhan.
- Da dang hoa che dp sd hifu cac ngan hang thuong mai.
- Tang si lirang cac ngan hang va chi nhanh.
- Quy trinh thing nhat giua hoat dong xuat khdu va nhap khdu.
- Do bo cac rao can trong he thong thuong mai.
- Cap giay phep: Loai bo cap giay xuat khau va nhap khdu dii voi nhap khau 166 mat hang va xuat khau 152 mat hang tir thang 3/2013.
- Cai thien quy dinh ve Thue Thu nhap doanh nghiep.
- Thue xuat khdu: giam thue xuat khau cac san phdm nong nghiep.
- Khong eon ap dung Thue Loi tire.
- Doanh nghiep phai ehi tra thue thu nhap cho ngudi lao dpng.
Nguon: Nhom tdc gid tu l6ng hap.
;48- - Nhirng vin ai KINH Tg VA CHfNH TRj THfi qiai So 4(228) 2015
ZlgJllJlL^gQC Quyen - Trjnh Quang Hu'ng Doi mdi kinh te va cai thien moi trudng dau tu...
Trong boi canh the gidi va khu vyc, cac quoc gia d i u dang dilu chinh chinh sach FDI theo hudng ty do hoa, thi nhirng quy dinh tren day cua Myanmar la phii hgp. Trong giai doan 2011 - 2014, Chinh phii Myanmar da giam bdt cac rao can doi vdi hoat dpng ddu tu nude ngoai va doi xir cong bang hon d i i vdi cac nha dau tu nude ngoai.
3.2. Cac yeu to tao thuin Im cho hoat dong kinh doanh cua cac nha dau tu nir&c ngoai tai Myanmar
Ve tinh minh bach trong moi trudng ddu tu, trudc doi mdi nen kinh te, day la mpt trong nhimg nude tham nhiing va tri tre bac nhdt khu vyc, ciing nhu la dia dilm ddu tu ddy thach thue doi vdi FIEs yen the gidi. To chuc Minh bach thS gidi da xep hang Myanmar la mpt trong 5 nude CO nan tham nhung nhat trSn the gidi nam 2010 - 2011 ciing vdi Bac Trieu Tien, Somalia, Apganistan"^. Cac bao cao nam 2010 tii Singapore ciing nhan dinh "moi trudng thuong mai va dau tu tai Myanmar kem bap dan, cac doanh nghiep co y dinh dau tu vao day ciing khong man ma ve dia diem ddu tu nay (Singapore Institute of Intemational Affairs 2010). Tuy nhien, vai nam trd lai day Quy Tien te quoc te (IMF) danh gia, GDP ciia Myanmar CO the tang trudng kha cao va co the dat 7,5%
trong nam 2014 (IMF, 2014). Nam 2013, quIc gia nay cung khong con nam trong danh sach cac nude co nan tham nhung cao nhat tren the gidi (Transparency International, 2013).
Ve xuc tien dau tu, tir nhirng kinh nghiem thanh cong trong thu hut FDI va tang trudng kinh te tai nhieu quoc gia thanh vien ASEAN, cac nha kinh te Myanmar de xuat chien luge tang trudng kinh te dya vao FDL Gan day, Chinh phu da chi ra rang, XLEC tien dau tu la chinh sach quan trpng trong cac yeu to ho trp
kinh doanh de thiic ddy tang trudng kinh te nude nay, vi vay, no y d thanh mpt nhan to quan trpng nham cai thien moi trudng ddu tu nude nay . Chinh sach thue ddy thu hut FDI va xuc tien dong von nay co the dong gop vao tang trudng ciia nIn kinh t l Myanmar. Xuc tiln FDI va tang trudng kinh t l , chiln luge thue day tang trudng xuat khau dya vao FDI ciing la hudng can thiet doi vdi Myanmar, Hien nay, Chinh phu Myanmar da khang dinh xuc tien dau tu la chinh sach quan trpng de thue day tang trudng kinh te va xuat khau. Kinh nghiem cua cac nude ASEAN Cling cho thay dilu do.
Thyc hien chinh sach uu dai dau tu (incentives), Chinh phu Myanmar da giam thue thu nhap doanh nghiep doi vdi cac chu dau tu, bo thue loi tuc va giam thue xuat khau, bao gom ca mpt so san pham nong nghiep. Quoc gia nay da don gian boa thue thuong mai doi vdi kinh doanh npi dia, yeu cau cac nha tuyen dung lao dpng khu vyc cong phai tra thue thu nhap va tang cudng sy dong gop cua thue thu nhap (Yin, 2013).
Ket luan
Chinh phu Myanmar da co nhiing no luc dang ghi nhan trong doi mdi nen kinh te va coi thu hiit FDI la mpt yong nhiing chien luge quan trpng nham thiic day phat trien kinh te. Chi trong mpt thdi gian tuong doi ngan, cac chinh sach lien quan den FDI va nhiing yeu to ho trg trong kinh doanh nhu xiic tien, uu dai dau tu da dugc quoc gia nay quan tam thyc hien. Nhd vay, moi trudng kinh doanh ciia nude nay thdi gian qua da dugc cai thien r5 net, giiip nen kinh t l nay hpi nhap sau vao ASEAN, dac biet trong boi canh cac quoc gia thanh vien dang no lyc nham thyc hien nhiing cam ket trong ITnh vyc kinh te hudng den hinh thanh Cpng dong Kinh t l ASEAN (AEC) vao culi nam 2015*
'' X6p hang dira vao Chi s6 NhSn thirc tham nhung (CPI- Corruption Perception Index) do T6 chuc iVlinh bach the gidi tiSn hanh d^nh gia hang nSm va mang tinh khdch quan vdi han 10 to chile quoc ik danh gia x6p hang doc lap
^ Viet Nam va Myanmar da ky mpt bien ban ghi nha v€
xuc tifin dau tu giua Bp KS hoach va Ddu tu ViSt Nam va Bo Ke hoach va Phat triSn kinh \.k qu6c gia Myanmar.
nhUng vSn d4 KINH T ^ VA C H I N H TRj T H ^ GICVI So 4(228) 2015 ^49
eat mdi kinh t4 va cai thien moi trudng diu tu... Trin Thj Nggc Quyen - Trjnh Quang Hyng
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Bissinger (2014): Myanmar's Economic Institutions in Transition, Joumal of Southeast Asian Economies, pp. 241 - 255.
2. Burnia News Intemational (2011): Exporters want Burmese Government to Reduce Export Taxes More, 20 July.
3. Foerch, Thomas, San Thein and Sophie Waldschmidt (2013): From Isolation to Opening Up: A challenging Environment for Banks in Myanmar, Yagon: Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
4. Intemational Monetary Fund (IMF, 2013): Myanmar: 2013 Article IV Consultation and First Review under the Staff - Monitored Program. IMF Coimtry Report No. 13/250, Washington, D.C: Intemational Monetary Fund, 2013a, p.7.
5. Kimura, Fukunari and Ayako Obashi (2010): International Production Networks in Machinery Industries: Structure and Its Evolution. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, No.ERIA-DP-2010-09, September.
6. People's Daily Online 2011.
7. Singapore Institute of Intemational Affairs 2010, p.4.
8. Tin Maung Maung Than (2006): Economic Reforms in Myanmar.
9. TinMaung Maung Than (2014): Myanmar's Economic Reforms, Joumal of Southeast Asian Economies Vol.31,No.2, pp. 165 - 72.
10. TinMaung Maung Than (2014): Introductory overview, Myanmar's Economic Reforms, Joumal of Southeast Asian Economies, pp.165 - 172, Volume 31, Number 2 August.
11. Toshihiro Kudo, Satoru Kumagai and So Umezaki (2014): Five Growth, Strategies for Myanmarr, Re-engagement with the Global Economy, pp.173 - 192, Volume 31, Number 2 August.
12. Tumell (2014): Banking and Financial Regulation and Reform in Myanmar, Joumal of Southeast Asian Economies Vol.31, No.2, pp. 225 - 40.
13. Tumell, Sean (2009): Fiery Dragons: Banks, Moneylenders and Microfinance in Burma.
Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, pp.226.
14. UNCTAD, World Investment Report {'^\K)2<^\Q,20\\,lQn,lQn.
15. Yin Mya (2013): Progress of Reform in Myanmar.
- NhQ-ng vAn d€ KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj IHt GIOI S6 4(228) 2015
