SAN PHAM CO KHUYET TAT VA CO s 6 XAC DINH SAN PHAM CO KHUYET TAT THEO PHAP LUAT
CUA MOT SO QUOC GIA TREN THE GI61
NGUYSN TIEN HUNG '*'
Tom tdt: Trong phdp ludt ve trdch nhiem sdn phdm cua cdc quoc gia tren the gidi, nha't Id cdc quo'c gia dp diing nguyen tdc trdch nhiem nghiem ngat, viec xdc dinh sdn phdm co khuyet tdt hay khong Id vdn de co y nghia dac biet quan trong, bdi le day chinh Id cd sd ddu tien di xem xet, gidi quyet tdt cd cdc vdn de lien quan de'n trdch nhiem sdn phdm. Bdi viit se gdp phdn ldm ro mgt sdvdn de vi sdn phdm co khuyet tdt vd cd sd xdc dinh sdn phdm co khuyet tdt theo phdp ludt cua mgt so quoc gia tren the gidi.
TU khoa: Sdn phdm co khuyet tdt; cd sd xdc dinh sdn phdm co khuyet tdt.
Abstract: Many countries apply strict control of responsibility to product. Identification of defective products is the first step to clarifying responsibility to product. This article discussed the identification of defective product as stated in the laws of some countries.
Keywords: Defective product; identification.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/0112019; Ngdy sda bdi: 15/02 /2019; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 27/2 /2019.
1, Khai niem san pham co khuyet tat San pham dUdc con ngir6i s i dung de thoa man cac nhu c^u vat chat va tinh than cua minh. Do do, de bao ve ngUOi tieu dung (NTD), Nha nU6c da thUc Men nhieu bien phap can thiep vao hoat dong san xuat, kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep nhfi,m dam bao sU an toan cua cac san pham diidc dila vao liiu thong. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan nen thitc te tren thi trUdng vln ton tai cac san pham khong dam bao an toan, co kha nang gay thiet hai cho NTD trong qua trinh sxi dung, cac san ph^m nay thil6ng difdc gpi la san pham co khuyet tat (defective product).
Theo nghia thong thU^ng, "Khuyet tat la thieu sot kho siia, von c6 tren san ph^m
ngay sau khi che tao, gia cong xong hoac la tat b^m sinh, di tat"'^'. Nhii vay, dudi giac do chung, khuyet tat difdc hieu la cac thieu sot cua san pham xu^'t hien do c6 loi ky thuat trong qua trinh san xuat, che bien, gia cong; cac khuyet t^t nay da ton tai tren san pham tiJC trU6c khi dUdc dUa vao lUu thong.
Ve phildng dien phap ly, du6i giac do trach nhiem san pham (TNSP), khi luan giai ve khai niem san pham co khuyet tat, hien co nhieu quan diem khac nhau.
Cu the:
'•' NCS. Khoa Luat, Hoc vien Khoa hgc xa hoi; TrUdng Dai hoc An ninh nhan dan;
Email: [email protected]
'" Vien Ngon ngQ hoc (2003), TO dien Tie'ng Viit, Nxb.
Da NSng - Trung tam Tir dien hoc, Da NSng - Ha Noi, tr.517.
Sd 3-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Ttt dien phap ly Black's Law dinh nghia: "San pham co khuyet tat la san pham gay ra nguy hiem mot each bat hcip ly trong dieu kien si dung thong thUdng, khong dap iing dUOc yeu cau ma ngu6i sii dtmg mong ddi, khong phii hdp vdi tieu chuan thiet ke ban dau hoac co 15i ky thuat trong thiet ke, san xuat san pham""". Theo do, mot san pham bi coi la CO khuyet tat neu thuoc vao mot trong cac tnldng hdp: (i) Gay ra nguy hiem mot each bat hop ly trong dieu kien sii dung thong thudng; (ii) Khong dap ilng dUdc yeu cau ma ngUdi sii dung mong dgi; (iii) Khong phu hdp v6i tieu chuan thiet ke ban dau;
(iv) Co 16i ky thuat trong thie't ke hoac trong qua trinh san xuat san pham. Co t h i tha'y theo dinh nghia nay, pham vi san pham bi coi la co khuyet tat rat rong, dac biet la trudng hdp san pham "khong dap ling dttdc yeu cau ma ngudi sii dung mong ddi". Day cvuig la trUdng hdp rat kho de co the xac dinh tren thUc te ne'u phap luat khong quy dinh cac can ctt, tieu chi cu the.
Theo Ttt dien Thuat ngii phap luat Phap - Viet thi: "San pham co khuyet tat la dong san khong bao dam stt an toan ma ngUdi ta CO the trong ddi mot each chinh dang"*^*. 0 day, khai niem san pham c6 khuyet tat dude nghien cttu, tie'p can ttt khia caidi dam bao sU an toan cho ngUdi sii dung. Mot san pham la dong san ne'u khong dam bao dUdc sU an toan nhu mong ddi chinh dang ciia ngu6i sii dung c6 the bi coi la san pham co khuyet tat. Khai niem nay ve cd ban tudng dong vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 6 Chi thi 85/374/EEC ve TNSP eua Lien minh chau Au (EU): "San ph^m co khuyet tat la san pham khong dam bao dUdc sU an toan nhu mong chcJ ciia ngUcJi CO quyen"*^\ Tuy nhien, khi danh gia ve
khai niem nay, cQng co y kie'n cho rang-
"Tren thuc te viec xac dinh khuyet tat cua san pham theo cac quy dinh ciia Chi thi con gap nhieu kho khan nhu: (i) Khong co mpt tieu chuan cu the nao de xac dinh dUdc miic do khong an toan nhif nhflng ngUdi lien quan mong ddi; (ii) Thdi han de nha san xu&'t chiu trach nhiem doi v6i san phim cua minh la 10 nam ke ttt ngay san pham dUdc luu thong ngoai thi trUdng (Dieu 11). Thdi han nay dudc ap dung chung v6i ta't ca cac loai san pham, tuy nhien, mdi san phim co tinh nang, thdi han sii dung va do hen khac nhau. Vi vay, ne'u quy dinh chung cho tat cik cac san pham thi khong bao dam dildc stt can b&ng ldi ich gitta nha san xu&'t va NTD;
(iii) Nghia vu chttng minh san phim co khuyet tat thuoc ve ngttdi bi thiet hai, nhttng nhiing tieu chi xac dinh san pham ce khuyet tat con chua thdng nhft't gitta cac nudc thanh vien nen viec chttng minh ra't khd khan, kha nang thang kien cua eac nguyen ddn cdn han che*'""'.
Khac vdi phap luat ve TNSP ciia Hoa Ky va EU, Dilu 2-1, Lu&t Trach nhiem san phim nam 1988 eiia Na Uy khdng stt dung thuat ngtt "San pham cd khuyet tat"
ma thay the bang "San phim thieu an toan" (Safety deficiency product), nhttng dtta ra dinh nghia ve cd ban gid'ng nhu Chi
'^' Bryan A. Garner Editor in Chief (2004), BlackCs Law Dictionary (8th Edition), P.3819.
'"* Nha phap l u a t Viet - Phap (2009), TU dien Thuat nga phdp luat Phdp-Viet. Nxb. Tir dien Bach khoa. Ha Not, Tr,709
''' "Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products", Official Journal of The European Comunities, (No L 210/29)- '^' Le Hong H a n h (2013), Che dinh trdch nhiem sdn phdm trong phdp luat Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh iri nunc
gia-Suth&t, HaNpi, Trl21. ' ^
NHAN LUt KHOA HOC XAHOI sSa-an
thi 85/374/EEC cua EU, cu the: "San ph^m thieu an toan la san pham khong dam bao miic dp an toan mot each hpp ly nhu mong dpi cua ngUcii sii dung hoac cong chiing"*^'.
O Hoa Ky, Bo phap dien phien ban hai ve boi thifong thi§t hai (BTTH) ngoai hpp dong do Vien Luat Hoa Ky bien soan nam 1965*^ khong c6 quy dinh ve cac dang khuyet tat cua san pham. Tuy nhien, den Bp phap dien phien ban ba ve BTTH ngoai hpp dong: TNSP nam 1998'«>, da co sil phan biet ba dang khuy§'t tat cua san pham va sau do no da trci thanh each phan loai pho bien trong che dinh phap luat ve TNSP cua nhieu quo'c gia. Nhii vEty, khac vdi phap luat ve TNSP cua Cong dong chau Au, phap luat Hoa Ky da co s\l phan biet cac dang khuyet tat cua san ph^m.
Mpt san pham bi coi la co khuyet tat khi tai thdi digm ban hoac phan pho'i, no co mpt khuyet tat do san xua't hoac do thiet ke hoac do khong c6 cac hiidng dSn, canh bao day du cho NTD, cu the:
(a) Co khuyet tat do san xuat khi san pham bi sai lech so vdi thie't ke du! dinh cua no mac du mpi sU can than co the da diipc thUc hien trong qua trinh chu&n bi va tie'p thi san pham;
(b) C6 khuyet t^t do thiet k§' khi nhiing rui ro ton hai cd the thay trUdc do san ph^m gay ra cd the giam hoac tranh ditpc bang viec chpn liia mot thiet ke thay the hpp ly ciia ngiidi ban hoac nha phan pho'i khac hoac ngUdi dau tien trong chuoi phan phoi thiidng mai va sU thieu sdt cua thiet ke difdc Ilia chpn lam cho san pham khong an toan mpt each hdp ly;
(c) Cd khuyet t&.t do hifdng dAn hoac canh bao khi nhiing rui ro ton hai ed the thay tmdc do san ph^m gay ra cd the giam
hoac tranh bang viec cung ca'p nhiing hifdng dan hoac canh bao hpp ly cua ngUPi ban hoac nha phan phoi khae hoae ngiidi dau tien trong chuoi thifdng mai phan phdi va sii thieu sdt ciia cac hifdng dan hoac canh bao lam cho san pham khong an toan mpt each hdp ly.
Luat Trach nhiem san ph^m Nhat Ban nam 1994 khdng difa ra dinh nghia ve
"San pham cd khuyet tat" nhiing tai Dieu 2 ed giai thich nhu the nao la "Khuyet tat". Theo do, "Khuyet tat nghia la sii thieu an toan khi san pham dUpc cung ca'p trong dieu kien thdng thifdng, cd tinh de'n tinh cha't tii nhien cua san ph^m, each thile sxi dung san pham cd the dii doan, thdi diem nha san xua't... giao san ph^m va cae trUdng hdp khac hen quan den san pham"'^*. Trong khi dd, Luat Trach nhiem san pham Han Quo'c nam 2000 (siia doi, bo sung nam 2013) lai dinh nghia bang each liet ke cac dang khuyet tat cua san ph^m: "Khuyet tat cua san pham bao gom khuyet tat ve san xua't, thiet ke hoac chi dan hoac sii thie'u an toan thong thUdng dupc mong chd tiX san pham"'^"'. Cd thg tha'y, theo phap luat Nhat Ban, Han Qud'e thi san pham ed khuyet tat dupc hieu la cac san pham khong dam bao an toan cho ngUdi sxi dung trong dieu kien stf dung thdng thudng, do nhUng han che trong qua trinh thiet ke, san xua't san pham hoae canh bao, chi dan NTD khi sii dung san pham..., tham chi, "sU thie'u an toan thdng thudng dUpc mong chd til san
'•''^Acl No. 104 of 23 December 1988 relating to Product Liability m Norway.
'''' America Law Institute (1965), Restatement of The Law Second, Torts.
'^' America Law Institute (1998), Restatement of The Law Third, Torts. Products Liability.
<^' The Product Liability Act (Act No.85, 1994) of Japan.
f"" The Product Liability Act of Korea (2000, 2013).
5(13-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
Tfl d i l n p h a p ly Black's Law d i n h nghia: "San p h a m cd k h u y e t t a t la s a n p h a m gay r a n g u y h i e m mpt each b a t hdp ly t r o n g dieu kien sxi d u n g t h o n g t h u d n g , khong dap ling dUpc yeu c a u m a ngUdi SL(
d u n g mong ddi, k h d n g p h u hdp vdi tieu c h u a n t h i e t ke b a n d a u hoac ed 16i ky t h u a t t r o n g t h i e t ke, san xua't s a n pham"'^'. Theo dd, mdt s a n p h a m hi coi la cd k h u y e t t a t n e u thupc vao mot t r o n g cac t r u d n g hdp: (i) Gay r a nguy hiem mpt each b a t hdp ly t r o n g dieu kien sii d u n g t h d n g thudng; (u) Khdng d a p flng dUdc yeu cau ma ngUoi sfl d u n g mong dpi; (iii) K h o n g p h u hpp vdi tieu e h u a n t h i e t ke b a n d^u;
(iv) Cd loi ky t h u a t t r o n g t h i e t k e hoae t r o n g q u a t r i n h san x u a t s a n p h a m . Cd t h e tha'y theo dinh n g h i a nay, p h a m vi san p h a m bi eoi la cd k h u y e t t a t r a t rdng, dae biSt la trUdng hdp s a n p h ^ m "khong d a p ling dUdc yeu cau ma ngUdi sfl d u n g mong ddi". Day ciing la trUdng hdp r a t khd de cd th^ xac dinh t r e n thfle t e n6'u p h a p l u a t khong quy dinh eac can cfl, tieu chi cu t h § .
Theo Tfl dien T h u a t ngfl p h a p l u a t P h a p - Viet thi: "San p h a m cd k h u y e t t a t la dpng s a n k h o n g bao dam sii an toan ma ngfldi t a ed t h e trong dpi mpt each chinh dang"'^\ O day, k h a i niem san p h ^ m ed k h u y e t t a t dfldc nghien cflu, tiep can tfl k h i a c a n h d a m bao sU an toan eho ngUdi sfl dung. Mpt s a n p h a m la dpng san n e u khong d a m bao dupe sfl a n toan n h u mong dpi c h i n h d a n g cua ngudi sfl d u n g cd t h e bi coi la s a n p h a m cd k h u y e t t a t . Khai niem n a y ve ed b a n tUdng dong vdi quy dinh tai Dieu 6 Chi thi 85/374/EEC ve T N S P cua Lien m i n h chau Au (EU): "San p h a m ed k h u y e t t a t la s a n p h a m khdng dam bao dUdc sii an toan nhU mong chd cfla ngudi cd quyen"''". Tuy nhien, khi d a n h gia ve Q NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HOI
k h a i n i e m n a y , c u n g cd y kien cho rang- ' T r e n thiic t e vi$c xac d i n h k h u y e t t a t cua s a n p h ^ m t h e o cac quy d i n h cua Chi t m con gap n h i e u khd k h a n nhU: (i) K h d n g co mpt tieu c h u a n cu t h e n a o de xac d i n h dfldc mfle dp k h d n g a n t o a n nhfl n h i i n g ngudi lien q u a n m o n g dpi; (ii) Thdi h a n d§
n h a s a n xua't chiu t r a e h n h i e m ddi vdi s a n p h a m cua m i n h la 10 n a m k e tfl n g a y s a n p h ^ m dupc lUu t h d n g ngoai t h i trUPng (Dieu 11). Thdi h a n n a y dfldc a p d u n g e h u n g vdi t a t ea cac loai s a n p h a m , t u y n h i e n , mdi s a n p h a m ed t i n h n a n g , thdi b a n sfl d u n g va dp b e n k h a c n h a u . Vi vay, ne'u quy d i n h c h u n g cho ta't ca cac s a n p h a m t h i k h d n g b a o d a m dfldc sii can b a n g lpi ich gifla n h a s a n xua't va N T D ; (iii) N g h i a vu chflng m i n h s a n p h a m ed k h u y e t t a t thude ve ngUdi bi t h i e t h a i , n h u n g nhflng tieu chi xae d i n h s a n p h a m c6 k h u y e t t a t edn ehfla thd'ng nha't gifla cac nfldc t h a n h vien n e n viee chflng m i n h ra't khd k h a n , k h a n a n g t h a n g k i e n c u a cae n g u y e n don edn h a n che"*^'.
Khac vdi p h a p l u a t ve T N S P c u a H o a Ky va EU, Dieu 2 - 1 , L u a t T r a c h n h i e m s a n p h ^ m n a m 1988 c u a N a U y k h d n g sfl d u n g t h u a t ngfl " S a n p h a m ed k h u y e t t a t "
ma t h a y t h e b a n g " S a n p h a m t h i e u a n toan" (Safety deficiency product), nhflng dUa r a dinh n g h i a ve ed b a n giong nhU Chi
'^' Bryan A. Garner Editor in Chief (2004), Blackns Law Dictionary (8th Edition), P 3819,
*'' Nha phap luat Viet - Phap (2009), TU diin Thuat ngd phdp ludt Phdp-Viet, Nxb. Tir dien Bach khoa Ha Noi, Tr.709.
"'' "Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations a n d administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products", Official Journal of The European Comunities, (No L 210/29)-
"' Le Hong Hanh (2013), Che'dinh trdch nhiem sdn phdm trong phdp ludt Viet Nam, Nxb. Chmh tri n "*
gia - Su that, Ha Noi, T r . l 2 1 . ' ^ "^
Sfi 3-2019
thi 85/374/EEC cua EU, cu the: "San pham thieu an toan la san pham khong dam bao mflc do an toan mdt each hpp ly nhu mong dpi ciia ngUdi sii dung hoae edng ehung"*^\
O Hoa Ky, Bd phap dien phien ban hai ve boi thudng thiet hai (BTTH) ngoai hpp dong do Vien Luat Hoa Ky bien soan nam 1965'^' khdng cd quy dinh ve cac dang khuyet tat cua san pham. Tuy nhien, den Bp phap dien phien ban ba ve BTTH ngoai hdp dong: TNSP nam 1998'^', da cd sii phan biet ba dang khuy§'t tat cua san pham va sau dd nd da trd thanh each phan loai pho bien trong che dinh phap luat ve TNSP eua nhi^u quoc gia. Nhfl vay, khac vdi phap luat ve TNSP cua Cong dong chau Au, phap luat Hoa Ky da cd sii phan biet cac dang khuyet tat cua san pham.
Mpt san ph^m bi coi la ed khuyet tat khi tai thdi di§m ban hoac phan pho'i, nd cd mdt khuyet tat do san xua't hoac do thiet ke hoac do khdng cd cac hudng dan, canh bao day du cho NTD, eu the:
(a) Cd khuyet tat do san xua't khi san pham bi sai lech so vdi thi§'t ke dU dinh cua nd mac du mpi sU can than cd the da dupc thflc hien trong qua trinh chuan bi va tie'p thi san pham;
(b) Cd khuyet tat do thi§'t k6' khi nhflng rui ro ton hai cd the tha'y trfldc do san pham gay ra cd the giam hoac tranh dfldc bang viee chpn lua mpt thiet ke thay the hpp ly cua ngudi ban hoac nha phan phoi khac hoac ngUdi dau tien trong chudi phan phoi thUdng mai va sfl thie'u sdt cua thie't ke dfldc lfla chpn lam cho san pham khdng an toan mpt each hdp ly;
(c) Cd khuyet tat do hfldng dan hoac canh bao khi nhflng rui ro ton hai cd the tha'y trflde do san phglm gay ra cd the giam
hoac tranh bang viec eung ca'p nhflng hudng dan hoac canh bao hpp ly cua ngudi ban hoae nha phan phdi khac hoae ngudi dau tien trong chudi thUdng mai phan phdi va sU thieu sdt cua eac hUdng dan hoae canh bao lam cho san pham khdng an toan mdt each hdp ly.
Luat Trach nhiem san pham Nhat Ban nam 1994 khdng dUa ra dinh nghia ve
"San pham cd khuyet tat" nhUng tai Dieu 2 CO giai thich nhu the nao la "Khuyet tat". Theo dd, "Khuyet tat nghia la su thie'u an toan khi san pham dUpc cung ca'p trong dieu kien thdng thudng, cd tinh den tinh cha't tu nhien cua san pham, each thflc sfl dung san pham ed the dfl doan, thdi diem nha san xua't... giao san pham va cae trudng hdp khae lien quan de'n san pham"®. Trong khi dd, Luat Trach nhiem san pham Han Qudc nam 2000 (sfla doi, bd sung nam 2013) lai dinh nghia bang each liet ke cac dang khuyet tat eua san pham; "Khuyet tat cua san pham bao gom khuyet tat ve san xuat, thiet ke hoac chi dan hoac sii thieu an toan thdng thfldng dupc mong chd tfl san pham"'^"'. Cd the tha'y, theo phap luat Nhat Ban, Han Qudc thi san pham cd khuyet tat dUde hieu la cae san pham khdng dam bao an toan cho ngUdi sfl dung trong dieu kien sfl dung thdng thfldng, do nhflng han che trong qua trinh thiet ke, san xua't san pham hoac canh bao, chi dan NTD khi su dung san pham..., tham ehi, "sii thieu an toan thdng thudng dupe mong ehd tfl san
'^' Act No. 104 of 23 December 1988 relating to Product Liability in Norway.
''" America Law Institute (1965), Restatement of The Law Second, Torts.
"*' America Law Institute (1998), Restatement of The Law Third, Torts: Products Liability.
<"' The Product Liability Act (Act No.85, 1994) of Japan.
""> The Product Liability Act of Korea (2000, 2013)
Sd 3-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
thuat trong thiet ke' ra't phong phu, da dang, thudng bao gom nhflng loai sau:
- Khuyet tat do thiet ke cua san pham lam cho cac nguy co vd'n gan lien vdi tinh nang sfl dung cua san pham trd thanh md'i nguy hiem va gay ton hai cho ngudi sfl dung. Vi du nhfl trfldng hdp rapt ngudi da bi bdng ca mat, co va lUng cua minh khi sfl dung noi ap sua't chi vi san ph^m ma ngudi dd dang sfl dung cd khuyet tat "Ndi cd the rad ra dUdc khi nd chUa giam ap". Do khdng biet dieu nay nen khi md ndi ra, ngUdi sfl dung da bi thflc an dang sdi trong ndi ban vao ngfldi gay bdng.
- Khuyet tat do trong thiet ke' cfla san pham khong ed cac bp phan dam bao an toan cho ngudi sfl dung. Vi du nhu eae loai may mdc cd tinh nguy hiem nhu may cat cd, may thoi tuyet, thiet bi cdng nghiep...
da khdng thiet ke cac bp phan dam bao an toan cho ngudi sfl dung nhu cd the tu ddng ngat dien va dl phdng gifl cho tay ngfldi sfl dung tranh khdi cac vflng nguy hiem cua thig'tbi...
- Khuyet tat do thie't ke va khuyet tat tiem an eua cac thie't bi y te. Thflc te cho tha'y, mdt so' thiet bi y te da ed nhflng tac ddng khdng xac dinh dupc den ed the con ngudi va nd chi dUdc biet de'n sau khi cac thie't bi nay dupc phep dUa vao luu thdng, sfl dung. Khi rapt thiet bi y te cd khuyet tat da gay them thuOng tich, benh tat cho ngudi sfl dung, can phai phau thuat thera hoac lam ngudi dd chet thi nha san xua't thie't bi cd trach nhiera phai boi thudng. Vi du nhu trong thdi gian g^n day, rapt thiet bi thay khdp hdng da gay ra nhflng cha'n thUdng mdi cho benh nhan, tham chi lara cho ngUdi benh raa't kha nang van ddng.
Nha san xuat sau dd da phai thu hoi thiet
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
bi va BTTH cho nhiing ngudi bi thudng tich do thiet bi gay ra*^^*.
Thii hai, khuyet tat do sdn xudt (manufactoring defect).
Loai khuyet tat nay xua't hidn trong giai doan san xua't khi nha san xuat khdng tuan theo dung thid't kd' dU kien hoac cac quy chuan, tieu chuan da d§ ra, nhu trong qua trinh san xuat da sfl dung nhflng nguyen vat heu, cae bo phan hdp thanh khdng dam bao tieu chuan, khdng tuan thu cae thdng sd' ky thuat cua thi§'t ke... Tham chi, cd y kie'n cho rang: "Mot khuyet tat do san xua't tdn tai ne'u san pham khac vdi thidt ke dU kie'n mac dfl mpi bi§n phap cd the da dUdc thiic hien trong qua trinh ehuan hi va tiep thi san pham, ngay ca khi viec kiem soat chat Iflpng cua nha san xua't la td't nha't tren the gidi ma san pham vln khac so vdi thiet ke thi cung cd nghia la ed khuyet tat do san xua't. Ndi each khac, san pham dupe san xua't khac vdi dii dinh cfla nha san xua't. Neu sU khac biet nay gay thiet hai thi nha san xua't phai chiu trach nhiem"<i^'.
Khuyet tat do thie't ke va khuyet tat do san xua't la cac khuyet tat phat sinh do hoat dpng thie't ke hoac san xua't da tao ra cho san phara nhflng "dac tinh" nguy hiem ddi vdi ngfldi sfl dung. Cac khuyet tat nay ton tai trong san pham tfl trfldc khi san ph^ra dupc dua vao luu thdng.
Thii ba, khuyet tat do khong cdnh bdo (warrant defect), hiCdng ddn (instruction defect) hoac cdnh bdo, hi/dng ddn ,
' * Charles B. Roberts (2018), 'Virginia Court Reip^|-s Product Liability Case Based on Plaintiffs Faih?;! . Estahhsh Defective Design". " " ^ ^ ^
"^' Kenneth Ross, J. D a v i d P n n c e (2009) Annpn Product Liability in Asia (3d Edition) - ChLf^'?
UNITED STATES, Published by Federation pfelT
Sfi 3-2019
day du nhitng nguy hiem co the xdy ra trong qud trinh sic dung sen phdm.
Ngoai khuyet tat do thiet ke va khuyet tat do san xua't, mdt tieu ehi khac cung dupe phap luat cua nhieu qudc gia sfl dung de danh gia san pham cd khuyet tat hay khdng, dd la sfl eanh bao, hudng dan hpp ly ve cac dac tinh nguy hiem tiem an eua san pham trong qua trinh sfl dung.
Dd'i vdi nhflng san pham chfla dflng cae nguy ed gay mat an tdan khi sfl dung, neu khong dfldc canh bao, hfldng dan hoae canh bao, hfldng dan khdng day du thi san ph^m ed the gay thiet hai cho ngfldi sfl dung. Vi vay, phap luat ve TNSP cua nhilu qud'e gia eung eoi vide khdng canh bao, hfldng d in hoac canh bao, hudng dan khdng day du mot each hdp ly nhflng va'n de nguy hiem cd the xay ra trong qua trinh sfl dung la mpt dang khuyet tat cua san pham. Loai khuyet tat nay thudng xua't hien trong giai doan chao ban san pham. Khi dd, nha san xua't, nha phan phdi hoac triic tiep la nha ban hang da khdng canh bao, hUdng dan d^y du cho NTD v l nhflng nguy hiem cd the phat sinh khi sfl dung san pham, nhfl trong vu vi§c sau:
"Ngay 12/7/2018, bdi tham doan trong mdt phien tda d bang Missouri da quye't dinh phat Cdng ty Johnson & Johnson 4,14 ty USD va yeu cau Cdng ty phai boi thfldng 550 trieu USD cho eae nguyen ddn - nhflng ngfldi da cao bupc Cdng ty khdng canh bao hp vl nguy cd gay ung thfl cua eac san pham pha'n bdt cd th^ va pha'n bdt em be cd chfla Tale (mpt loai cha't v l mat hda hpe tfldng tfl nhfl Amiang ~ mpt cha't da dfldc biet la gay ung thfl). Cd 22 phu nfl da eao budc rang Amiang trong cac san pham pha'n bdt cfla Cdng ty la nguyen
$63-2019
nhan lam cho ho bi ung thfl buong trflng, trong dd cd 06 ngfldi da chet. Theo luat sfl ciia eac nguyen ddn, Cdng ty phai danh da'u cac san pham nay bing nhflng nhan canh bao"*^^.
Vu kien tren ehi la mdt trong hang nghin vu kien d Hoa Ky eao budc Cdng ty Johnson & Johnson khdng canh bao NTD ve nguy ed ung thfl tfl bdt Talc trong cac san pham cua minh. "Chung tdi hy vpng ban an nay se thu hut dUde sU quan tam efla nhflng ngfldi dflng dau Cdng ty Johnson &; Johnson va se khuye'n du hp thdng bao td't hdn cho cpng dong y te' va cdng chung ve md'i lien he gifla Amiang, Talc va ung thu buong trflng - Mpt luat sfl cfla nguyen dPn cho biet"'^^'.
Viec canh bao cac nguy hiem cd kha nang xay ra trong qua trinh tieu dung san pham cd the dflpe thflc hien bang nhieu hinh thflc, nhflng phai the hien dfldc nhflng ye'u to' khdng an toan tiem an trong san pham dd nd khdng gay ra eac thiet hai vd ly eho NTD khi dupc sfl dung theo each thflc va trong nhflng dieu kien thdng thudng. Cd y kieh cho rSng mdt canh bao day du phai canh bao NTD hoac ngUdi sfl dung san pham ve "mfle do nghiem trpng eua md'i nguy hiem (mflc dp nguy hiem va kha nang xay ra sfl cd); neu rd tinh cha't, hau qua cua mdi nguy hiem va hudng dan each tranh nguy hiem"'^^*. Vi du nhu thudc Paracetamol cd the dUdc eanh bao rang
"Ud'ng rUdu qua nhieu va dai ngay cd the lam tang nguy ed ddc tinh tren gan eua
""' Tiffany Hsu (2018), "Johnson & Johnson Told to Pay $4.7 BiUion in Baby Powder Lawsuit", The New York Times, (July 12, 2018),
"^' "Johnson & Johnson ordered to pay $4.7bn to 22 women over talc products Imked to ovarian cancer".
The Telegraph, (13 July 2018).
"^' Kenneth Ross, J. David Prince (2009), tldd.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
vdi s a n p h a m do. C h a n g h a n nhif h e t h o n g t r u y e n t a i dien, x a n g d^u, a x i t , doc difdc..., n h i i n g s a n p h ^ m n a y b a n t h a n no von da ^ n chiia sii n g u y h i e m , t u y n h i e n cong n a n g , t i n h h i i u ich c u a no con Idn h d n n h i e u so vdi sU n g u y h i e m dd; h a y n h u t r o n g q u a t r i n h p h a t t r i e n c u a n h a n loai, s a n p h ^ m r a ddi s a u luon dudc h o a n t h i e n diia t r e n n e n t a n g c u a cac s a n p h a m trUdc, vi t h e m o t s a n p h a m ciing k h o n g bi coi la cd khuy§'t t ^ t k h i cd mot s a n p h a m k h a c h o a n t h i e n h d n dildc d u a vao lilu t h o n g t r e n t h i trUdng.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Le Hdng H a n h (2013), Chi' dinh trdch nhiem sdn phdm trong phdp ludt Viet Nam. Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia - Sii t h a t , H a Ndi,
2. N h a p h a p l u a t Viet - P h a p (2009), Tij: dien Thuat ngU phdp luat Phdp -Viet, Nxb. Til die'n Bach khoa, H a Ndi.
3. ThUdng vu Viet N a m t a i Hoa Ky (2008), "Mot sd l u a t bao ve ngudi tieu diing d Hoa Ky", (02/4/2008),
4. Vien Ngdn ngQ hoc (2003), Tii dien Tieng Viet, Nxb. Da N i n g - Trung t a m Tii dien hoc, Da N i n g - H a Ndi.
5. Act No. 104 of 23 December 1988 relating to Product Liability in Norway.
6. America Law I n s t i t u t e (1965), Restatement of The Law Second, Torts.
7. America Law I n s t i t u t e (1998), Restatement of The Law Third, Torts:
Products Liability.
8. Bryan A. G a m e r Editor in Chief (2004), Black's Law Dictionary (8th Edition).
9. C h a r l e s B. Roberts (2018),
"Virginia Court Rejects P r o d u c t Liabihty Case B a s e d on P l a i n t i f f s F a i l u r e to E s t a b l i s h Defective Design",
10. C o n s u m e r P r o t e c t i o n Act 1999 (As a t 1 S e p t e m b e r 2016) of M a l a y s i a .
11. "Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 J u l y 1985 on t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e laws, r e g u l a t i o n s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e provisions of t h e M e m b e r S t a t e s concerning liability for defective products", Official J o u r n a l of T h e E u r o p e a n Comunities, (No L 210/29),
12. David G. O w e n (2015), Products Liability Law (Third Edition), W e s t Academic P u b l i s h i n g , America,
13. Joel Gonzalez Castillo (2012),
"Product Liability i n E u r o p e a n d T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s " , R e v i s t a C h i l e n a de Derecho, (Vol. 39 N" 2).
14. " J o h n s o n & J o h n s o n o r d e r e d to p a y
$4.7bn to 22 w o m e n over talc p r o d u c t s linked to o v a r i a n cancer", T h e T e l e g r a p h , (13 J u l y 2018).
15. Kenneth Ross, J. David Prince (2009), Appears in Product Liability in Asia (3d Edition) - C h a p t e r 21 U N I T E D S T A T E S , P u b l i s h e d by F e d e r a t i o n P r e s s .
16. Republic of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s Congress of t h e P h i l i p p i n e s (1992), The Consumer Act of The Philippines.
17. Tiffany H s u (2018), " J o h n s o n &
J o h n s o n Told to P a y $4.7 Billion i n B a b y Powder Lawsuit", T h e New York T i m e s , (July 12, 2018),
18. The Product Liability Act (Act No.85, 1994) of Japan.
19. The Product Liability Act of Korea (2000, 2013).
20. The Product Liability Act BE 2551 (2008) of Thailand. ' '
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
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