G I A O DUC N U b C N G O A I
GIflO DUC Ofll HOC HOR Kl - NHUNG THACH THtfC VA CO HOI
O PGS. TS. VO QUANG MANH*
1. He thd'ng g i d o due vd d d o too d a i hoc
|DH) cua Hoa Ki
Theo thdng ke cuo Lien hiep qude, ve hqc vdn 84,6% ddn cu Hoo Ki tren 25 tud'i cd trinh do phd thdng trung hqc, 52,6% di hqc OH, trong dd 27,2% cd bdng cii nhdn, vd 9,6% cd bdng tren DH. Ti le bie't chir dqt de'n 99%.
Ddo tqo DH d Hoo Ki (Univerrsifyhay Colleges) Id cdp hoc, tdch rieng vdi gido dye phd thdng.
Thdng thudng, hqc DH d Hoo Ki keo ddi 4 ndm, de SV td't nghiep duqe nhdn bdng eii nhdn khoo hqc hoy xd ndi nhdn vdn (Bachelor of Science, or of Arts). O Hoo Ki cdn cd mdt loqi hinh ddo tqo rieng. Id DH hoy coo ddng edng ddng (Community colleges). Ddy Id Id bdc hqc DH lien ket, thdng thudng ed chuong trinh hqc 2 ndm, de tu dd sinh vien (SV) cd the chuye'n hep hqc ldy bdng DH 4 ndm, vdi cdc trudng DH lien thdng. Hqc OH d Hoa Ki Id bde hoc phdi ddng tien. Hqc phi ciia trudng coo ddng cdng ddng d Hoo Ki thdp hon ddng Ke, cd khi chi bdng mdt niia hoqc it hon, so vdi hqc phi d ede trudng DH. SV Hoo Ki khi den hoc d mdt trudng OH thudc heu bong ngodi noi minh cu tru, vd dqe biet Id SV ngoqi qud'c deu phdi ddng hqc phi. Nhieu trudng DH Hoa Ki thu hen hoc phi khd coo. Tdt nhien, mdi trudng DH Hoo Ki deu cd chien luqe vd chinh sdch hoc bdng vd ho trq hqc phi OH rdt do dqng vd phong phii.
Ddo tqo sou DH (Post-graduate Education) d Hoo Ki boo gdm 2 bdc hoc. Id bdc hoc thqc sT, de nhdn bidng thqc sT khoo hqc hoy xd hqi nhdn vdn (Master of Science, or of Aris) vd tien sT (Doctor of Philosophy, or of Aris). De ed duqc bdng thqc sT, cdc cii nhdn cdn hoc vd ldm nghien cuu trong 1 -2 ndm hode nhieu hon. Tie'n sT Id bdc ddo tqo hdn ldm coo nhd't d Hoo Ki. De cd duqc bdng cdp ndy, ngudi hoc edn mdt sd ndm khdng xdc djnh de hodn thdnh mdt nghien cuu mdi vd ed tinh sang tqo, ddp ling yeu cdu ciio bdc ddo tqo.
Cho diem vd ddnh gid hoc tdp ciio hqc sinh, bao gdm cd SV DH vd sou DH d Hoo Ki, thdng
Tap ehi Giao due so 2 2 3 (ki i -10/2009)
t h u d n g d u q c x e p theo 6 bdc n h u sou: A . Loqi x u d t sdc, khi n g u d i hoc d q t tren 9 0 % yeu cdu m d n hqc; B. Loqi g i d i , tren 8 0 % ; C. Loqi k h d , tren 7 0 % ; v d D. Loqi trung b i n h , d q t tren 6 0 % ; E. Loqi khdng d q t , tren 5 0 % ; F. K h d n g d q t , d u d i 5 0 % . T h u d n g t h u d n g d Hoo K i , khi n g u d i hoc d q t die'm t u miic C t r d len, n g h l o Id tren 7 0 % , thi m d i d q t yeu c d u v d q u a d u q e m d n hqc. D d i v d i mdi d i e m m d n hqc, g i d o su c d the cho them d d u c d n g «+"
h a y t r u « - " sou d i e m mdn hqc, de p h d n biet r d h o n miic d o d q t yeu c d u eua m d n hqc, t u o n g u n g c o o h o y t h d p . Dieu khde biet so v d i d Viet N a m I d , SV Hoo Ki chi d u q c biet d i e m so c i i a minh m d khdng biet d i e m ciia n h i / n g n g u d i khde.
K h d o sdt ndm 2 0 0 5 eho thdy, luong trung binh eiia nhdng n g u d i cd b d n g d D H Hoo Ki thudng td tren 5 1 . 0 0 0 USD MT 1 n d m , cao hon muc thu nhdp binh q u d n tren todn qude ciio nhdng n g u d i ehua q u a D H , chi c d thu nhdp khodng 2 3 . 0 0 0 USD.
2 . H o p tdc g i d o d y e D H V i e t N a m v d H o a Ki Viet N a m v d Hoa Ki d d binh t h u d n g h d o q u a n he n g o q i g i a o tii ndm 1 9 9 5 . Tu d d h q p tdc g i d o dye vd d d o tqo gida hai nudc d d ed nhieu budc phdt trien. Tuy nhien, hqp tdc d miic d o nhd nudc cdn chuo nhieu. Hqp tdc g i d o dye d d o tqo chu ye'u tdp trung d khu vuc phi chinh phii, cdc trudng D H vd vien nghien ciiu. Bd GD-OT d d cd hqp tdc vdi Vien Khdo thi G i d o dye Hoa Ki (ETS), Vien Hdn ldm qudc gia Hoo Ki (NA) v d mot sd trudng D H CIJO Hoa Ki, n h u D H Houston, D H Texas Tech, DH Bang Califonio (CSU)... M d t sd trudng DH Viet N a m d d ki thdo thudn hqp tdc vdi mdt so trudng D H Hoo K i ; n h u D H Bdch khoo Hd N d i hqp tdc vdi trudng DH Troy vd trudng D H Northcenfral, D H Kinh te qudc d d n vdi OH Califonio, D H Hd N d i vdi D H Hav/oii, D H Hue vdi D H V i r g i n i a , D H D d N d n g vdi OH Washington...
Cdc mdi quan he hqp tdc v d cdc ndi dung hqp tdc ehu yeu ve tTnh vuc trao d d i thdng tin khoo hoc, SV, g i d o vien v d cdc nhd khoa hqc g i u a hai ben.
* Khoa Sinh KTNN - Tnrdng DHSP Ha Npi
s d lieu cua Oe dn 322 ve ddo tqo cdn bd khoo hqc, kl thudt tqi nudc ngodi bdng ngdn sdch eiia Chinh phii Viet Nam, tii ndm 2000 den 2008, d u dn dd cdp hqc bdng cho 421 (100%) du hqc sinh Viet Nam, di hqc tdp vd nghien cuu tqi 70 trudng DH ciio Hoa Ki. Cdc hoc ladng ndy boo gdm, 137 hoc bdng gidnh cho ddo tqo bdc hen sT vd ehiem khodng 32,5%; 181 cho ddo tqo thqc sT, khodng 43%; 43 cho ddo tqo DH, 10,2%, vd 60 Id ddo tqo vd nghien cuu theo chuyen de, chiem 14,3%. Ke hoqch cho ndm 2009 du dn se cdp 75 (100%) hqc bdng eho du hqc sinh Viet Nam di ddo tqo tqi Hoa Ki. NhCrng hqc bdng ndy phdn t>d eho 4 0 iing vien bde ddo tqo hen sT, chiem 53%. Bde ddo tqo thqc sT vd OH deu cd 15 hoc bdng, deu chiem 20%. Chi cd 5 hqc bdng. Id ddnh cho ddo tqo vd nghien eiiu theo chuyen de (khodng 7%). Tu ndm 2 0 0 1 , Thii tudng Chinh phii gioo eho Bq GD-OT tqo chii tri phdi hqp vdi cdc bd, ban, ngdnh lien quon xdy dyng de dn «Thyc hiin Quy gido dye ddnh eho Viet Nam" ciio Hoo Ki (VEF). Myc dich chinh ciia de dn Id, cii cdng ddn Viet Nam di ddo tqo thqc sT, hen sT tqi cdc trudng DH uy hn ciia Hoa Ki vd hep nhdn mdt sd gido su vd nhd khoo hqc uy tin ciio Hoo Ki song gidng dqy tqi mdt sd trudng OH vd vien nghien ciiu cuo Viet Nam. Tinh den ndm 2008, VEF dd cdp 265 hqc bdng cho cdng ddn Viet Nam di hoc tdp vd nghien ciiu tqi hon 60 trudng OH cd uy tin ciia Hoo Ki. Trong dd 94% sd hqc ladng cuo VEF ddnh cho ddo tqo tien sT, sd cdn Iqi ddo tqo thqc sT.
N h u vdy, cd the thdy ngudn kinh phi nhd nudc do Bd GD-OT qudn li, vd ngudn kinh phi eiia de dn VEF cuo Hoa Ki, thuc hien Quy gido dye ddnh eho Viet Nam, dd duqc hudng tdi viec ddo tqo ede ehuyen gia eao cdp, bdc thqc sT vd tien sT.
3. Co hdi vd thdch thiie eho du hoc sinh Viet N a m
Hqp tdc gido dye vd ddo tqo gii/o hoi nudc Viet Nam vd Hoo Ki tdp trung nhieu theo dudng phi chinh phu, nhu ede Td chiic Tinh nguyen chdu A, Vien Anh ngC?, Vien Gido dye qudc te, Trung tdm Odng Tdy Hdi ngd, Quy FORD, Quy Fulbright, Uy ban Khoo hqc Hoa Ki hqp tdc vdi Viet Nam, Vien Phdt frien qudc te Harvard, Hdi ddng ddn sd, Td chiic Mennonite Cenfral Committee (MCC)...; theo mdt so edng h Hoa Ki, nhu Coca-Cola Viet Nam, Procters and Gamble (P&G), Intel, Microsoft, v.v...
Nhdm tuyen duqc nhieu SV tdt vd phu hqp, cdc trudng OH cdng, cung nhu OH tu d Hoo Ki eung cdc trudng cao ddng cdng ddng thudng lien danh cd ehinh sdch cqnh tranh, xdy dung he thdng ddo tqo lien thdng vd edng nhdn chung
chi mdn hqc giCro cdc trudng vdi nhou. Ddng ehij y Id, nhieu trudng OH tqi Hoo Ki, tren eo sd chuong trinh vd sd don vj hqc trinh ciio cdc mdn hqc Clio trudng DH Viet N a m , ed the xem xet vd edng nhdn mien trii mdn hqc, ddi vdi SV Viet Nam song hqc ehuyen tiep OH tqi Hoo Ki. Thdng thudng ddi vdi hqc sinh tdt nghiep phd thdng Clio Cling heu bang, thi cdc trudng DH ciio bong tuyen thdng md khdng quo thi cii. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi mdt so chuyen ngdnh hoc ed yeu cdu cao hoy mang dde trung rieng, d mdt so trudng OH nhd trudng vdn cd mdt so yeu edu ve diem trung binh mdn hqc bde phd thdng hoy cd ki thi rieng, de tuyen chqn SV. Ode biet Id mdt so trudng t u d a n h heng, nhu OH Harvard, Princeton hay Yale, thi viee tuyen chqn vdo hqc Id mdt so cqnh tranh rdt khde nghiet.
Cdc hinh thiie du hqc tu tiic vd ngudn kinh phi hd trq khde thi the ndo? So lieu chinh thiic tii co quan cdp visa ciio Dqi sii qudn Hoa Ki tqi Viet Nam eho biet: trong thdi gion 1 ndm, tu thdng 1 0 / 2 0 0 7 , cho de'n thdng 9 / 2 0 0 8 , Idnh su Hoa Ki tqi Viet Nam dd cdp 9.054 visa cho hqc sinh Viet Nam du hqc tqi Hoo Ki. Sd luqng visa du hqc duqc cdp vdo Hoo Ki so vdi ndm hqc 2006- 2 0 0 7 tdng hon 45,3%. Hien Viet Nam cd h le hoc sinh du hoc d Hoo Ki tdng nhanh nhdt trong nhdm 20 nudc cd luu hqc sinh tqi Hoo Ki. Xetve loqi hinh vd sd luqng du hqc sinh Viet Nam d Hoa Ki ed nhieu diem ddng quon tdm. Du hqc sinh Viet Nam den Hoo Ki, ddng ki vdo hqc cdc trudng coo ddng edng ddng chiem sd luqng chu ye'u. Trong tdng sd visa du hqc md Hao Ki cdp ndm 2008 eho du hqc sinh Viet Nam, cd khodng 70% tdng so luqng Id de cdc em vdo hqc cdc trudng coo ddng cdng ddng. SV du hqc Viet Nam, hien xe'p thii bo trong so SV qude te theo hoc d he thd'ng trudng cao ddng edng ddng Hoc Ki. Xet theo cdc bong vd vung Idnh thd thi California, Texas vd Washington Id 3 bong Hep nhdn nhieu nhd't, chie'm hon mdt niio td'ng sd SV Viet Nam dong theo hqc d Hoo Ki. Ngodi ra, SV Viet Nam chiem sd luqng SV qud'c te coo nhd't d bong West Virginia, vd trong nhdm «Top 10"
SV qude te du hqc ddng nnd't, d cdc bang Arkansas, California, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Washington vd Wyoming.
Hoo Ki, cung nhu nhieu qud'c gio tren the gidi dong trdi quo nhi/ng khiing hodng to Idn vd mang tinh todn edu. Tuy nhien, ddy vdn Id mdt trong nhi/ng qudc gia hiing mqnh hdng ddu the gidi, vdi nen gido dye tien tie'n bdc nhd't. Du hqc DH d
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Tap ehi Giao due so 2 2 3 (ki i . 10/2009)
thdnh h/ng dodn (bao gdm SV nhieu chuyen ngdnh khde vd di xudng trudng thue tdp vdo hqc ki 2 ciia ndm hqc. Cd dodn trudnq hode cym trudng Id cdn bd gidng dqy phy trdcn); - Td't ed nhung SV hodn thdnh duqe nhi/ng dieu kien tien quyet TTSP dqt 2 se to chiic thdnh dodn (hdn hqp) vd true hep xudng trudng thue tdp (khdng ed trudng dodn, cym trudng Id edn bd gidng dqy phy trdch) vd ed su lien he trude eiio phdng Odo tqo; - SV hqc Idp chdt luqng coo eiia cdc khoa khi hodn thdnh dieu kien tien quyet neu tren se td ehiie thdnh dodn (hon hqp) se true tiep ve thue tdp tqi cdc trudng ehuyen ciio cdc hnh (khdng cd trudng dodn + cym trudng td edn bd gidng dqy). Chiing tdi thdy rdng: neu td ehiic eho SV TTSP mdt dqt (d tin ehi) trong phqm vi 2 thdng d trudng thue tdp se thudn Iqi hon Id 2 dgt.
3) Cdn phdi ed nhdn thuc dung ddn ve ren luyen NVSPvd voi trd ciio cdc trudng thue hdnh Clio cdc nhd Idnh dqo trudng DT, trudng thuc hdnh, ban ngdnh ed lien quon, ede thdy, cd gido,...
4) Ddu tu ca sd vdt chdt tdt cho cdc frudng thye hdnh (dde biet cdc trudng thue hdnh thudng xuyen) trong d d : - Trudng su phqm ed SV xudng thuc hdnh edn phdi ed nhCrng kinh phi hd tro de ed'thi xdy dung, muo sdm trong thie't bj edn thie't phye vy cdng tdc ren luyen NVSP; - Trudng thue hdnh ed ke hoqch xdy dung nhOng phdng hqc chd't luang eao (do ndng) de SV ed the thuc ndnh td't vuo ddm bdo gidng dqy td't nhung khdng ldm xdo trdn den Idp hoc (nhu: dd dung dqy hqc, phuang tien kT thudt hien d q i , phdng l<inh edeh li de SV cd the quon sdt, hqc tdp,...); xdy dung nhi/ng khdng gion edn thiet de td ehiic nhi/ng hoqt ddng ngodi g i d .
5) Xdy dyng dgi ngd GV co trinh do ehuyen mdn, NVSP td't, cd y thiic, tinh thdn trdch nhiem coo dd'i vdi su nghiep gido dye, OT the he tre.
d) Cd ehe do, kinh phi bdi dudng phu hgp de ddng vien, giiip d d cho ngudi hudng d d n , ehi dqo cuo trudng thye hdnh.
7) Xdy dyng ngi dung, ehuang frinh, ke hogch fhye hdnh khoa hge, vua ddm bdo chuong trinh khung, viio ed chuong trinh rieng thii nghiem nhdm phdt huy tinh ndng ddng, sdng tqo ren luyen eho SV, bdi dudng eho GV.
8) Cdn xdy dyng mat mgng ludi ede frudng thye hdnh; ddng thdi phdi ki ket nhi/ng hqp ddng ddi hqn vd cd sy phdi hqp ehdt ehe giCro trudng su phqm vdi hudng thyc hdnh frong cdng tdc OT NVSP.
9) Thudng xuyin tdchuc cdc hgi nghj td'ng kit ddnh gid nhCrng mat duqe vd chuo duqc trong edng tdc OT NVSP ciio cdc trudng thue hdnh.
OT theo he thd'ng hn ehi cdng ddi hdi trudng ta phdi tdy «ehd't tuqng OT" ldm hqng - dd Id sii mqng cuo ede trudng DHSP ndi ehung vd OHSP Hd Ndi ndi rieng. De nodn thdnh mye heu dy, edn thudng xuyen ddi mdi ndi dung, chuong frinh OT, phuong phdp gidng dqy; dde biet ddi mdi edng toe OT hWSP;
Idy tnye hdnh, TTSP tdm ea sd cho viee OT GV cd toy nghe coo. Ludn xdy dyng vd coi frong frudng thyc hdnh nhu mdt phdn mdu thjt cuo minh. •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Quyet djnh sd 43/2007/QD-BGD&DT ngay 15/ 8/
2007 V6 viec ban hanh "Quy che' dao tao dai hoc v^
cao dang he chinh quy theo he thdng tin chi".
2. Luat Giao due. NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, H. 2005.
Giao due flai hoc...
(Tiep fheo frang dO)
Hoo Ki Id eo hdi vd thdch thi/c cho hqc sinh Viet Nam. Cd the thdy, coo ddng cdng ddng duqc coi Id cdnh cuo vd budc ddu hen ddy tiem ndng, de du hqc sinh Viet Nam cd the budc vdo cdnh cua ede trudng OH Hoo Ki. Hien Chinh phu cua cd hoi qud'c gio deu ddt viee phdt trien quan he gido dye ddo tqo, nhu nhiem vy uu hen trong md'i bong giao eua hoi nudc.Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Altbach G. P. 2005: Patterns in Higher Education Development, in P.G. Altbach, R. O. Berdahl, and P.J.
Gumport (Eds.). American Higher Education in the Twenty-First Century: Social, Political, and Economic Challenges, (2"" Ed.). Baltimore: HE Johns Hopkins University Press.
2.http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_
in_Higher_education:KaplanG., 2001: Preliminary Results from the 2001 Survey on Higher Education Governance.
3. http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/pas.html.
4. HE Vietnam & Open Door 2008 Press Release.
5. Mika Iga, 2002: International Trade in education Services Under the World Trade Organization, Stanford University Press, 1-120 pp.
6. The Scientist, V. 19, N. 17, Sept. 12, 2005.
7. Vu Quang Manh. Mdtsdmd hinh dgi hge a Hoa fCi vd Hdn Qude vd de xud't phdt trien trudmg DH su phgm Hd Ngi - Ki ye'u Hoi thao khoa hoc 60 nim nganh Su pham Viet Nam, B6 GD- DT- Trudng DHSP HaNoi, 96-io 1.2006.
8. Wikipedia; www.educationusa.state.gov.
9. www.educationusa.state.gov: U.S. State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
10. www.iievn.org/userfiles/image/pdf: Vied/
Project 322.
