ITRJCJNG DAI Hpc QUOC IE HONG BANG
TUC THd CUNG TO TIEN NGU'CH KHMER KIEN GIANG KHMER KIEN GLiNG S ANCESTOR WORSHIP RITES
DANH LOI C' T O M T A T
Bdi nghien cuu nay bude ddu tim hieu tyc thd ding dng bd td tiin cua ngudi Khmer vd nhdn dang diht trinh nghi thirc thd cung td tien cua ngudi Khrner Kiin Giang gdm, quan niem ve td tien cua ngudi Khmer, le cdng dng bd tgi chiia. li ciing dng bd tgi nhd.
Qua qud trinh tiip xuc vdn hda vdi ngudi Viet, ngudi Khmer da biet td chuc le gid dng bd vdo ngdy dng bd mat vd ldm bdn thd dng bd td tiin trong nhd..., Duac thuc hien theo phuong phdp mieu td vd so sdnh vdi tue thd cung td tiin cua ngudi Viet.
Tic khda: Tue thd cdng. td tien. Khmer Kiin Giang.
A B S T R A C T
This research initially comes to study the worshipping the ancestor of Khmer and identifiy the performance of ancestor worship procedures of Khmer Kien Giang, it contains Khmer's perception about ancestors, deceased grandparents worship performance in the pagoda, deceased grandparents worship performance at home.
By getting contacted with Vietnamese culture, the Khmer had known to organize the anniversary of deceased grandparents on the their deceased date and make the altar for ancestors at home.... Performed by descriptive method in comparison with the
Vietnamese s ancestor worship rites.
Keywords: Worship rite, ancestors. Khmer Kien Giang.
Tue thd Cling dng ba td tien da trd thanh mdt tap tue truyen thdng lau ddi cua mdt sd edng ddng cae dan tdc Yiet Nam. Qua qua trinh giao luu van hda, tue thd Cling dng bd td tien ciia ngudi \^et cd anh hudng den tue thd ciing dng bd eua ngudi Khmer d Kien Giang.
L Q u a n ni^m ve ong b ^ (Bdn Ta) to tien cua ngiidi K h m e r Kien Giang
/ . / . Ong bd to tien Id ai?
Ngudi Khmer goi dng ba Id "Ddi Ta".
"Ddi" ed nghia la bd; "Ta" ed nghia Id dng. Hp quan niem Ddi Ta la nhung ngudi trong gia dinh, Chua Bua (ddng hp), td tien, tien nhan, nhimg ngudi da khudt,...
nd gidng vdi khdi niem td tien cua ngudi Vi?t. Ngudi Khmer cdn cd khdi niem Piip Pak Ka Rdy Chon, Pup Pak Bd Rds (nghia Id td tien) nhung hp thudng dung tii "Ddi Ta" nhieu hon.
Chung tdi cd cudc phdng vdn dng Ldc Slip, 67 tudi. ngy tai khu phd 3, phudng
Phdo Dai, thi xa Hd Tien, tinh Kien Giang, Ong Ldc Slip cho rdng tue thd cung dng ba td tien ciia ngudi Khmer Id "thd cung dng bd cha me minh dd qud vang". Ciing nhu dng Ldc Slip, dng A Cha Wat Danh Ngpe Lgi, 37 tudi, d dp Sdu Trudng, xa Ngpe Thanh, huyen Gidng R i ^ g , tinh Kien Giang eho rang "la nhung ngudi da qud vang. cd quan he huyit thdng bdy ddi...". Nhu vdy dng bd, td tien ciia ngudi Khmer ehinh la "Ddi Ta", nhung ngudi trong gia dmh, ddng ho, td tien, tien nhdn da khuat,...
Ong bd la nhung ngudi sinh ra ede the be sau ndy, bdi mdi quan he ciing huyet thdng nen cd su tiiuong yeu, dum bpc, cham sdc eho nhau,.... Hp thudng chi day nhimg dieu hay le phdi eung nhu nhihig kinh nghiem sdng hang ngdy eho eon chdu.
Cdn con chau ludn kinh trpng, nghe Idi, cham sdc sue khde vd bilt on dng bd,....
I SO 03-THANG 9/2015 (•) HVCH, Trucmg Dai hpc Tri Vinh
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT H6NG BANG 1.2. Vi sao phdi thd cdng ong bd?
Trong quan niem cua ngudi Khmer ve con ngudi ed hai phdn: The xae va linh hon, kbi sdng the xac vd linh bdn nd gan ket vdi nhau, khi chet di the xac bi phdn hiiy cdn linh bdn thi nd tiep tyc sdng, ti6p tue tdn t£ii. Vi the, linh bdn eung cd nhihig nhu cau ve sy ciing le, can cd nhihig hdnh dpng tdn kinh va mdi quan he giiia dng ba td tien vdi eon cdi nd vdn duac duy tri nhu hdi edn sdng. Khi dng bd mdt di con chau phai td chuc 16 cung dng bd td tien de cdu mong dng bd td tien giiip do cho con chau trong cupe sdng, giiip dd ve sue khde, kinh te, giup do lam an,... de the hien dao diic "udng nude nhd ngudn" ddi vdi dng ba td tien.
Chung tdi cd cupe phdng van dng Danh Vuong 70 tudi, xd Thdi Quan, huyen Go Quao, Kien Giang vao ngdy 12 thdng 9 nam 2014, dng Danh Vuong cho rang: Vi day la tue li dng bd, cha me, ngudi Idn tudi, A Cha.... di lgi vd day cdng la tap tyc truyen thdng.
Chung tdi tiSp tyc ed cupe phdng vdn dng Thach Ddng, ngy tai sd 650, Ldm Quang Ki, thanh phd Raeb Gia, tinh Kien Giang vdo ngay 16 thdng 9 nam 2014, dng Thach Ddng cho rdng: Be tudng nhd, nhd cm dng bd cha me da qud vdng. vi bi benh mdi ldm, ldm cho hit b?nh, li cung diin ra hdng ndm nin phdi ldm.
Ngudi Vi?t cung nhu ngudi Khmer dieu eho rdng: Ben canh thi gidi hihi hinh cdn tdn tai mpt thi gidi khdc ciia rfifing luc luong sieu binh thdn bi. Hai thi gidi nay ed quan he chat ehe vdi nhau, eon ngudi khdng thoat khdi mdi quan he nay nen phdi tdm ni?m, eau khdn dl dupe ehe chd bdng nhiing nghi ll vdi nhiing vat tl le dl ta le. Ngudi Viet khdng ehi thd eung dng bd ma hp cdn thd phyng rdt nhieu vi thdn nhu bd Cd, dng Manh (dng Hodng) la nhung ngudi than thich, chet tre, hodc chit vao gid linh thieng.
Ngudi Khmer ciing vay, hp quan niem cd Te V-da (than) hay A Rak gi& nha (A Rak Ph-tes), gitr rupng (A Rak Vel),...
cd nhung Pret, Ap, Bdi Saeh, Th-miip,...
(nga quy, nhung ngudi da khudt) sdng lang thang vat vudng. Dac biet td dng ba cd quan he huyet thdng 7 ddi (Nhet - T I - Ka - Pram - Pi - Son - Dal). Ho tinh tii bdn than minh Id mdt ddi, cha me la mpt ddi, Chi Ddi Chi Ta (dng, bd) Id mdt ddi vd Dey Tudt Ta Tudt (dng cd, ba cd) Id mdt ddi, ba ddi cdn lai Id ddi eon, ddi chau, ddi chau chat cua minh.
Trong van hda ngudi Khmer khdng thd dng ba td tien d nha, hp td chfte cdc nghi le thd cung trong chiia nen trong nhd khdng ed ban thd. Cdn ngudi Viet thi da phan lap ban thd dng ba td tien ngay tai nha minh.
CHITU6TTATU6T (dNG BA Cd) CHI BOL CHI TA
(NQl NGOAI) I M£AU(CHAMg) I
X
A T H - M A ( T C H , EGO) t?iy <lt!\
K 6 L (CON)
I
CHAU (CHAU)
CHAU tuOT (CHAU CHAT)
2. Le cung ong ba tai chiia Trong cdng ddng ngudi Khmer kbi dng ba chet di hp thudng dua tro cdt gui vao Chet Day (thdp cdt) vdi udc nguyen mong sy ehe ehd ddn dat eua due Phdt.
Chiia chiSn ddi vdi ngudi Khmer la noi linh thieng, noi ngudi ddn d&i dd sinh boat tdn giao,... Trong mdi ngdi ehua it nhat ciing ed khodng nam ngdi thdp Idn nhd khde nhau. Ngdi thdp ed quy md Idn
S6 03 - T H A N G 9/2015 E Q
iTRadNG QAI HQC QUOC TE HONG BANG hay nhd edn phy thupe vao vai ve trong xa hdi vd khd ndng tai chinh cua con chau hoac ngudi dd khudt de lai.
Ngudi Khmer d ICien Giang thdng thudng td chuc thd ciing dng ba trong cbija vao dip dien ra cdc ll hdi Idn trong nam nhu ll Chdl Chnam Tbmay, Ddi Ta,... L I vdt thd ciing thudng la mdt mdm com, mdt thiing gdm hdnh trai, gao, tra, trdu cau, mpt bd nhang va cap den edy,....
rdi den ehd thap cdt noi thd dng ba Idy hu cot dng bd, ngudi thdn da mat bay ra tren chieu ho^c tdm ga, hp lay mdt dng chi trang cho con chau truyen tay nhau edm sai chi trdng, keo qudn Idy mpt vdng hu cdt dng ba dupe dat truoc mat vd de dng ehi tren ehiee chieu hodc ga chudn bi danh cho cac vi su ngdi. Kbi ngdi, thanh vien Id ngudi than trong gia dinh khdng nhat thiet phai ngdi truoc hay ngdi sau nhung neu noi dd cd dng A Cha tham dy thi A Cha phai ngdi trude hodc ngang bdng ngudi dai dien trong gia dinh ddng hp. Sau dd hp eu mdt ngudi d^i dien cho gia dinh thinh (mdi) chu tang (cdc su) den de tyng kinh cdu sieu cho dng ba va tien hanh theo nghi thue hp phdi Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer. Sau ciing A Cha hodc ngudi d^i di?n Idy mpt chen ddu dua cd mpt cdnh bdng nhd lam nghi thvrc Ch-lon Bun (Idy bdng nhiing ddu trong chen rdi quet len tay tung ngudi mpt, hp Idy tay dinh ddu lau len ddu xem nhu cupe ll Bdng S-kdl (le cau sieu) tai ngdi thap cdt ket thiic vien man. Ngdy Chdl Chnam Thmdy eiia ngudi Khmer hp cd the td chuc le Cling dng ba mot Idn nOa trong dip dap nui cdt. Cdn trong dip le Sen Ddi Ta (nhu ll vu lan bao hiiu cua ngudi Vi?t) ddng bdo Phat tu luan phien (Ven) dang dm thyc cho chu tang cdc su d chua de hdi hudng phude bao den dng ba td tien. Thdng thudng mdi chiia chia ra thanh 14 Ven va duac diln ra tu ngay mudi sau den ngay ba muoi thang tdm am lieh hang ndm vd dupe tiin
hdnh theo nghi thue Phdt giao Nam Tdng Khmer.
Trong ngay thudng ngudi Khmer hp chi lam Bun Da (le ddng phude), Bang S-kdl Ma Ha Ch-hak (dai le cau sieu) hoac dip sau khi hoan thanh hang myc cdng trinh nhu Sa La (Gidng Ehidng, Trai Dudng), Pres Vi He (Chdnb Dien), Sak Mak Nak Kot (Cdi Lieu),... Ngudi Khmer hp nhd A Cha xem ngay va thdng nhdt su try tri chpn ngdy td chuc le Bun Da (ddm phude) Cling dudng trai tang, hdi hudng phude bao cho dng bd cha m? quySn thudc dd qua vdng. CJ Kien Giang biSn nay cdn ed hinh thuc Da Bong Em (le ndy td chuc Cling tuong ty nhu le Bun Da vua neu nhung chi khdc la cac dm thyc phdm deu Id do ngpt gdm hoa qua, che ). Thdtra ll Da Bong Em ciing chinh Id hinh thirc thd Cling dng bd nhung hoi ddc biet dng bd quyIn thudc dupe thd eiing vao dip nay khi edn sdng hp la ngudi giu bat quan trai gidi (tam gidi theo truyen thdng Phdt gido Nam Tdng) hoac mpt vi su dupe cho la cao tdng nen phdi ciing toan dd ngpt, cd the loai ll ndy cd dnh hudng tii Phat giao Bdc Tdng.
Con chiu di Btag S-UH flrip c ^ Ifi dmTdog Qon, Anh: Danh Ho«ng Anh. 22/W2014.chi«T^Quin.06Qo>o, Kien Giang.
3. Le ciing ong ba tai nhd Khdng chi lam ll Sen Pren (cung com) trong ede dip Chdl Chnam Thmdy (ll tit). Sen Ddi Ta (ll vu lan bdo bilu), Bun Da (dam Phude),... Cho din viec cudi hdi, nh|^ thang nhap tudi (ddy
DTid
03-THANG 9/2015TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHQT H 6 N G BANG
thdng, thdi ndi) ngudi Khmer gpi dng bd to tien la Me Ba va td ehiic thd ciing tai nha. Ngudi Khmer edn thd eiing dng ba d nha khi cd ll tang, kbi bp hoan thanh nhung edng trinh nha cua,... Thua trinh A Rak Ph-tes hodc A Rak Tro Kdl (dng bd trong quyen thudc bdy ddi) trude khi tien hanh bat ky ll hpi nao.
Nhung ngudi tham gia thd eiing dng ba thudng la ngudi Idn tudi, hilt cdu khan,... Khi thd ciing A Rak (dng bd) hp tim nhung ngudi bilt Long hoac Chdl (len hodc nhap) A Rak, bilt go trdng S-kdr A Rak,... Nhung d Kien Giang, ngoai ngudi nha hodc bf nh nhan, nhung ngudi cdn A Rak giup dd thi chi cd khoang nam bay ngudi tham gia hoac nhiing diia tre diing xem xung quanh budi thd ciing dd.
Mam com ciing dog ba [^ nha dng Danh Xem, Anh: Danh Hoang Anh, 22/9/2014, ^ Xuin Binh
^ Li v^t va bdi tri
Ngudi Khmer d KiSn Giang theo truyin thdng trong nhd khdng cd ban thd dng ba td tien, qua qud trinh giao luu vdn hda nen mdt sd ngudi Khmer cd ban thd dng ba td tien d nha nhu ngudi Viet, ngudi Hoa. Bdn thd cua ngudi Khmer rdt don gidn hp ehi bd tri mpt cai khay dupe dat tren ban thd. Phia trude bdn thd, hp cdm d6n edy vd mdt binh huong nhd dl ti|n Cling vdi, lam le. Khi thd ciing, hp chudn bi mdm com gia dmh va trai ehilu tren vdn ngya, hu cdt dng bd ddt tren chieu, bay ra chii yiu Id 7 chen cam va 7 ddi dQa la khdng thi thilu, ed the dd ciing van cd nude ngpt, hanh miit,...
Trong cdng ddng ngudi Khmer, chu tang ludn anh hudng rat Idn trong ddi sdng thudng nhdt ciia ddng bao Khmer nhung vdn cd mpt sd trudng hgp nhat dinh nhu viec thd ciing lien quan den A Rak (dng ba trong ddng hp). Sen Pren (ciing com) trong dip ll Chdl Chnam Thmdy, Ddi Ta, le cudi,.... la ede su se khdng tham gia thd Cling. Ngudi Khmer cho rdng vipc ciing A Rak, Sen Pren Id sy cdu xin,... edn chu truong Phdt gido viec edu xin Id khdng cd ket qua. Thd eung theo hinh thiie Phat gido thi ede su duac phep tham dy.
Ngudi Khmer d Kien Giang den nay vdn cdn thd ciing A Rak, trong tam thiic ngudi Khmer dd xudt hien hinh dnh A Rak tir khi Phdt giao bat ddu du nhap vao cpng ddng ngudi Khmer A Rak khde vdi Neak Ta, Neak Ta Id vi thdn bdo hd eho Phum Srok, cdn A Rak Id mdt dang tbiie dng ba trong ddng hp (A Rak Chua Bua), la vi thdn bdo hd eho ddng hp. Nhiing vi A Rak nay ddi khi dugc ngudi Khmer ciing dinh ky, ngudi ta ciing vao ddu nam (trude kbi mua mua den). Ngudi Khmer hp se Chdl hoac Long A Rak (Chdl ed nghia la nhap bode vdo, Long ed nghia la len) dd la A Rak sii dyng Rub A Rak (xdc ddng) nhu mdt trung gian vd thdng qua ngudi nhap A Rak ho?e ngudi len A Rak diing ky thuat ciia phep hda than trieu ve mdi khi bp mudn cau xin A Rak (thdn, dng bd) giijp dd viec gi, dac biSt la khi trong gia dinh, trong ddng hp ed tai bien, dm dau, dieh benh,...
I CDDg A RA, Anh Tac gu, 01'6'2014, if Sua EMa dudng Cao Thing Khn pbd 4 {dniong \'mb L^i R|ch Gii Kien Giang.
S6 03 - THANG 9/2015 ^ 9
nTRUdNG DAI HQC QUOC TE HONG BANG Thudng trude nha ngudi Khmer cat san, dat cai khay len san (ban thd tam), ho bay nhiing ll vdt ciing nhu Bom Rdng (cai khay), S-la Tho (mdt trai dira khd duac gpt mdt Idp vd mdng ben ngoai, cam ngay giua mdt edy nhang hoac ba edy nhang dupe bd lai, ed kbi ngudi ta xd them ba vdng S-la Chip M-lu Chip), Bai Sdi (thudng ldm bang than edy chudi non to bdng bdp tay, hoac bang khuc edy vd trang tri cung gdn gidng vdi S-la Tho nhung cd the lam thanh ba tang, nam tang, bay tdng, chin tdng), S-la Chip, M-lu Chip (ndm la trdu vd nam mieng cau cudn lai xda tam tre thanh 5 cap),... va dung cu de dyng vat eiing gpi Id Pe ldm bdng be chudi hinh d vudng dung nan tre ghim cho dinh lai va Idt day bdng be chudi. Tiiy theo loai A Rak ma ngudi ta sdm cac ll vat khac nhau. Le ndy keo dai tii 5 gid ehilu den 7 ho§e 8 gid tdi mdi chdm dut, niu trong
nha ed ngudi benh dot xuat thi hp td ehiic Id keo dai chiing mdt budi. A Rak Chua Bua (thudng la phu nii, la ddu an mdu he, ta thdy tu DdlTa cd nghia la dng ba nhung khi theo trat tu tir trong tieng Khmer thi phdi dich la ba dng) dugc ngudi Khmer thd Cling gidng nhu thd ciing dng bd td tien ciia ngudi Viet.
Nhu vdy tue thd ciing dng ba td tien cila ngudi Khmer d Kien Giang da cd tii lau ddi, ngudi Khmer td chiie thd ciing trong nhieu trudng hpp khde nhau vd hdu nhu bdt ky ll hdi nao ngudi Khmer dilu gdn vdi viee thd ciing dng bd td tiSn. Qua qud trinh tiep xiie van hda vdi ngudi Viet, ngudi Khmer da biet td cbiic le gid dng bd vdo ngay dng ba mat va lam ban thd dng bd td tien trong nha.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1]. Phan An (2009), Ddn Tdc Khmer Nam Bp, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia, Ha Npi.
[2]. Trdn Vdn Binh (chu bien) (2004), Vdn hda cdc ddn tdc Tdy Nam bp - thuc trgng vd nhimg vdn di ddt ra, Nxb Chinh tri Qude gia, Ha Npi.
[3]. Trdn Van Bdn (2002), Phong tue vd nghi li vdng ddi ngudi Khmer Nam Bd, Nxb Dai bpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha N6i.
[4]. Son Phude Hoan (chu bien). Son Ngpc Sang, Danh Sen (2002), Cdc lihpi truyin thong cua ddng bdo Khmer Nam Bd (song ngii), Nxb Gido due, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[5]. Dodn Thanh Nd (2002), Ngudi Khmer dKien Giang, Nxb Van hda Ddn tdc.
[6]. Ddng Thi Kim Oanh (2002), Hdn Nhdn Ciia Ngudi Khmer O Ddng Bdng Sdng Cieu Long, Ludn van thac si khoa hoe lieh su, trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hdi vd Nhdn van Dai hpc Qude gia thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
[7]. Sang Set (2002), Phong tue linghi vd tranh ky tu ddn tdc Khmer Nam Bd, Nxb Van hda Dan tpc.
[8]. Huynh Ngpc Trdng, Van Xuan Chi, Hoan Tiic, Ddng Vii Thi Thdo, Phan Thi Ydn Tuyet (1987), Ngudi Kho-Me tinh Cini Long, Nxb Sd Vdn hda Thdng tin Ciiu Long