NHiN RA T H E Gl(3l
Kinh nghiem cua My va Nhat Ban ve thu hut va phat trien nhan tai
MGdYEN TH! PHCTdNG LAN*
Qud'c gia nao co dddc ngudn nhSn Idc ch§'t Iddng cao, vdi ddi ngu nhSn t^i hiing manh, thi qud'c gia do co dilu ki$n dd' dda dat nddc phat tri^n nhanh, m^nh va b^n vffng. Bdi vSy, kinh nghi$m cua My va NhSt Ban trong thu hut va phat tri^n nhSn tai se gtfi y cho Viet Nam nhffng each lam hay trong giai doan hidn nay.
M Y : F H A T T R I E N N H A N TAI T A M D I E M C U A M Q I C H I E N LL/OC
Nhffng thap ky cud'i thd' ky XX, My la ctfdng qud'c sd' mdt the' gidi ve kinh le', quan stf vd ed uy lin chinh tri cao trdn thd' gidi. Cde ehuydn gia My cho rdng, vj tri dpc tdn cua My trong thd ky XXI khdng chi dtfa vdo vu khi bat nhdn, ma quan trpng la nam giff he thd'ng tien le va cdc cdng nghd cao. De hidn thtfc hda nhffng muc tidu nay, My xac dinh tam diem cua ragi chie'n Iffdc Id phdt tridn dpi ngu nhdn tdi. Nffde My da trie'n khai ddng bd cde ehinh sach phdt hidn, ddo tao, stf dung vd ddi ngd nhan tai, dac bidt Id thffc hidn ehinh sach thu hut nhdn tai tidn toan the'gidi vd My Idm vide. Cu the nhff sau:
Ve phdt Men vd tuyin chgn nhdn tdi, ngay tff dau thd ky XX, My da quan tara ddn vide phai hien tre em nang khie'u b^ng each sff dung bp trac nghiem de do chi so' phdt trie'n tri tue (IQ) d hpc sinh. Nffdc My dffa ra nhieu boat ddng "Tim kid'm nhdn tdi khoa hoc"
(Science Talent Search - STS), ti-ong dd, ndi tid'ng la "Tim nhdn tai khoa hpc Westinghouse". Hoat ddng tim nhan tdi eua Westinghouse la mdt sdn chdi rd't tri tue de Iffa chpn nhdn tai, cd cdng hien cho sff nghidp phat trien khoa hoc, ky thualeua nffdc My.
vi ddo lgo vd bdi dffdng, nam 1972, Qud'c hdi My da thdng qua Luat Giao due Dai hpc de nhanh ehdng phdt irien Iffc Iffdng lao dpng cd trinb dd dai hpc va phdt trien nhan ldi. Vide dao tao vd bdi dffdng nhan tdi d My dffdc thffc hidn mdt each cd he thd'ng va dffdc luat hda. Hang
nam, khoan ngdn sach ddnh cho gido due va khoa hpc, cdng nghd khdng ngffng tang. Nhd do. My da cd mpt he thd'ng giao due tidn lien.
Ve sff dung vd ddi ngg. My ddc biet quan tdm dd'n dpi ngii can bp, cdng chffc va can bd khoa hpc. My da sff dung kd't qua hodn thdnh edng vide de thffc hidn chd' dd ddi ngd nhdn Iffc, tff dd, sd cdng ehffc d My deu nd ltfc va tff giac lam vide, dan dd'n kd't qua hoan thdnh edng vide d My hdng ndm dat 98%. My Id qud'c gia thu hut ngudn eha't xam chay ve vdi mffc Iffdng dtfa ra thudc hdng eao nhd't va edc ed hdi ldn nhd't eho cac nhdn ldi hdng dau. Vi du, mtfc Itfdng cho bde sT phSu thudt tai mdt qud'c gia dang phat tndn nhtf Zambia chi vao khoang 1/10 lai bang New Jersey (Ngd Sy Trung, 2013). Vdi each thtfc stf dung ddi ngii cdn bd khoa hoe va cdng chtfc theo nguydn tdc edng khai, chat ehe, minh bach, Iam theo nang ltfc, htfdng theo ke't qua lao ddng, md My dd tao ra ddng Itfe de nhffng ngffdi ldi nang ludn quan tam dd'n vide tieh luy tri thffc, lieh cffc vd chu ddng Idm vide sdng tao nhdm dat ke't qua cao nhd't.
Ve thu hut nhdn tdi. My tim mgi cdch dd thu hut nhan tai tren thd' gidi. Ndm 1989, My thdng qua Bd ludt Canh tranh, nham ehuan bi ngudn nhan Iffc cd trinh dd eao. Trong nhffng nam cud'i the'ky XX vd dau thd' ky XXI, My khuyd'n khich nghidn cffu smh ntfdc ngoai de'n My hpc tdp qua cae eon dtfdng tai trd tff eae quy. Iff ngdn saeh cac hiep hdi, cdc td chffe chinh phu vd phi ehinh phu. Ngodi ra. My cdn cd chinh sdeh khuyd'n khieh cdc nha khoa hpc ed tiinh dp cao sang Ihffc tdp, hdp tdc nghidn etfu khoa hge, dffdng bdnh va tao mpi didu kien thudn Idi eho hp dinh cff tai My. Cdc trffdng dai hpe, cae cd s6 nghien cffti va ca cac doanh nghidp ddu tra Iffdng eao eho cac nha khoa hpc gidi nd'u cd y djnh d Iai My lau dai. Ben canh dd. My cd chinh sdch thu hut, sff dung ngtfdi tai vdi nhieu hinh thffc: trd Itfdng eao, ffu dai ve edc mat: didu kidn lam vide (phdng th! nghidm, trang thid't bi Idm vide hidn dai...), didu kidn di Iai (cap hd chid'u xanh, ra - vao midn thi thtfe...).
vien Hcinh chinh Quoc cjic Email phi.iijngni£ii2508Sgmail com
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NHIM RA THE GlOl
NHAT BAN: TUYEN CHON, CONG PHU VA NGHIEM NGAT!
La mdt ntfdc ngheo tai nguydn, chiu nhieu tham hpa thidn lai vao bde nhd't the gidi, lai kidt que kinh te sau Chid'n tranh the gidi lan thff hai, nhffng nhd chie'n Iffde phdt tiidn da't nffdc dung dan va dp dung cdch thffc quan ly tien tid'n cua eae nffdc phtfdng Tdy, ndn Nhat Bdn da vffdn len trd thdnh ntfdc cd ndn kinh te ldn thff 3 Ihd gidi. De dat dffdc thanh cdng nay, Nhdt Ban da dffa vdo khoa bpc, ky thudt va sffe manh nhan tdi, md nin lang Id phdt trien gido due. Nhat Ban cd each lam rieng tiong vide phdt trid'n dpi ngu tri thtfc bdc cao vd nbdn ldi, vffa tid'p thu kinh nghiem cua cde ntfdc, vffa phdt huy cao nha't nhffng gid tri van hda truyen thd'ng eua dan tde.
Ve phdt hien vd luyin chgn nhdn tdi, Nhdt Ban dd thffc bidn tuydn chpn hpe sinh vdo eac irffdng dai hge, cao dang can cff vao ke'l qua cac ky kiem tra qud'c gia thdng nha't va bat budc ddi vdi mgi thi sinh va ke'l qua hoe tdp d trtfdng phd thdng trung hpc cua tffng hpc sinh.
De ddo tao tdi nang nhff irffdng Dal hpe Tokyo va mpt so'trtfdng dai hoc cd uy tin khac, ihi phai cac sinh vidn irai qua mdi k5' thi rd't nghidm ngdt. Nhu^g sinh vien loai gidi d edc trtfdng dai hoc ed uy tin d Nhat Ban se dtfdc Itfa chpn de bdi dtfdng trd thanh nhffng nhd lanh dao trong tffdng lai.
Nhffng sinh vidn mdi td't nghiep, de dffdc Itfa chpn vao lam vide tai cae cd quan nha ntfde, doanh nghiep, trtfdng hpc va vidn nghien euii deu phai trai qua thi tuyen nham mue dieh kid'm tra ky nang cu the, kie'n thffc can thid't cho cdng viec, kha ndng sap xd'p kd' hoach vd mtfc dp hoan thanh cdng vide, cung nhtf thai dd eua nhdn vidn dd'i vdi nhiem vu dtfdc giao. Nhdt Ban rd't quan tdm tdi tinh than trach nhiem, tich ctfc va tiung thtfc, kha ndng hdp tdc vd tinh ky ludt dd'i vdi mpi vi tri md ngtfdi dff thi dffdc tuydn. Qud tnnh thi dffdc edng bdedng khai, td ehtfc chat che, thdng nhd't, chd'ng gian ldn, dam bao stf cdng bang va ehinh xac cao.
Ve ddo tgo vd boi duang, nam 1872, Nhdt Ban cdng bd'Luat Giao due Qud'c ddn gdm 213 dieu, vdi 3 ddc diem ndi bat: (i) Nha trffdng eho mpi ngtfdi hpe tdp cac kid'n thffc Au, My; (ii) Dao lao con ngtfdi lam giau cho td qud'c va bao ve da't ntfdc; (iu) Xdy dtfng nhieu trffdng hoc, md rdng eac trffdng cao dang, dai hgc va gido due nghe nghidp. Chinh phu Nhat Bdn eoi giao due la edng eu quan trpng nhd'l de truyen tai kid'n thffc vd cdng nghe.
Dong thdi vdi vide phat trie'n gido due va ddo lao ngudn nhan life cd trtnh dp cao, Nhdt Ban cdn quan lam dd'n vide bdi dtfdng nhan tdi, nhd't la ve quan ly. Nhat Ban dang tid'n hanh edng tde ddo tao vd bdi dtfdng quan ehffc nha nffdc theo mdt quy trinh hd't stfc chat ehe, de dao tao can bd can thdi gian thffc hien quy trinh Iffa chpn, ddo tao, bdi dffdng khoang tren 20 nam.
Tff khi phdt hien mpt sinh vidn xua'l sac mdi ra trtfdng cho dd'n khi dtfdc de bat Iam can bp cao cd'p phai trai qua ra't nhieu ca'p, giff nhieu chffc vu khac nhau va di tff cd sd dd'n Trung ffdng. Vdi each Iffa chpn, bdi dffdng va ren luydn nhff vay, hau bd't can bd khoa hoe, quan
Iy deu cd ehuydn mdn vd nghidp vu ra't cao, vffa cd Iy luan, vffa ed thffe lidn ndn Idm viec rat hidu qua.
Ve sff dung vd ddi ngg nhdn tdi, Nhat Ban rat chu trgng dd'n ehinh sdch sff dung ngudn nhdn life, dffdc thd hien d hai nguyen tac cd ban trong Luat Dich vu cdng Qudc gia: nguyen tac ndng life thffc te vd nguydn tae dd'i xff cdng bang. Hai nguydn tae nay dffdc dp dung tiong qua trinh tuyen dung, bd nhiem, thdng chtfc vd bai midn cdng chtfc. Mdt nguyen tac dtfdc dp dung khd phd bid'n d Nhdt Ban Id vide tuyen dung ddi ban dd'i vdi nhffng ngtfdi lam vide trong eac cd quan nhd ntfdc va dd Id cdng chtfc nhd ntfdc, thi phai bid't nhieu vide. Che dp Itfdng edng ehffc d Nhdt Ban dffdc thffc hidn theo ludt phap quy dinh, cdng chffc dffdc ndng Iffdng mdi ndm 1 lan, mffc Iffdng dffde can cff vao chl phi sinh boat thtfc td', ttfdng dtfdng vdi mffc Iffdng trong khu vffc san xud't, kinh doanh Iff nhan, cung mdt sd' yen td khdc cd anh htfdng de'n ddi sdng ctfa edng chffc.
Nhai Ban thtfe hidn cbinh sdch eanh tianh ngtfdi tdi chia yeu d bae dai hpe.
Vi thu hut nhdn tdi, Nhat Ban dang thtfc hien muc tieu thu hut nhdn tai tff nffdc ngoai. Nhdt Ban tang sd hge bong de diu hut cdn bd tre cd tridn vpng d nhieu nffdc tien the gidi sang dao tao thac sT vd tidn sT, ed chinh sdeh ffu dai ve Iffdng va dieu kien Idm vide, tham ehi ea nhffiig chd dd dd'i vdi vd (chdng) con, de Ihu hiit sd cdn bd khoa hoc gidi sau khi dao tao d lai Nhdt Ban lam vide. Trong ehinh sdch tidp nhan Iffu hpc sinh nffdc ngoai, Nhat Ban dp dung bien phdp xue tid'n cdi each cd ca'u dai hpc, coi trgng nang cao chd't Iffdng, tang ctfdng sffc eanh tianh qud'e td', eai thien cdc chinh sdch va the che de thfch hdp rpng nii vdi luu hgc sinh nffdc ngoai; tang ctfdng sff giup dd cua Chinh phu va cde doanh nghidp dd'i vdi Iffu hpc sinh.
M O T s d GCfl Y CHO VIET NAM
Trong thdi gian qua, nhidu linh, thanh phd trong ca nffdc da dffa ra nhieu ehinh sach thu hut nhdn tai, bdng cdc hinh thtfc, nhff: tra Iffdng cao, thi tuydn ehffc danh lanh dao cdng khai... Dien hinh nhff: Nam 2014, TP. Hd Chi Minh thu hut edc chuydn gia trong linh vtfc khoa hpe, cdng nghe vdi mffc Itfdng hang thang ldn tdi 150 tiieu ddng va nhdn dtfde nhidu che dp tfu dai ve di Iai, phu ca'p... (Minh Ngdn, 2014).
Hay nhtf Bd Giao thdng Van lai cung da
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Ihffc hien Dd an thi diem thi tuyen chffc danh cd'p trffdng ddi vdi mdt sd cd quan, ddn vi trtfc thupe. Dd'n cud'i nam 2014, Bd da chgn dtfde edc lanh dao ehu chd't, nhtf:
Tdng Cue tiifdng Tdng cue Dtfdng bp Viet Nara, Vu trffdng Vu An toan giao thdng, Vu trffdng Vu Quan Iy doanh nghidp.. Sau khi tiung luydn, cac ldnh dao ndy dang the hidn dffde pham cha't, ndng life, tao ddt pha cho cac ddn vi minh phu trach, tao hidu ihig tich cffc trong toan ngdnh.
Thffe ra, vide ddi ngd cao de thu htfl ngffdi tdi, ngffdi gioi khdng phai bdy gid mdi ed, md da cd mdt giai doan, cdc tinh, thanh phd da "trai tham do mdi goi nhdn ldi". Thd' nhffng, cho den nay, kd't qud vdn chffa dat dtfde bao nhidu. Khdng phai ngtfdi tdi khdng ve theo ldi mdi gpi. Hp da ve, nhtfng rdi lai ldng Id ra di vl radi tiffdng ldm vide khdng phu hdp (Minh Ngdn, 2014). Vdi ngtfdi tdi gidi, ehe' dp dai ngd Id quan tipng vi dd la mdt each dd khang dinh vi thd'. Id thtfdc do gid tri ed nhan hp. Nhffng quan trpng hdn ea la tdi nang eua hp cd dieu kien, mdi Irffdng dd bde Id, phat huy vd tda sdng.
Bdi vay, dffa tren thffc te' tai Viet Nam vd qua kinh nghidm cua My vd Nhdt Bdn ve chinh sdeh thu hut, sff dung va dai ngd nhan tai, de nhan tai Ihffc sff phdt huy dffdc vai tid quan tipng cua minh dd'i vdi stf phdt tiien kinh td' - xa hgi ciaa Viet Nam, thi vide xay dffng va thffe Men cbinh sdch phat tiien nhan tdi cin ed nhffng giai phap mang tinh tdng hdp vd toan dien cde khdu tiong quy trinh phai trien nhdn tdi. Cu the:
Thff nhdty dam bao cdc didu kidn xay dffng va thffe thi ehinh sdch phai hien, bdi dtfdng, va sff dung nhan lai. Bai hoc kinh nghiem cua My va Nhat Ban cho thd'y, edc qude gia phdt tridn deu chu trpng thu hilt nhdn tdi tff khi cdn la hpc sinh phd tiidng. Do dd, Vidt Nam can tao cd chd' cdng bang va thuan ldi de mpi lai nang tre deu cd cd hdi phai trien thudn ldi; tang
effdng quan ly nhd nffdc ve edng tdc dao lao, bdi dffdng tdl ndng tie (xdy dffng he thd'ng chinh sdch tai nang tre, lao khung phap ly de dffa cdng tdc qudn Iy nha ntfdc ve van de nay ngdy cang hieu qua). Nghien ctfu ddi radi quy trinh phat hien, luydn chpn va bdi dtfdng bpc sinh ndng khie'u d dd ludi trtfdc khi btfdc vao trffdng dai hpc, tao ngudn lai ndng tie cho da't ntfde. Phdt tridn mang Itfdi eae irtfdng, Idp bdi dtfdng ndng khid'u bdc phd thdng, ddc bidt la cdc trtfdng trung hpc phd thdng ehuyen 6 edc dia phffdng vd d mdt sd'trffdng dai hpe ed uy tin, chd't Iffdng.
Tid'p tuc ddi radi npi dung chtfdng tnnh va phtfdng phdp ddo tao cung nhtf eac ehd' dp, ciiinh sdeh ddi vdi cdc loai trtfdng, ldp nay. Kd't hdp chat ehe giffa phdt hidn, bdi dtfdng, sff dung va dai ngd nbdn tai.
Thff hai, day manh hdp tdc qud'c td' trong dao lao, thu htft vd stf dung nhan lai thdng qua nhilu phffdng thffc khdc nhau, nhtf: ctf ngtfdi ra ntfdc ngoai dao tao hoac dao lao lai; mdi chuyen gia ntfdc ngoai tham gia dao tao hodc dao tao lai d Viet Nam; thu hut vd sff dung nhdn tai la ngtfdi Viet Nam d ntfdc ngoai thdng qua cdc dtf dn phdt tridn ciia Viet Nam. Can ed nhtfng Lfu dai ve dieu kien lam vide, didu kidn sinh boat, di lai... nhff kinh nghidm d My, de giff chdn ngffdi lai d lai.
Thff ba, phat hien vd thu hiil nhan tai phu bdp vdi tffng linh vtfc vd dieu kidn eua mdi td ehffc, cd quan, ddn vi, dia phffdng. Cdc dja phffdng can can ctf vao nhidm vu cu the va nhu clu phdt trien kinh td' - xd hpi dd cd kd' hoach tuydn ngtfdi vdo cdc cd quan, ddn vi khac nhau ngay iff dau ky; ky hdp ddng idm vide vdi nhffng ngtfdi cd ndng Iffc thffc sff.
Thff tu, Iffdng cdng chffc tai Viel Nam hidn nay edn rd't thd'p, cd sff chdnh Idch giffa khu vffc nhd ntfde va khu vtfc dan doanh, ndn da cd nhieu can bd edng ehffc nghi vide dd chuyen ra mdi trffdng tff nban. Tff kinh nghidm cua Nhdl Ban, Viet Nam can xdy dffng chd'dp Itfdng edng chffc linh boat, can eff vao chi phf smh boat thffc td' dd ngffdi Iam vide ed mffc sd'ng td't hdn, ddng thdi, phu hdp vdi cha't Iffdng, hidu qua cdng viec nham khuye'n khich va giff chdn ngffdi tdi.
Thff ndm, ben canh cam kd't ve mffc Iffdng bdng, chd' do ddi ngd, can ed nhffng cam kdt nha't dmh ve radi trffdng Iam vide dd ngffdi tdi tin tffdng tim den. Biet dai ngffdi tai khdng thdi chtfa du, md ein tao niem tin d ndi hp. Nhffng ngffdi lai ngoai thu nhap, nhu eau dffde cd'ng hidn, dffdc tdn trpng va dffdc vinh danh la rat Idn.Q
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Nhidm Ngan Than (2012). Phdt Men vd sff dung nhdn tdi, Nxb Chinh tri qud'e gia Ha Ndi 2. Harvard Business School (2006). Tuyen dung vd ddi ngd ngffdi tdi - Cam nang kinh doanh Harvard, Nxb Tdng hdp TP. Ho Chi Minh
3. Ngd Sy Trung (2013). Chinh sdch thu hut vd sff dung nhan tai cua mdt sd qudc gia trdn the gidi vd bai hpc kinh nghidm dd'i vdi Vidt Nam, Tgp chi Lao ddng vd Xd hdi. sd 449, ti-ang 24-25
4. Phan Huy Dtfdng (2013). Chinh sdch thu hut nhan lai nffdc ngoai cua Singapore va tham khao dd'i vdi VietNam, Tgp chi Kinh ti vd Du bdo, sd' 1/2013
5. Minh Ngan (2014). Thu hut vd sU dung nhdn ldi, truy cap tff http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/vi- vn/61/43/cung-ban-luan/thu-hut-va-su-dung-nhan-tai/334863.html
