Kinh nghiem phat trien du lich cua mot so quoc gia thanh vien AEC va bai hoc cho Viet Nam
LeXu&iHoki
Phong Tai nguy6n va MOi truang quan Ha Bong, Ha Noi
Du lieh la mdt tiong nhung nginh kinh t l cd ddng gdp quan trpng trong long GDP cfla Viet Nam, phil triln du lich trd thanh mdt trong nhflng nhidm vu hpng tim efla nha nudc tiong ehiln lupc phit triln kinh td xa hpi giai dogn ldi. Bii vilt phan tieh kinh nghidm phit triln du Ijch cfla mpt sd qudc gia nhu Thii Lan, Singapore, Malaysia... tu dd dd xuit mdt sd bai hpc ddi vdi nginh du lich Viet Nam.
1. Mo dau
Khi thd gidi ngay cang phit trien, nhu eiu efla eon ngudi ngay cing tang, thi du Iich- nganh dieh vu vdi mue dieh phue vu nhu cau cua con ngudi ngay eing phit tridn. Du ljch ddng vai trd ngiy cing quan trpng trong nen kinh t l efla nhilu qude gia. Tai Viet Nam, du ljch duoe xie djnh trd thanh nganh kinh t l "mfli nhpn" cfla e i nudc. Du Ijch Vidt Nam mac du dang ngiy cang phit triln, song van ehua tan dyng hit tiim nang, ehua thd trd thanh thi tmdng du Ijch hang dau.
Do vay, viec hgc tip kinh nghidm phat triln du lieh qudc t l cfla mdt sd thi Irudng du lieh tren thi gidi, dgc bi|t la thi trudng du lich cie nudc Ddng Nam A- nhung dit nude cd diiu kidn phit triln du ljch ed nhilu ndt tuong ddng vdi Vidt Nam Ii nhiem vy cin thidt ddi vdi du ljch Vidt Nam,
Thai Lan cd nganh du lich phit triln mgnh a Chau A, va la qudc gia hien ed trinh dd phat triln eao nhit trong khu vyc ASEAN. Nam 2017, tiieo ghi nhan cfla td ehfle du lieh thd gidi UNWTO, Thii Lan Ii nudc thu 9 trong danh sich 10 qude gia cd lupng khieh ddng nhit thi gidi vdi sd khieh du ljch 32.6 tridu ngudi.
"^ung trong danh sach nay, Malaysia Ii nude thu 10 trong danh sach 10 qudc gia cd lupng khich ddng nhit thi gidi (trong danh sich ehi ed 2 qudc gia Ddng Nam A l i Malaysia v i Thii Lan) vdi sd khieh du Ijch 26.8 tridu ngudi.
Nhflng nam gin diy, Singapore duy tri vi the la nude cd nginh du Ijch phit triln cao thfl 3 trong khu vyc AEC.Vidt Nam cd sd khaeh du ljch qudc t l dflng thu 5 trong khu vuc Moi qude gia tren cd nhung dieu kien eo ban khae nhau d l phat triln du tieh, chiln lupc mdi qude gia lya ehpn de phat triln du heh cung khic nhau. Thuc le cho thiy rit nhidu ehiln luoe tiong sd dd d i thinh edng, thi hien hidu qui ro rdt.
Dd la nhflng kinh nghiem quy b i u ddi vdi phat triln du lich cfla Vidt Nam.
2. Kinh nghiem phat trien du ijch qudc te cua cac nirdc
2.1. Quan diem cfla chinh phu mdi nuoc v l tam quan trong cua phat triln du lich
Ci Thii Lan, Malaysia va Singapore diu dinh gii cao vai tro cfla nginh du Ijch, eoi phit triln kinh t l du lich la mdt Iinh vyc quan trpng thuc day phit tridn kinh td vflng vi dit nudc. Cic chinh sieh vl kinh t l du hch diu dya tren bdi eanh qudc l l vi trong nude.
Ddi vdi Singapore, Chinh phfl nudc niy eoi trong vide xiy dung chiln lupc, ehinh sach, kd hoach phit triln kinh t l du lieh. Vide hoach dinh, xiy dung ehiln lupc vi eie k l hogeh phat triln du Iich phfl hop eho tung giai doan cua dit nude niy la nhi|m vu dupe uu Uen hang diu. Tu nam 1965 d i n nay, Singapore da hogeh djnh ehiln luoc, xay dung 6 kd hoach phal triln du lich khac nhau, do li: "Ke hoach Du ijeh Singapore" (nam 1968), "Ke hoaeh Phat triln du Ijch"
(nam 1986), "Kl hoaeh Phit tridn chien lupc" (nam 1993), "Du ljch 21" (nam 1996), "Du lich 2015" (nam 2005), "Dia gidi du lich 2020" (nam 2012).
2.2. Lap chuong trinh xuc tiln, quang b i du lieh Vide thyc hidn ehidn lupc xuc tiln, quing b i thuang hieu didm den cua Malaysia, Singapore vi Thii Lan ludn dupe xay dung, td ehfle edng phu, kjch bin ehat chd va khoa hoe. Cac ehuong trinh xuc tiln, quing ba du ljch rit i n tupng, dupe thiet k l thudng xuydn, mang tinh thdng nhit cao vi rit die trung. Nhd edng tic xuc tiln, quang ba eo chit luong, sy phit triln cua kinh t l du lich duoc thflc diy, giflp kinh te du hch phat tridn nang ddng vi ngiy cing ddng gdp nhilu hon eho tang trudng kinh td cfla dit nudc. Ben cgnh dd, eic qudc gia diu diy mgnh xay dyng nhilu vin phong dgi didn ca trong v i ngoii nudc nhim tich cue xflc tiln, quing ba du ljch. Tdng eye du Ijeh Thii Lan hien da xiy dyng 27 van phdng dgi didn d nudc ngoai: ehiu Au- 6 van phdng, chau A- 18 van phdng.
NH Tt C H A U f
43
NGHIEN CUU
chau My- 2 van phong, ehiu Dgi Ducmg-1 van phdng.
Cic van phdng dai diln la cdng eu hilu qui dd xflc tiln du lich Thii Lan tai e i c nudc sd tai.
Malaysig dau tu thyc hien eie video quing b i hing nim, phit tien nhieu phuong tien tmyln tbdng khip lhl gidi, thu hut su chfl y eflg nhilu nguoi. Ben egnh dd, Malaysia eflng tin dung tdi da su Ian tmyln trdn Intemet v i xa hdi. Website chinh thfle cua nganh du Ijeh Malaysia (tourism.gov.my) dang tai diy dfl thdng tin, binh inh, su kien vi tung hoat ddng cua nganh du lich cfla Malaysia vdi phuong thfle tmyln tii hip din v i sdng ddng.
Singapore thi day mgnh vide xiy dung thuong hieu du Ijeh, sy kien Ueu bleu chinh l i vide hpp nhit quang b i eho cic sy kidn du lich vi kinh t l cua nudc nay vdi mdt thuong hi|u chung: "Singapore — Passion Made Possible" (Singapore - nai dam md trd thanb hidn thye). Thucmg hidu niy nhin mgnh vio tinh hii nghiem efla du khich khi din vdi Singgpore thay vi quang b i cie dilm dd'n nhu trudc, tmyln lii tbdng qua qua e i e video clip ke vd nhflng ciu chuy&n efla nhilu nhin vat da thanh cdng d cac linh vye khic nhau. Die bidt, Singapore dinh hudng tilp tuc sfl dung thuang hidu tmyln Uidng niy tgi nhilu su kidn thudc eic bd nginh khie cfla Singapore.
2.3. Dao tao n h i n luc cho nginh du lich Thii Lan, Singapore va Malaysia d i u dupe dinh gia li nhung tmng tam dao lao vl ngudn nhin luc du lich cfla khu vyc. Dilm ndi bit efla 3 nudc niy so vdi cie nudc khie trong khu vyc thi bidn d dpi ngfl nhan Iyc du Ijeh chat lupng dupe d i o tgo bai bin, chuyen nghiep, ed kidn thflc va trinh dp chuyen mdn, dac bidt la khi nang ngoai ngu. Bdi dudng, sfl dung nhan lyc du Ijch d l xay dung va phil triln nhan lyc cho kinh td du lieh d i u nim trong nhdm nhidm vy trpng tam.
Nhung uu Uen hang diu trong ehiln lupc d i o tao Ii nham xay dyng dpi ngfl budng din vien du Heh chuydn nghidp va dpi ngu diiu hanh du lieh.
Thii Lan d i e bidt quan tam den viec d i o tao chuydn mdn cho nhan lue du Ijeh. Cae hudng din vidn du Ijch Thii Lan dupe d i o tgo ngogi ngfl mdt each bai bin. Mdt hudng din vidn ngudi Thai thudng bill 3 ngogi ngfl. Cie dich vu nhu ding ki visa, ve miy bay, thud xe, dang ki khich san duoe phyc vy mdt cich chuyen nghidp. Nam 2003, Thai Lan da thidt lip tmng tam hd tip nhan lye cho du Ijch. Tmng tam ngy hogt dpng nhu mdt tmng tim ho tro ky thugt vi tu vin cho cie don vj hogt ddng tiong nginh vdi mue tidu ting cudng ddng bd chat lupng nganh du Iich Thii Lan.
2.4 Xiy dung v i da dang hda cic s i n phim du Iich Phat huy cie gia tri van hda, tin ngudng vi nhflng ydu td h i p dan khic trong xiy dyng sin phim du ljch la mdt nhin to tao ra sy khic biet trong sin phim du lich cua tung vung, tflng qude gia. Ndu Malaysia vi Thii Lan thinh cdng trong khai thie cac gii trj van
hda, tin ngudng thi Singapore lai tao nen sy bap din ddi vdi du khich bing sy ddc d i o trong khai thie sin phim "dy Ijch xanh". Nhung gii tri tren trd thinh dilm ndi bit trong djnh hudng du lich cfla moi nude. Thanh eong cfla cie qud'c gia trdn thd bidn a chd, cung khai thac phit huy nhflng gii trj tren thi cd nhilu nude lam, nhung khi nhic d i n du lich van hda- tin ngudng, ngudi ta nhic ngay d i n Thai Lan, Malaysia..., hay khi nhic den du lieh xanh- Singapore ngay lap tfle dupe gpi l&n.
Ve sin phim du Iich dac thfl: ba nudc diu quan tam phit triln sin pham du lich dac thfl d l tao loi thi trong canh tranh. Chang ban, sin phim d i e thu cfla Malaysia l i eae sin phim du Ijch mug sim, edng vien giai tri. Id hdi-..; sin phim du heh dac tbu cua Thdi Lan la eac sin phim du lieh mua sim, sinh thai- mgo hiem...; sin phim du Ijch d i e tbu cfla Singapore lidu Ijch xanh, casino...
Ve ehien luoe gii c i : Tbii Lan l i nudc rit thinh edng trong chidn lupe gii c i sin phim du Ijeh. Hp Ihudng td ehfle eac sy kien d l thu hut khich du Ijch vao mflg thap dilm nhu chidn dich "sieu giim gii", giim gii vl miy bay v i cac dich vy mil dit... Diy ih bai hpc quan trpng nhim giam Unh chat mfla vu, kich thich nhu eiu du Iich, ting xuit khiu lgi chd va ning eao hidu qui kinh doanh eho doanh nghidp du ljch thuang mai vi djeh vy, dac biet l i cie co sd luu trfl,
Du heh tai 3 qude gig trdn, du khich ed nhilu lya chpn, tu du Ijch sinh thii, du lieh van hdg, du lich mua sam, hay du ljch ehua benh... Cae chuyin di dupe keo dai hon, ngudi du ljch s i n sang chi tri nhilu hon eho chuyin di vi lyg ehpn se quay lai lin nfla.
2.5 Miln thi thuc cho khach du lich, tao mdi trudng chinh tri 6n dinh, bao d i m an ninh, an toin cho du khach
Thii Lan la mdt trong nhung qudc gia tiln phong hong vide thyc hidn chinh sieh "Biu trdi md", don giin hda thfl tyc visa cho cdng d i n cie nuac vio du ljch Thii Lan. Hidn nay cdng din cfla 57 qude gia vi vflng lanh thd khdng ean visa vao Thii Lan ndu din Thii Lan vdi mue dieh du hch va d lai khdng qui ngay (qua cic san bay quoc tl) hoae 15 ngiy (bang dudng bp) ddi vdi mdi lin viing thim.
Ding ehfl y nhit hong chinh sich nhap einh eua Thai Lan phii ke din "thj thyc thdng minh". Thi thyc thdng minh cho phip eie nha diu tu, ehuydn gia nudc ngoii trinh dp cao, giim dde diiu hinh ed the d lgi nudc niy ddn 4 nam. Nhflng e i nhan dupe eip thj thyc nay se khdng cin xin giay phep Iao ddng va chi ein kha bao vdi co quan di trfl I lan/nam thay vi 90 ngiy/lan nhu hien tai. Hp cd thi ly do rg vio Thai Lan nhilu lin hong 4 nam dd m i khdng can xin lai thj thye mdi.
Mdi trudng chinh tii dn djnh, dit nude an binh, mdi trudng sinh thii trong sgeh Ii diiu kidn 1^ tudng eho vide thu hflt khich du lich. Day li mpt trong nhflng lhl manh efla kinh t l du Ijch a Singapore. Qude gia niy
hidn dupe eoi li mdt trong nhung dilm tham quan an toin nhit thd gidi. Cie bidn phip an ninh dupe thit ehat tiong eie khu vyc quan trpng, nhung noi nhgy eim khie nham d i m b i o eho Singapore vin tiep tuc la diem den an toin trong tuong Igi.
3. Mdt ^d bai hoc cho Viet Nam td kinh nghiem phat trien du ljch cua cac nudc
Vide xie djnh d diy khdng chi tren khiu bleu "du lich la nganh kinh te mfli nhpn" hgy "du ljch li nginh kinh t l trpng dilm"; vi tii cua nganh du ljch thd hidn chinh xie d vide nha nudc diu tu cho du ljch ra sao, eie ehinh sich phit trien du Iich dupe uu Uen nhu the nao.
i) Bmh huong chinh sdch vd nhgn thiic cua toon xd hdi ve phdt trien du lich, tdng cuong lien ket hop tdc trong du lich: Viet Nam ed djnh hudng ehinh sieh tdt, cd quy hogeh bai bin cho tflng vflng mien vd phat Iriln du heh; cd diu tu thda ding cho phat triln du Ijch-dilu dd rit cin va quan trpng, nhung ehua dfl. Du ljch la nginh kinh t l tdng hpp, d l nginh du Ijch "cat einh" va phit triln ein phii ed su quan tam, phdi giua cac nginh, c i c cip tu nhan thfle d i n kinh doanh du Ijeh. Cin phii luyen tmyln vi "phii dua ra nhung y ludng mdi nhim thay doi hinh i n h du Ijeh Vidt Nam trong con mit ban be thi gidi d l hinh thinh nen mpt tiii nghidm du hch thfl vi hon eho du khieh"
Bdn egnh dd, nhi nude cin khuydn khieh eic doanh nghiep du ljch lidn kit tao nen cic lour du hch ndi dii cie vung du lieh hen e i nudc, ting sue thu hflt cho du Ijch.Vide lien kdt gifla cic vung cho phep khai thie nhung lai lhl tucmg ddi vl tii nguydn du ljch, vl hg ting, co sd vit ehit ky thuit vi e i c ngudn Iyc khic d l phal trien kinh t l du lich. Lidn kit dich vy du lieh vdi cic nginh cd lidn quan, ching hgn nhu hang hing khdng d l tao ra nhflng chucmg trinh thu hut du khach, ii) Hodn thiin khudn kho phdp ludt: Trudc het, can hirdng tdi xiy dyng chinh sich luit phip theo hudng
"md cfla", khuyen khich tao diiu kidn cho du khach ddn Vl|t Nam. Cie ehinh sich phip luit phii thfle diy hudng tdi tgo ra mdi Irudng kinh doanh du Ijch Iinh
" anh vi vin minh, thin thidn, d i m b i o an toin tuy|l ddi eho du khieh. Mit khic phii logi tru hoin loin trudng hpp kinh doanh "dp gii, Iam gii" dd'i vdi du khach nudc ngoai. Cd nhu viy, thi trudng du Ijch Viet Nam mdi giu chin dupe du khieh.
Tuy nhidn, sy "md cfla" chinh sieh chi trong khudn kho nhit djnh. Cie du khich nudc ngoii phai tuyet ddi chip hinh luit phip Viet Nam, cin tranh nhilu thinh phan cd y dd xiu vdi Vidt Nam, Igi dung thin phin "du khieh" thyc hien nhflng hanh ddng ed inh hudng xau din Vidt Nam.
iii) Phdt trien sdn phdm du lich vd ndng cao chdt luang dich vu du lich. Viet Nam ein da dang hda eie logi hinh sin phim- djch vy du hch, song song vdi vi|e ning cao ehit lupng djch vy. Du heh Viet Nam hidn
nay edn phu thudc nhilu vao nguon tii nguyin du lieh sin ed, thilu sy sing tao, chim phit tridn eie logi hinh du lich mdi, trong khi nhu eau du Ijeh the gidi dang biln ddi tflng ngiy. Cae djeh vy phy trp con Ihid'u va ylu, chua khai thie hdt tiim nang phat triln efla nginh.
Hidn nay, khich du lich qud'c t l d i n Vidt Nam ehfl ylu vdi nhu ciu co bin l i thgm quan, ngim cinh. Dfl Vidt Nam cd thd mgnh vdi nhflng ky qygn ly nhien, xong ndu khdng ed dieh vy khie di kem, ril khd d l du khach quay Igi nhflng lin tiep theo. Da d i n Iflc Viet Nam cflng phii diu tu, dgc bi|t phii cd chinh sich khuyen khich thu hut c i c nha dau tu nudc ngoii vio d i u tu eic khu du lich vui ehoi giii tri cd, diy mgnh phil triln nhflng logi hinh du Ijch dang li xu budng cfla thi gidi nhu du ljch sinh thii, duhch mao hiem,...
iv) Ddo tao va bdi duang ngudn nhdn li/c: Trong k l hoach tmng han va dii han, cic Bg nginh vi cic tinh tiianh tiong ea nude ein uu tien diu tu dao tgo ngudn nhin Iyc chil lupng cao eho nganh du hch, nhit l i eho cac vflng du lieh trong dilm vi hidn dai hda cdng nghd thdng tin vi tmyln thdng theo hudng
"di tit ddn diu". Cin cd Id trinh, k l hoach boi dudng dao tgo ngudn nhin Iyc mdt eieh bii bin, chuydn nghidp, cd kiln thue vi trinh dd chuyen mdn. Die bidt, kha nang ngoai ngfl can trd thinh mdt dilm nhin quan trgng trong iich trinh d i o lao ngudn nhan luc.
v) Bdy manh xuc tien qudng bd: Be cd lhl thyc hidn thanh cdng cac quy hogeh, k l hogeh phit trien du Ijch, ngoii su hd trp cua nhi nude vl ha tang vi dao tao ngudn nhan lye, can ed sy diu tu thda ding cho cdng tic xuc tiln, quing b i du lich. Cdng tic day mgnh xfle tiln quang b i efla Vidt Nam duoe thue hien khi tdt vdi cie tuin le du ljch Ihudng nidn; tiep thj didn tfl (E-marketing) qua mgng Internet; nhung sy kien du lich qudc l l ldn nhu dai hpi lhl thao qude Id, hdi eho, lidn hoan, ll hdi du Ijch, Didn din hop tic kinh t l chau A - Thii Binh Duong APEC Viit Nam 2017, Dai hdi Thi thao bii bien lin thfl 5 (Beach Games 5), eudc thi vill thu qud'c Id IPU, Id hdi bin phio hoa Da Ning, Festivcd Hui...
Tai lieu tham khao
van Duong (2019), Tinh hinh du Ijch Viet Nam, ca hpi thich thuc trong hpi nhap qudc tl, Vidn Nghien cflu Phat triln Du lieh, Tdng cue Du ljch Vidt Nam,
Netherlands Embassy in Bangkok (2017), Tourism
industry in Thailand, hltps://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2017/06/fact-
sheet-toerisme-in-thailand.pdf.
Development in Malaysia, European Joumal of Business and Management, Vol.6, No-5, 2014.
Urban System Studies (2015), Planning for tourism: creating a vibrant Singapore, Centre for Liveable Cities, Singapore,
