KINH TE ANGOLA: TlT NOI C H I £ N DEN NEN KINH T £ DAU MO
Vu Bd The*
TOM TAT
Angola Id mot ddt nudc gidu tdi nguyen thien nhien. dgc biet Id ddu md. Tuy nhien. phdi den ndm 2002 ddt nuac ndy mdi thodt dugc cdnh ndi chien giua phe chinh phii do Phong trdo Nhdn ddn gidi phdng Angola (MPLA) ddn ddu vdi phe ddi lap. chii yeu la Lien minh ddn toe vi nen ddc lap todn ven Angola (UNITAJ. Trong sudt thai ky' ndi chien cung nhu sau ndm 2002, kinh te Angola phdn ldn dua vdo ngudn tdi nguyen ddu lua vd kim cuong. Bdi viet sau ddy se phdn tich vai trd cua ddu lua vd kim cicang ddi vdt phdt trien kinh te Angola ke cd trong giai doan ndi chien (1975-2002) vd giai dogn hoa binh (sau ndm 2002), ddng gdp tich cue cua ngudn tdi nguyen ndy ddi vdi phdt tnen kinh te Angola vd nhicng he lyy cua nd.
Tic khda: Ddu lua, kim cuong. phdt tnen kinh te. ngheo khd. ndi chien. Angola Nhgn bdi: 20/12/2015; Phdn bien ddnh gid vd sua chua 15/1/2016; Duyet ddng- 20/2/2016.
1. Nen kinh te noi chien
Angola gianh dugc ddc lap tir Bd Dao Nha vao nam 1975, nhung rai vao ndi chien giiia Phong trao nhan dan giai phdng Angola (MPLA) vdi hai phe Lien minh dan tdc vi nen ddc lap toan ven Angola (UNITA) va Mat tran tu do dan tpc Angola (FNLA). Phe MPLA sd hiru ngudn tai nguyen dau md giau cd, va nhan dugc sir ling hp CLia quan dpi Lien xd va Cuba, trong khi do phe UNITA va FNLA sd hilu ngudn tai nguyen kim cuong giau cd, ddng thdi dugc Nam Phi hau thuan. Nam 1979, sau khi T6ng thdng Neto qua ddi, Dos
Tien sT, Hpc vien T^i chfnh
Santos tiep tuc lanh dao dat nudc.
Nam 1988, hiep dinh dugc ky ket giiia Angola. Nam Phi va Cuba dan den viec dinh chien trong viing lanh thd Bac Namibia va Nam Angola. Tir nam 1989. quan dgi Nam Phi va Cuba nit khdi Angola. Nam 1990, Tdng thdng Dos Santos cdng bo sac lenh thiet lap th^ che da dang. Nam 1991. UNiTA va MPLA da ciing nhau ky ket Hiep udc Bicesse vdi y dinh chuyen ddi Angola tir mdt nudc don dang sang che do da dang vdi cac cuoc bau cu dan chii du kien vao nam 1992. Trong cac cuoc bau cir nam 1992. tong thong Dos Santos dan dau sau vdng 1 bd phieu vdi ban 49% sd phieu bau, trong khi Jonas
Tgp cltingliien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Kinh te Angola: TiJ noi chien den..
Savimbi dat 40% sd phieu. Sau nhiing tuyen bo gian lan bau cir. Angola tiep tuc roi vao npi chien. Nam 1994, Hiep udc hoa binh Lusaka giiia chinh phu MPLA vdi phe UNITA da tao ca hgi cho luc lugng UNITA tham gia ddng dao hem trong chinh phu. Nam 1997. chinh phu hgp nhat quoc gia dugc thanh lap, nhung den nam 1998 lai bi giai the do hai ben tiep tuc xung dot.
Cho den ngay 22 thang 2 nam 2002, lanh dao UNITA la Jonas Savimbi bi giet hai, hai ben mdi quyet dinh ngirng ban va UNITA til' bo nhanh vii trang, trd thanh dang doi lap. Angola ket thuc ngi chien vao nam 2002 va bat tay vao cong cuoc tai thiet dat nudc.
Trong thdi ky ndi chien. kinh te Angola chli yen dua vao viec ban cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien. Doanh thu ciia UNITA til' ban kim cuong dat 700 trieu USD trong vong 7 nam (1990-1997) va rieng nam 1998 doanh thu tir ban kim cuong ciia UNITA dat khoang 200 trieu USD.
UNITA sd hu'u phan ldn cac mo kim cuong d Angola, va kim cuong da dem lai tien bac, vu khi va nhien lieu cho UNITA trong suot thdi ky npi chien. Nganh cong nghiep kim cuong cua Angola trong thdi ky nay trai dai tir viing Lunda Sui den tinh Lunda Norte giap bien gidi Zaire. Theo bao cao, tir nam 1992, phan ldn kim cuong cua Angola dupc khai thac va buon ban bSt hop phap tdi Zaire va Antwerp. Kim cuang ciia Angola dugc danh gia la cd chit lupng tot nhat the gidi, viec sd huu cac md kim cuong vo gia da giup UNITA duy tri dugc quyen Iuc kinh te va siic manh quan sir so vdi MPLA.
Ve phia MPLA, doanh thu tir viec ban dau md dat khoang 3,3 ly USD trong ciing
giai doan 1990-199?'. Dhu md thuc sir la ngudn thu quan trpng cua ch6 dp MPLA trong suot thdi ky dau tranh ch6ng lai UNITA. Theo danh gia ciia cac the ch^ tai chinh qudc te nhu Ngan hang Thi gidi (WB) va Quy Tidn te Qudc tl (IMF), khoang 70% lugng dau md san xuat dugc d Angola nam 1998 dugc xuat khau sang My (khoang 760.000 thiing/ngay). Xuat khiu dhu mo cua MPLA giai doan 1993-1998 chiem khoang 87% doanh thu ciia MPLA.
Trong sudt thap nien 1990, Angola la nha cung cap dau md Idn thii 6 ciia My.
Trong eugc ngi chien d Angola keo dai 27 nam, dau mo va kim cuong trd thanh vii khi lgi hai cho cac ben MPLA va UNITA.
Ndi chien giu'a hai ben keo dai 27 nam, khien 1,5 trieu ngudi chet, tren 4 trieu ngudi phai rdi bd nha cua. Cho den nam 2002. ngi chien d Angola mdi cham dut, dem lai thdi ky phat trien on dinh kinh te cho Angola.
2. Nen kinh te dua chu yeu vao dau mo va kim cuong
Nen kinh te Angola, ke ca trong giai doan ngi chien ciing nhu trong giai doan hoa binh, deu dua phan ldn vao dau lira va kim cuong. Trong sd cac qudc gia chau Phi can Sahara, Angola la dat nudc san xuat va xuat khau dau mo ldn nhat, vugt qua ca Nigeria trong thap nien 2000. Thang 1 nam 2007, Angola chinh thirc trd thanh thanh vien ciia OPEC. Diu lua chilm tdi 48,2%
GDP va kim cuong chiem 1,5% GDP nam 2007 cua Angola. Trong nhtrng nam gan day, nhd kinh te bat dau cd su da dang hda, dau lua va kim cuong da giam dan ty trgng trong GDP, nhung dau lua van chiem tdi 29,7% GDP (nam 2014) va kim cuong
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHi & TRUNG DONG so 03(127) thang 3/2016
Kinh te Angola: Tu* ngi chien den...
chiem 2,5% GDP (nam 2014)1 Cac md dau cd tru lugng ldn d Angola la nam d khu \uc Block Zero, cung cap phan ldn lugng dau thd hang nam cho Angola, trong dd md dau Idn nhat ia Takula (khu A).
Numbi (khu A) va Kokongo (khu B). Ve kim cuong. Angola la dat nudc san xuat kim cuang Idn thu 3 chau Phi. mac dii mdi chi khai thac khoang 40% trii lupng hien cd. Do tham nhung. bat dn xa hdi. nen ngudn tai nguyen kim cuong d Angola van khd thu hiit eac nha dau tu nudc ngoai.
Kim cuang phan bd chii yeu d cac tinh Bie, Malanjie. Uige cua Angola.
Nhd dau md va kim cuong. Angola trd thanh mdt trong nhiing nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh chat chau Phi kc tir sau ndi chien. Nam 2004. Ngan hang Eximbank ciia Trung Qudc da ddng \ cho Angola vay 2 ty USD. Khoan tien nay se dugc dimg de tai xay dung ca sd ha tang trong nude, dii nd van bi gidi han do anh hudng tir Quy Tien te Qudc te trong nudc. Tang trudng kinh te cua Angola ke tir sau nam 2002 hau nhu chi dua vao san xuat dau
md- da vugt muc L4 t\ thiing/ngay vao cudi nam 2005, Viec kiem soat nganh cdng nghiep dau khi van dugc tap trung vao tay Sonangol Group, mpt lien doanh cd phan sd hiiu cua chinh phii Angola. An ninh cd dugc nhd nhiing cudc dam phan hda binh nam 2002 da dan tdi viec tai dinh cu cho 4 trieu ngudi phai rdi bd nha cira trudc kia. diin tdi lang truang manh trong san xuat nong nghiep. Vdi nguon ihu tang manh tir xuat khau dau md. chinh phu da bai dau dua ra cac chuang trinh phiit trien day tham vgng trong viec xay dung dudng xa va cac co sd ha tang can ban khac cua quoc gia.
Vao nam 2005, Angola trd thanh nudc san xuat dau md Idn nhat chau Phi. Sau nhieu thap nien lam vao ndi chien, nen cdng nghiep dau md d ngoai khai va cdng nghiep kim cuang trong dat lien dang dem lai doanh thu Idn cho chinh phii. Nam 2015. chinh phu Angola ban dugc 669.1 trieu thiing dau va nganh cdng nghiep dau md dat mire tang trudng binh quan 10.7%/nain trong nam 2015.
Hinh 1: Co" ciu kinh te Angola nam 2007 va 2014 (% GDP)
2 0 0 7
I 6.S
2 0 1 4
K.iin cuorig Dau mo Cong nghiep X£v dmig Xajig luong Dich v-u Khac
Nguon: Laitla Gonxcalves Carvalho (2015), Angola. Economic and Financial Research - BPI.
February
Tgp chi nghien ciiu CHAI PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
vo Ba The Kinh te Angola: Tif noi chien den..
NJn kinh ti chii \eu dira vao dau mo va kim cucmg da gap nhieu bat on va nguy hijm do phu thuoc vao gia ca tren thi trucmg the gioi \a nhiing bat on xa hoi khac. Gia dau the gioi sau thoi gian tang cao kich diem vao nam 2008 (6 mire 147 USD/thiing vao ngay 11/7/2008). dSn din bi sut gia do nhieu yeu to khac nhau, 6 miic 32 USD mpt thimg vao thang 12/2008
\a tiep tuc giao dpng manh trong giai doan
bieu cho tang tradng kinh ti Angola, khi the gioi chiing kien tang tracmg ciia nganh d5u lua Angola dat mire 12,3% nam 2008, sut xuong con mire am 5.1% (2009), am 3% (2010), am 5,6% (2011), phuc h6i a miic 4.3% (2012), 0.9% (2013). ti6p tuc am 3,5% (2014) va dat mire 10,7% (nam 2015). T6C dp tang trucmg GDP cua Angola cung tang giam thuan chieu voi toe dp tang trudng ciia nganh dau lua Angola, cu the nhu sau:
2009-2015. Gia dau tang giam la han thii
Bang 1: Tdc do tang tririrng GDP va nganh dau lira Angola giai doan 2008-2015
(%)
Dau lira Phi dau lira
2008 12,3 14.0
2009 -5.1 8.3
2010 -3,0 7.8
2011 -5,6 9,7
2012 4,3 5,6
2013 0,9 10,9
2014 -3.5 8.2
2015' 10,7 9,2
GDP 13,8 2.4 3.4 3.9 6,8 4,4 9.7
Ngudn. Angola (2015). Ministn of Planning.
Ghi chil. (*). dir hdo
3. Trung Quoc trd thanh doi tac kinh te quan trong nhat d Angola
Sau 27 nam ngi chien dam mau, Angola cd dugc mdt hiep udc dinh chien nam 2003. Ngay lap tuc. Angola da chgn Trung Qudc Iam ddi tac tai thiet dat nudc. Theo cac nha phan tich. sd dT Angola '"ehgn mat"
Trung Quoc "giri vang den" bdi vi nudc nay san sang md hau bao vien trg va cho
\ay vdi Iai suat thap ma khdng kem theo nhirng dieu kien ngat ngheo nhu phai trong sach hda chinh phii, md rdng dan chii, tdn trpng nhan quyen nhu cac nudc phuang Tay ha\ doi hdi. Khdi dSu tir 2 ty USD v6n tin dung cho Angola nam 2004, Trung Quoc mau chdng tang vdn tin dung Ien ban 25 ti USD nam 2010. Nhat bao China Daily cho bill Trung Qudc vao nam 2010 nhap khau 40% d^u thd Angola, chiam
16% khdi lugng nhap khau dau Trung Quoc. Gia ca dau thd Angola xuat khau sang Trung Qudc khdng dugc tiet lo.
nhung theo ngudn tin ciia td The Guardian (Anh) thi chi vao khoang 60 USD/thiing. re hem nhieu so \ di gia thi trudng the gidi.
Vai ird cua Trung Qudc d Angola khong phai chi tir khi dat nudc nay ket thuc noi chien.Nam 1983, Trung Qudc da thiet lap quan he ngoai giao \ di chinh phu Angola (MPLA) va nam 1988 Trung Qudc ciing Angola da thanh lap U\ ban Hgp tac kinh te \a thuang mai. Nam 1998, Tdng thong Dos Santos da den tham Trung Qudc. nhan cac khoan vien irg ciia Trung Quoc de tai thiet CO sd ha tang. Thdng qua cac thong cao chinh thirc giiia chinh phu hai nudc trong sudt thap nien 2000. cd the thay Trung Qudc ngay cang ddng vai trd quan
Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAU PHI & i Rl \G DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Mnn te Angola: TCf npi chien den...
trpng d Angola, dac biet trong 3 imh vuc;
dau md, xay dung va vien thdng. Nam 2002 va 2003, trudc khi Trung Qudc cung cap cho Angola mot khoan tin dung Idn, Trung Qudc da hua tai thiet Iai nganh vien thdng Angola. Ke tir nam 2004 den nay.
vien trg va tin dung ciia Trung Qudc da gop phan lam thay ddi dang ke nen kinh te va ha tang ca sd ciia Angola. Trung Qudc khdng chi dau tu vao dau khi ma cdn chiem ITnh ca nganh xay dung va khai thac khoang san d dat nudc nay. Angola trd thanh doi tac thuang mai ldn nhat cua Trung Qudc d chau Phi. Nam 2009. 39%
kim ngach xuat khau dau thd ciia Angola la sang thj trudng Trung Qudc, va dau thd ciia Angola chiem tdi 15,7% tdng nhap khau dau thd cua Trung Qudc trong ciing nam. Theo thdng bao chinh thiic. co khoang tren 30.000 ngudi Trung Qudc dang lam viee tai Angola, chu yeu la lao dgng ky nang thap. Ngan hang Exim Bank cua Trung Qudc dang la cau ndi quan trpng nhat trong mdi quan he kinh ti Trung Qudc Angola. Trong giai doan 2004-2010.
Exim Bank da chuyin 10,5 ty USD tin dung lien quan den dau md cho chinh phu Angola^. Cong cudc tai thiet dat nudc ciia Angola dudng nhu gan chat vao ngudn tai chinh, tien vdn dau tu va thuong mai vdi Trung Qudc. Trong sd cac ddi tac dau tu Idn nhat ciia Angola nam 2014, Bd Dao Nha dung thir nhat (chiem 17% du an dau tu da phe chuSn), tiep theo la Trung Qudc (chiem 12%), Thd NhT Ky va Ha Lan (mdi nudc chiem 5%). Cdn trong sd cac ddi tac thuang mai Idn nhat ciia Angola nam 2014.
Trung Qudc dung vj tri sd I (chiem 49,5%
tdng kim ngach xuat khau ciia Angola), ti6p theo la Bd Dao Nha (chiim 14,7%)''.
Thang 6 nam 2015, Tdng thdng Angola Jose Eduardo dos Santos da cd chuyen vieng tham cap cao den Trung Qudc vdi h\
vgng se dat dugc nhiing khoan vay va dau tu mdi tir ddi tac thuang mai hang dau cua nudc nay. Sau chuyen tham keo dai 1 tuan, Tdng thdng Angola da ky ket mdt thda thuan vdi Trung Qudc ve viec xay dung dap thuy dien cd kinh phi Ien den 4.5 ti USD va mdt loat du an khac. Chu tich Tap Can Binh cho rang: '"Trung Qudc va Angola ludn la anh em tdt va la nhiing ddi tac chien luge ben viing"
4. Kinh te dau mo va nhirng rui ro Nen kinh te phu thudc vao dau md va kim cuong cua Angola da dem Iai nguon tai chinh de dang cho dat nudc nay trong cdng cuoc tai thiet dat nudc nhd xuat khau cac nguon tai nguyen quy hiem. Tuy nhlen, nd dem lai nhiing rui ro khong nho cho Angola, trong do cd sir bat dn xa hpi va su phat trien khdng ben viing. Vao nam 2005, Angola trd thanh nudc san xuat dau mo Idn nhat chau Phi, nhung chi sd phat trien con ngudi (HDI) cua dat nudc nay dirng thii 160/174 tren the gidi, theo danh gia cua Lien hgp quoc. Con theo UNICEF. cu 3 diia tre Angola dugc sinh ra, thi cd 1 diia tre chet trudc 5 tuoi va 2/3 tre em Angola trong tinh trang suy dinh dudng. Mac dii dau mo chiem mgt ngudn thu Idn trong ngan sach, nhung vao nam 1999 chi cd 2,8% ngan sach nha nudc dugc danh cho cham sdc siic khde. Trong khi san xuat dau md dat mire 800.000 thiing/ngay, thi hau het benh vien d Angola deu khdng co dien.
dau thap sang . Ngay trong thdi binh, dau md va kim cuong dem Iai tang trudng kinh te nhanh cho Angola, nhung cac van de xa
Tap chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG SO 03(127) thang 3/2016
Kinh te Angola: Tu* noi chien den..
hoi ciia Angola van khong dupe giai quyet bang d6ng do la diu mo. Vao nam 2014, dan s6 Angola la 21,44 trieu nguoi, trong do so nguoi song duoi 2 USD/ngay da giam tit 92% nam 2000 xu6ng mire 54%
nam 2014, nhung vln 6 ty le ngheo doi rat cao. Vao nam 2013, tuoi thp cua ngucri dan Angola la 51,9 tuoi, chi tang 13 tuoi so voi tuoi thp 45,2 tuoi vao nam 2000. Mac dii kinh te tang trucmg nhanh tir sau npi chien, nhung ty le ngucyi Icm mil chir a Angola van rat cao va cac dieu kien cham soc sire khoe cua ngucri dan Angola con lac hau . Ngay tai thii do Luanda, thanh pho dong dan va dat do bac nhat chau Phi, ty le nguoi ngheo van rat cao. Sir biing no kinh te nho dau mo da dua Luanda c6 toe dp phat trien chong mat, nhcT cac nha dau tu
nuoc ngoai do ve Luanda tim kiim cac co hpi dau tu tir nganh dau mo, xay dung va dich vu. Theo dieu tra mire song ciia Mercer, Luanda dupc xep hang la mpt trong nhtmg thanh pho co chi phi eupc song eao nhat the gioi trong nam 2013, 2014. Tai day, chi phi cho thue mpt can hp sang trpng hai phong ngii ia khoang 7.000 USD/thang; trong khi o New York chi la 4.300 USD/thang; gia mpt Ion Cola Cola o Luanda la 5,69 USD/Ion, trong khi a New York la 2,04 USD/Ion. Chi phi dM do.
trong khi phan Ion nguoi dan ciia thanh pho nay vin co chat lugng cuoc song thap vao dien nhat the gioi. Theo Reuters, ty le sinh trung binh ciia phu nij Luanda la 5,8 tre/nguoi, trong dieu kien thieu thon cac dich vu y te va cham soc siic khoe .
Angola, cung nhir nhiiu quoc gia plui thuoc vao xuat khfiu dau. kliong llie Iranh khoi tac dong cua gia dSu sut giam lam ton thuong nin kmh te - Anh Al-P/Getty Images via CNN
Nguon: http://thoihaolaichinhvieliiam. vn Trong moi quan he voi Trung Qu6c -
doi tac kinh te quan trpng bac nhSt ciia Angola, nhieu xung dot bjt d6ng cung bat dau nay sinh. Nguoi Trung Qu6c da dem den cho Angola nhieu su khac biet, trong do CO nhirng co che uu dai vo di8u kien v^
tai chinh de giup Angola tai thiSt nen kinh te. Vien tro va tin dung Trung Quoc khong kem rang bupc theo kieu cac nude phuong Tay va cac to chiic tin dung quoc te nhu Quy Tien te Qu6c ti (IMF) hay Ngan hang Tha gicji (WB). Tuy nhien, no vln co dilu
Tgp chi nghien cim CHAU PHI & TRUNG OONC s6 03(127) thang 3/2016
j<jnh te Angola: TCr ngi chien den...
kien ngSm theo ki^u "cd di phai cd Iai", chang ban Angola phai danh 70% du an phat trien kinh ta cho cac cdng ty Trung Qudc. Nhieu rac rdi xa hdi bat dau tir day.
Lau nay, ngudi dan Angola rat bat binh ve chuyen cac cdng ty Trung Qudc khdng diing Iao ddng tai chd ma nhap khau lao dgng Trung Qudc vdi sd lugng ldn. Nam 2010, trong khi Chinh phu Angola chinh thuc thira nhan cd chimg 70.000 Iao ddng Trung Quoc thi cac td chirc xa hdi nhu OSISA (Sang kien Xa hdi Md d mien Nam chau Phi) udc tinh khdng dudi 300.000 ngudi. Nhiing ngudi nay khdng chi hoat ddng trong cac cong ty Trung Qudc ma cdn kinh doanh tren via he cac thanh phd Idn, lay di cac ca hdi viec Iam chinh thuc va phi chinh thirc ciia ngudi dan Angola^.
Do phu thudc qua nhieu vao dau lira, trong vai nam gan day Angola dang trd thanh nan nhan do gia dau the gidi tudt ddc khong phanh. Theo Quy Tien te Qudc te IMF, xuat khau dau cua Angola chiem tdi 97% kinh ngach xuat khau cua dat nudc nay nam 2012, cao hon ty le 95% ciia Venezuela. Mac dii kinh te cua Angola khdng bi roi vao tinh trang tdi te nhu Venezuela, nhung ciing kha am dam (xem bang 1). Su mat gia ciia "vang den" da Iam
Chli thich:
' William Reno (2000), The real war economy of Angola, 2000 Institute for Security Studies (ISS)
^ Laula Gonxcalves Carvalho (2015). Angola. Economic and Financial Research - BPI.
February
•* Lucy Corkin (2011), China and Angola: strategic partnership or marriage of convenience?
Angola Brief Vol 1, No 1, January
^ Laula Gonxcalves Carvalho (2015), Angola. Economic and Financial Research - BPI, February
^ Thuy Mien (2015), Th8 gidi va mong kinh t^ Trung Qu6c, Bao Thanh Nien, ngay 10/9/2015, http://thanhnien.vn/kinh-doanh/the-gioi-vo-mong-kinh-te-tTung-quoc-606535.html
tdn thuong nen kinh te. IMF cho rang Angola dang boc Id nhiing trieu chung dien hinh ciia nhtrng nen kinh te phu thugc nhieu vao dau bj anh hudng do gia dau Iao ddc, do la: sir sut giam gia dau da thu hep kha nang tai chinh ciia cac qudc gia xuat khau dau va dieu nay cd the dan den nhirng cang thang xa hgi. Angola da bugc phai tiep can vdi cac khoan vay qudc te, udc tinh it nhat 1 ty USD. theo td Financial Times, va duge cho rang dang thda thuan vdi cac ngan hang bao gdm Goldman Sachs cho cac khoan vay tu nhan. Nen kinh te Trung Qudc dang "ha canh cimg"
cung dang khien Angola gap khd khan rat ldn trong xuat khau hang hda sang Trung Qudc cung nhu thu hiit dau tu tir Trung Quoc. Su ky vgng cao vao gia dau mo va
"ngudi anh em" Trung Quoc dang khien Angola gap rat nhieu khd khan tir thu hut dau tu ben viing. tir cac khoan ng do doanh thu tir dau giam va sir mat gia ciia ddng ndi te se lam cac khoan ng bang ddng USD cua Angola trd nen dat dd hem. Sir phat trien kinh te phu thugc qua Idn vao tai nguyen dang khien Angola rai vao the tien thoai ludng nan giira tang trudng kinh te, giam ngheo, giam bat dn xa hdi sau gan 30 nam ndi chien.
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 03(127) thang 3/2016
ViiBaThe Kinh te Angola: Tif npi chien den,,.
'The Economist (2011), Oil, Diamonds and danger in Angola, 11/1/2001.
' Dos Santo (2014), Half of Angola's population out of absolute poverty line, Angencia Angola Press, 15/10/2014, http://www.portalangop.co.ao/angola/en_us/nodcias/politica/2014/9/42/Half- Angola-population-out-absolute-poverty-line-President,db574ffd-24c5-4f9f-8ca4-
fe33db4e958b.html
* Lin Sabones (2015), Poverty in Luanda. Angola, Borgen Magazine, 1/7/2015.
http://www.borgenmagazine.com/poverty-luanda-angola/
^ Nguyen Cao (2012), NhOng ong chii Trung Quoc a chdu Phi- vdn hdi dau khi Angola, Bao nguoi lao dpng, 8/9/2012, http://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-quoe-te/nhung-ong-chu-trung-quoc-o-chau- phi-van-bai-dau-khi-angola-20120908105354757.htm
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Dos Santo (2014), Half of Angola's population out of absolute poverty line.
Angencia Angola Press, 15/10/2014.
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8. Thuy Mien (2015), Thi giai va mong kinh ti Trung Qudc, Bao Thanh Nien, ngay 10/9/2015, http://thanhnien.vn/kinh-doanh/the-gioi-vo-mong-kinh-te-trung-quoc- 606535.html
Tgp chl nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRU^G BONG s6 03(127) thang 3/2016
