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DIEN O A N NGHIEN CUTUBINH MINH
CUA QUY HOACH VUNG
D Nguyen Q6 Dung Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)
Patrick Geddes va sytien hoa cua cac thanh phd
Quy hoach viing bit diu vdi mpt hpc gia ma tu tudng bao triim nhieu ITnh vue: Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) cua xir Scotland, mien Bae nudc Anh. Ong tdt nghiep trudng Md d London nam
1978, sau do giang day Ddng vat hpe d Oai hpe Edinburgh trong vdng 8 nam va xuat ban mdt cudn ve tinh due hpc vao nam tie'p theo (1889) trudc khi lam trudng bd mdn Thuc vat hpc tai Oai hpe Dundee. Nhii-ng nam sau dd dng gianh nhieu thdi gian lam viec tai An Op de tu van eho chinh phii thude dia tai day ve each van hanh eac thanh phd ddng thdi nam gitr vj tri trudng bd mdn Xa hdi hpe tai dai hpc Bombay.
Tu duy ve mdi lien he giti-a xa hpi loai ngudi va thien nhien eua Geddes bit diu tir nhung tac pham eua cac nha dja ly va
xa hdi hpe Phap nhu Elissee Reclus va Frederic Le Play. Trong tu duy ciia dng, con ngudi va eae dd thj la mdt phin ciia he sinh thai, tac ddng vao mdi trudng sdng, ddng thdi chju tae ddng tir mdi trudng sdng dd. Geddes cd vO y tudng rang su phat trien cua eac thanh phd va lang mac cin dupc xay dung tren su am hieu ve thien nhien va dieu kien hien hti-u.
Ong de xuat rang quy hoach phai bat diu bang viec khao sat hien trang, mdt bude CO ban trong qua trinh thue hien quy hoach ngay hdm nay nhung khdng nhu vay vao thdi ky cua dng. Tir tda thap trong khudn vien dai hpe Edinburgh, Geddes quan sat ea mpt vting rdng Idn trudc mat va nhan ra mdi lien he giua noi chdn, nghe nghiep va con ngudi.
Do dd viee nghien ciru mdt thanh phd bat dau bang viec tim hieu nhii-ng ddng sdng va nhirng canh ddng.
Mdt trong nhu-ng nen tang triet hpc khae djnh hudng cho Geddes la y niem ve su hop tac glQ-a con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Ong ehdi bd tu duy ciia Chii nghTa Darwin ve su sdng thudc ke cd kha nang thich irng tdt nhat hay Chii nghTa Taylor (cha de cua ly thuyet quan ly cdng nghiep hien dai) ma dng nghT ring bien ngudi cdng nhan thanh nhu-ng robot tren day chuyen san xuit Tir quan diem ve su hpp tac va tinh than cdng ddng, Geddes di de'n y tudng ve su phat trien dd thi thanh nhiing thj tran ed quy md dan sd vira phai, than thien vdi con ngudi va phan tan trong mdt viing do thj thay vl tap trung vao nhirng thanh phd khdng Id va eho phep thien nhien xen vao giira nhirng thanh phd dd nhu nhirng vanh dai xanh. Nam 1915, Geddes xuat ban cudn sach Cities in Evolution (Cae thanh phd trong Su tien hda) trong dd
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Quy hoach viing ra doi khi moi quan he giua thanh thi va nong thon, giua moi truong xay dung va thien nhien bit dau c6 nhung true trac vao dinh cao ciia each mang cong nghiep. Sau mot the ky day nhung bien doi, quy hoach viing lai dang tra lai voi nhung y tuong nguyen thiiy cua no vao buoi binh minh cua the ky 20.
dng vie't:"cac thanh phd gid day phai cham dut viee lan tda nhu nhirng vung mue hay vet dau loang", nhung phat trien gidng tu nhien "vdi nhu-ng chie'e la xanh nam lin trong dam la vang".
RPAA
6 ben kia bd Oai Tay Duong, nhiing y tudng vT dai nhung triru tupng eua Geddes trd thanh niem cam hirng eho nhO-ng ngudi tien phong trong quy hoach dd thj. Nam 1923, Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein (kie'n true su thiet ke cac
"don vj lang gieng" diu tien) cung vdi nha lam hpc Benton Mackaye thanh lap Hiep hdi Quy hoach Viing Hoa ky (RPAA) nham thuc hien mdt sd du an viing, truyen ba ve quy hoach viing va thuc hien khao sat mdt sd khu vue trpng yeu. Nhan djnh 2 xu hudng dang xay ra ddng thai: su phattrien ciia phuong tien giao thdng ea nhan va he thdng ha ting khien cho dd thj md rdng vdi mdt tdc dd kinh hoang, trong khi cac thanh phd trung tam trd nen chat ehdi, kem hieu qua va khdng edn than thien vdi eon ngudi. Quy hoach vung dupe de cap nhu la mdt ldi giai.
Mumford viet: Quy hoach viing khdng dat cau hdi mdt dien tfch Idn chirng nao thi cin dupe dat trong mdt ea ehe quan ly vung, nhung mudn tim giai phap eho viee phan bd dan cu va tien fch edng edng nham thiic day va khuyen khfch mdt cudc sdng sinh dpng va sang tao xuyen sudt toan vung - mpt viing d bat cir quy md dja ly nao chia se ciing mdt su thdng nhit ve khf hau, dat dai, cay ed, san xuit va van hda. Nha quy hoach vCing cd gang quy hoach mdt khu vuc ma eac dja diem va tai nguyen, tir rCrng de'n dd thj, tir nen da't eao tdi mat nudc, deu dupe phat trien hpp ly va dan eu se dupe phan bd de sir dung, thay vi lam dung va tan pha, nhirng the manh
tu nhien. Quy hoach vung nhin nhan con ngudi, san xua't va da't dai nhu la mdt the thdng nha't. Thay vl nd lue mdt each tuyet vpng bang ehe tai nay hay the ehe kia de lam cudc sdng trong eae trung tam dd thj trd nen dd chju hon, quy hoach vung xac djnh nhirng tien ich nao la cin thiet trong eac trung tam mdi.
Chfnh eai y eudi eiing nay gan nhtJng y tudng eua Geddes va RPAA vdi md hlnh Thanh phd Vudn ciia Ebenezer Howard. Neu nhu quy hoach viing la tao ra mpt khung cho birc tranh phat trien, md hinh thanh phd vudn tao nen hpa tiet la nhirng thj tran nhd nam xung quanh eae thanh phd Idn, tren nen xanh ciia dat ndng nghiep va khu bao tdn. Cung chinh y nay nay ma nhdm RPAA va Howard bj nha phe blnh quy hoach Jane Jacobs vao thap nien 60 phe phan nhu la nhirng ngudi ehdi bd thanh phd. Quan diem eua Jacobs la neu nhu thanh phd la noi te hai nhu nhii-ng gi cae nha quy hoach vin md ta thi van de la phai thay ddi chir khdng phai bd roi chung.
Nhii'ng ban quy hoach dau tien
Mac dii mue tieu chinh ciia RPAA la xay dung vidn canh dai han cho nhii-ng viing dd thj rdng Idn, nhirng thir nghiem thanh cdng diu tien ciia nhdm la eae khu dan cu mdi nam d ngoai d New York nhu Sunnyside Gardens va Radburn.
Ban quy hoach viing diu tien trong Ijch sir danh eho New York lai khdng thude ban quyen eua RPAA. Thomas Adam, chii tjeh diu tien ciia Vien Quy hoach do thj Hoang gia Anh Qude liie dd da ngoai 50 va dang d dinh eao su nghiep, den Hoa Ky 4 nam trudc khi RPAA ra ddi. Liic dd, dng da nhin thiy vai trd eiia quy hoach viing: "Su quan trpng ciia mpt trong nhtJng khia canh hien dai ciia
quy hoach la su djnh hudng va quan ly su phat trien dign ra tai vung ndng thdn va ban ndng thdn, noi nhtj-ng khu edng nghiep mdi dupe xay dung" va khang djnh "khdng cd md hlnh quy hoach dd thj nao cd the duac thda man neu viee chuan bj thieu di su lien he vdi su phat trien ciia toan bd viing xung quanh thanh phd". Do dd khi vj ehu tjch ciia quy phi lpi nhuan Russell Sage Foundation tlm ngudi eho vj trf Giam dd'e Quy hoach va Khao sat cho du an quy hoach viing New York diy tham vpng, Adams da la cai ten khdng the bd qua. Trong eon mit eiia nhung doanh nhan tai tra cho du an vdn tdn kem tdi 1 trieu USD va keo dai 10 nam thi Adams la irng cir vien hoan hao vl triet ly cua dng la quy hoach phai tdn trpng thi trudng va cd tfnh kha thi - nhirng quan diem ft nhieu mau thuin vdi ly tudng ciia RPAA.
Du an viing New York - Adams bao triim mdt dien tich rdng 13.000 km^ vdi tam la tda thj chinh thanh phd va gin 9 trieu cu dan - mdt quy md chua tirng ed trudc dd. Ban quy hoach bao gdm 6 cudn thuyet minh va 2 cudn ban ve vdi nhirng y tudng kinh dien nhat eiia ljch su quy hoach. Day la cudn ve kinh te dd thj vdi nhan djnh rang r i t nhieu hoat ddng kinh te da di chuyen ra ngoai d bdi chiing khdng cin vj tri trung tam va de nghj sir dung quy hoach sir dung dat de tranh tac ddng tieu cue eua cae hoat ddng nay. Day la cudn md hlnh "don vj lang gieng" ciia nha xa hdi hpc Clarence Perry trong dd ghi nhan rang xe hai dang tirng bude tao ra nhii-ng thanh phd te bao. Kia la cudn ve dan sd va da't dai trong dd cho ring chinh su tap trung
ciia ha ting giao thdng da khuyen khich su tap trung cae hoat ddng kinh te va he qua la su tae nghen giao thdng va phi pham tai nguyen...
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DIEN DAN NGHIEN CLTUT MapofLondon: Quy hoach noi do London theo rrio hinh huu CO do Abercrombie chu tri dua theo nhung y tuong cua Geddes. Nguon: www.probertencyclopaedia.com
Khac vol nhdm RPAA, Adams tin rang dinh dang cua mpt viing la dn dinh va nhOng thay ddi chi cd the la eai tao va nang cap. Do dd, ban quy hoach viing New York khong de xuat su phat trien cac trung tam mdi ma thay vao dd la tai phan phdi su tap trung cac hoat ddng kinh te tir loi ra cac trung tam thir cap hien hiru. Mau thuin cua ban quy hoach la mac du du bao su tang dan sd cua viing len tdi eon sd 21 trieu ngudi vao nam 1965, nd khdng giai quyet duac viec bd tri sd lupng dan cu tang them nhu the nao.
Ngudi phe phan manh me nhit tae pham kinh dien nay ciia quy hoach viing khdng ai khac la Lewis Mumford. Ong phe phan quan diem rang su phat trien dd thj la khdng the tranh khdi va bd qua quy hoach nhu la cdng eg de dieu tiet.
Ong ehl trich viec do an choi bd nha d xa hpi, coi cae du an giao thdng la giai
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A London: Cac ban 36 the hien qua trinti ptiat trien tCr 1800 den 2000 cho thay tinh hieu luc manh me cua vanh dai xanh dugc Abercrombie xac lap nam If^'*Jro^g viec dieu t e t su phat t r i l n cua London thanh mpt vung do thi voi nhieu thanh phS ve tinh. Nguon: Hall, Peter (1992). Urban & Regional Planning (3rd). New York, Rutledge;
phap thay the thay vl chi la cdng cu hd trp eho cac du an xay dung edng ddng va coi md hinh Thanh phd Vudn la khdng tudng. Bat chap nhung phe 1850 phan ciia Mumford, ban quy hoach viing New York dupe trien khai thdng qua Hiep hdi Quy hoach Viing (RPA) dudi su lanh dao eua nhiing tinh hoa trong gidi kinh doanh. Ban quy hoach dac biet thanh edng trong viee xay dung he thdng ha ting cho New York trong khi nhu-ng y tudng cua Mumford vin nam tren giay.
Trong khi Adams nhan dupc hpp ddng de ddi tai New York, nhirng y hj-dng cua nhdm RPAA lai ed anh hudng Idn len cae thii dd chau Au hon la tai noi nd ra ddi. Ban quy hoach viing London md rdng nam 1944 dudi su chii tri eiia Patrick Abercrombia la su ket tinh ciia nhirng y tudng ve quy hoach viing dua tren tu duy sinh thai bat diu tir Geddes. Phuong phap khao sat cua Geddes dupe sir dung de tlm ra eau true edng ddng cua London - mdt dai dd thj cua nhO-ng ngdi lang - va md hlnh Thanh phd Vudn eiia Howard dupe ap dung
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NY:
de phat trien eae dd thj ve tinh. Sau dd la su ket hpp cua md hinh "don vj lang gieng" eiia Clarence Perry thanh nhiing te bao gin ket bdi mdt mang ludi khdng gian mdi vdi he thdng giao thdng tang bae eua Clarence Stein. Mdt vanh dai xanh dupc xac lap xung quanh thanh phd nhung ddng thdi an sau vao tan trung tam London. Ban quy hoach viing London nam 1944 mdt md hinh hoan toan hiru co thira ke tir Patrick Geddes, Ebenezer Howard va nhti-ng nha tien phong trong nhdm RPAA. Mumford gpi tae pham nay la tai lieu quy hoach quan trpng nha't ke tir cudn sach kinh dien cua Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of Tomorrow (Thanh phd vudn ciia Ngay mai).
Sir tai sinh
Quy hoach vung cung vdi quy hoach dd thj ndi chung bie'n ddi manh me ttr giua the ky 20. Mdi quan tam ve djnh dang khdng gian sdng trd nen sut kem.
Thay vao dd la nhiing nghien cuu ve phat trien kinh te dua tren nhung tinh toan khoa hpc dupc trp giiip bdi he thdng may tinh ngay cang tdi tan. Tir tu duy mdi trudng ciia Geddes, Howard va nhdm RPAA, quy hoach viing da chuyen thanh nganh khoa hpc dua tren tu duy dja ly va kinh te hpc cho de'n khi nha quy hoach Peter Calthorpe theo Chu nghTa Dd thj mdi (New Urbanism) viet cudn The Regional City vao eudi thap nien 90.
Cudn sach keu gpi mdt tiep can tdng the ve kinh te, xa hpi, moi trudng va kie'n true ddi vting dd thj trong dd coi trpng 3
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vanh dai xAnh d j l u i t
A Vanh dai xanh London: Gidi han phat trien va vanh dai xanh do Abercrombie d§ xuat tiep tuc dugc ke thira trong cac quy hoach vung tiep theo cua London. Nguon: Hall, Peter (1992). Urban & Regional Planning (3rd). New Yorl<, NY: Rutledge;
A Transect: Lat cat dia ly cua mpt vung do thi cho thay su bien ddi cua tinh do thi t u i t de'n nhieu dugc Andres Duany de xuat lam co so quy hoach va thiet l<e do thi tror transect planning. Duany phat trien y tuong nay tir Valley Section (lat cat thung lur cua Geddes gan 100 nam truoc. Nguon: www.smarticodecentraLorg
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van de ciia thdi dai: bao ve mdi trudng, cdng bing xa hdi va kien thiet khdng gian sdng. New Urbanism khdng ehi ke thira ldi tu duy tdng hpp va tran trpng tu nhien eiia the he Geddes, Mumford ma ea phuong phap khao sat bang lat cat dja ly ciia rieng Geddes. Andres Duany, mdt trong nhung ngudi sang lap ciia New Urbanism, tai lap phuong phap eua Geddes dudi ten gpi transect planning (Tam djch: quy hoach thuong thich vdi mdi trudng). Transect la mdt lat cat dia ly qua mdt viing de' xac djnh chudi bien ddi cua mdi trudng. Ddi vdi quy hoach, lit eat nay ed the sir dung de xac djnh mdt tap hpp eac hlnh thirc djnh cu thay ddi theo mii-e dd va mat dd ciia tfnh do thj - mpt chudi bien ddi din din tir viing ndng thdn tdi trung tam thanh phd. Trong transect planning, su thay ddi ve hlnh thirc djnh cu nay la co sd de td chire eae nhan td cua mdi trudng xay dung: edng trinh. Id dat, sir dung da't, dudng phd, eay xanh va tham chi ca bien chf dudng va den dudng... de tao thanh nhiing mdi trudng tdng hda (immersive environment).
Quy hoach viing ra ddi bang chiem nghiem ciia Geddes ve mdi lien he giira con ngudi va thien nhien va nhirng thach thire ma nhan loai dang ddi mat trong the ky 21 khdng gi khac hon la su do va eua mdi quan he nay. Q gdc dp dja phuong, mau thuin Idn nhit glQ-a giira eae don vj hanh chfnh trong mdt viing thudng vin la cac van de mdi trudng. Dot rom tren nhiing canh ddng Ha Tay tirng lam biu trdi Ha Ndi mit mil va khi nha may Vedan dDdng Nai lam d nhidm sdng Ldng Tau, ngu dan d Can Gid dieu dung.
Trong ldi md diu cho mdt sd tap ehf dac biet ve quy hoach viing ma sau nay trd thanh tuyen ngdn ciia nhdm RPAA, Mumford viet: Day la sd ve Quy hoach Viing ciia tap chi Survey. NhQng y tudng trong nay mang na mdt ngudi Scotland rau dai - eon ngudi ma su td md da khien mdt ngay tir Thap Quan sat tai Edinburgh, dng da thay ro qua khdi bui va su dn a ciia nen van minh chinh manh dit da dam bao su tdn tai va, thay cho suvung ve cua nhan loai, nudi dudng nen van minh iy.
Quy hoach vting cua the ky 21 la ea hdi de nen van minh vung ve eua chiing ta nudi duong chinh manh dit minh sinh sdng.
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