KY tre VAN HOA
Nguyin Tri NguySn'
Tdn, lit: Vin hoi hpc xic dinh vin hoi nhu la mdt qua trinh tniy^ dat bilu hrpng vd Id mdt vdn bdn ty thuydt mmh vd cAu trtic y nghia. Vfin hod hpc c4n tilp cfin cd ky hipu phi ngdn tCr tuc Id nhiing t6 chit f^ tbii^. vi thuc viftiiOc (til ludng tupng, ga tii vi chuan mvc) vathpctHnxi hdi Vdi bf cich li mdt khil nUmtdng hpp dii vdi tit d tri thdc, ky uc vin hda diiu khiin hinh ddng vi tiii nghiim Uong khudn khd liin hinh ddng die thu cua mpt xi hdi va chuyin giao tdthihi nay sang thi hi khic di luyin tip vi chl din. Up di Up Igi. Dodd.kyifc van hoa Uvc hi§n chirc ning cu6l cdng cua Kv htiu vin hda li diiu hinh hinh ddng cua con ngudi.
Ngiy nay nhiiu nhi nghiin cdu dinh gii cao cic khii niim 'Ky dc vin hod' vi "vin hoi hii uc' coi diy li nhimg thuit ngd ttien chit trong nghiin cdu nhung vin di vin hda tmyin thing vi di sin vin hda.
i
ri> khda: Ky dc vin hda, vin hoi hii dc, ca chi diiu hinh hinh ddng cua con ngudi ti chit tri thuc, tim thdc, vd thdc vi f thdcthgv tiin xi hdi, bdc chin dung ttr hga cda mSi din tdc.1. Khii nifm
Chfic ndng euli efing cfia k^ hifiu vdn hda Id t^o ra kjf uc van hda. Tuy nhifin, chfic ndng ndy khdng phfi hpp vdi tit cd, md chi vdi mdt s l k^ hifu nhit djnh. Maurice Halbwachs vd Jan Assmann cho ring k^ hifu vdn hda Id mpt lo^ hinh hit sue dfic bift. Nd t?o ra "K^ uc vdn hda" ttong tit cd cdc cpng dong: "Nfit khdc hpa dfic ttifi md con ngudi bifit dupc nhd sy gin bd cfia minh vdi mft cfng dong nhit djnh vd nin vfin hda cfia cpng ding dd duy tti qua cdc tfil hf khdng phdi vdi to cdch mdt minh chiing tiln hda di trayin, md vdi to edeh cfia xd hdi hda vd duy tti ndi gilng. Id mpt chue ning cfia k^ uc vdn hda ttong ph?m vi f nghia cfia cdi dfic tttmg ngyy vfin hda. Trong khi d loai vfit, cdc chuong Utah vl gen dam bao sy duy trt ndi giong, tifi con ngudi - tiieo edeh ndi cfia Nietzsche - phai tfnh tdi mpt phuong tifn dl d?t tdi "mpt tao vfit cfing lofii cd tt'nh bin vftng qua nhieu lodi Ifiu ddi" (1).
Nhimg khdi nifm hdi lie cfng dong vd k^
uc vin hod chi rd khudn khi xa hpi cfia van
•p<3S.TS.
hod, nhftng tfrilt ehfi xa hpi hofie ngudi chuyen tdi vdn hod. Hie Id ngudi dang sdng t^o ra nhftng dilu kifn cho vifc cung cip vdn hod cbo xd hpi. Bdi vi chfing bdo dam tiufin hudng vd fruyin tiidng hod cdc tti tfiuc cpng dong bing sy lya ehpn vd ghi nhd cdc vdn bdn cfing nhu bing sy giao tilp tfidng qua vdn ban.
EHeu dd da xde djnh nhflng phuong difin k^
hifu hpc cfia k^ uc vdn hod.
KJJ lie vdn hod dupe xem xfit nhu Id mpt van ban da ting vd t^ip chfing vl phuong difn k^ hifu hpc, se khdng cdn Id mpt tfidng tin so gian ehuyin tii ngudi phdt tdi ngudi nhfin, md cd khd ndng gia nhap vdo cde quan hf phuc tap vdi cd ngu canh vdn hod bao bpe quanh nd. Nd khdng chi ehuyin tdi mpt tfidng tin dupc dua to bfin ngodi vdo dd, md ldm tiiay ddi ttidng tin vd t ^ ra nhftng tfidng tin mdi.
Khdi nifm Ky uc vdn hda, lan diu tifin dupc gidi tfufu bdi nhd Ai Cap hpc ngudi Due Jan Assmann frong cudn sdch cfia dng Kf ire van hoa. Jan Assmann dd xde djnh mft moi quan tam chung frong k^ fie vin hda tir diu nhfing nam 1980, dupc minh hpa bdi nhflng hifn topng da dang nhu dai todng nifm va hdi lie van hda.
22 3 (13) - 2014: NGHlfeN CCTU V A N H 6 A
Bdi ky lie vdn hda khdng chi la cfia mdt ea nhfin, hay kinh nghifm rifing ma cflng Id mdt phin cua tap the. Ky uc van hda la mdt hifn topng lifin quan tryc tifip den hifn tai, nhan thfic cfia chfing ta vl qua khfi ludn ludn bj anh hudng bdi hifn tai, cd nghia la nd ludn ludn thay ddi.
Assmann djnh nghia ky uc van hda "cd kfch thudc ngodi bd nhd cfia eon ngudi", gdm hai khdi nifm khdc nhau: "ky uc van hda" vd
"tdi lifu tham khdo vl qud khfi''. Mpt xa hpi dfim bdo tfnh lien tyc vdn hda vdi sy gifip do cfia ky uc vdn hda, kiln thuc tap thi cfia minh frong mpt till hf tilp theo, nd cd tfil gifip cdc the hf sau ndy tai tao 1^ ban sde van hda cua hp. Cdc tdi Ufu ttiam khfio vl qud khu, frfin an cdc ttifinh vifin cfia mpt xa hpi vl ban sic tap ttil cfia hp va mfit khde, cung cip cho hp vdi mpt nhfin ttiuc vfi sy hifip nhit vfi ky dj cfia hp ttong ttidi gian va khdng gian - nic Id mpt y ttiuc ljch sfi bing cdch tao ra mpt qud khu chia sfi. Hai khdi nifm ndy ed ttil hofie khdng ttie dong nhit (2).
K^ uc vdn hda tfil hifn ttong ljch su vdn hda vd cd till lifin quan din cdc nghi le vd cdc nghi le t?i cdc djp dfic bift nhu ngdy le ky nifm, vd t?i nhflng noi dfic bift nhu di tfch c l , cd chue nfing nhu mpt bp nhd.
Khdi nifm k^ uc vdn hda nhu vfiy, toong fing vdi cdc nghifin cfiu vl cdc hinh tfiuc khdc cfia bp nhd ttong xa hpi, da cho tfiiy tfifim chf hdi uc cd nhfin cfia cd nhfin, lifin quan den qud khu cua cupc ddi rifing cfia hp, khdng fing hp quan dilm cho ring bp nhd Id mpt luu ttu don gidn, noi dfi thdng tin cd ttifi dupc liy sau ndy, nhung cho ring nong bp nhd, qud khu dang tfch eye xfiy dyng rtiy ttiupc vdo mpt sd dilu kifn xfi hpi vfi tinh ttiin. Cd nhfin hpc kf uc tfip ttifi thdng qua qud ttinh xfi hpi hda, nhung chfing vln gift dupc ty do de ttiodt ra khdi nd vd cung cip cdc dilm khdc cfia qud khfi, md cd ttifi sau ndy cflng ttd ttidnh mpt phin cfia bp nhd ndy. Theo gidi tfu'ch cfia qud khfi lien tvc
tfiay ddi, do dd, cdc di tfch cd khdng phdi Ific ndo cung dupe hilu theo efing mpt edeh, md da dupe giai thfch khd khde nhau ttong thdi gian ddi "eupc song Ijch su" Y nghia tfiay doi cfia di tfch cd cd thfi dupc nghien cuu trong dieu kien cfia mpt ljch su tiep nhfin cdc di n'ch, ma khdng tao ra mpt sy khde bift eo ban gifta ljch su vd bp nhd. Mpt ljch su tiep nhfin nhu thfi ed thfi dli phd vdi bdng chiing tu bit eu thdi dai nao, bit diu tu tryc tiep sau vifc xay dyng dai todng nifm cy die, vd ed ttie ddng gdp vdo sy hieu biet vfi vai ttd cua di san vd y nghia cfia nd ttong qua khu. Theo tfidi gian, di tt'ch cd da dupc gidi thfch trong dnh sdng cua cdc gid trj khdc nhau vd y nghia, md chfing ta phdi tim hilu, ehu khdng phfii Id thfim phdn chong lai cdc gid trj hifn d^ ngdy nay cua chfing ta.
Vai tu edeh Id mpt khdi nifm tdng hpp doi vdi tat cd tri thUc, ky He vdn hda diiu khien hdnh dpng vd trdi nghifm trong khudn kho lien hdnh dpng dgc thu cua mpt xd hpi vd chuyen giao tir the hf ndy sang the hf khdc de luyfn tap vd ehi ddn. tgp di ldp Igi (3).
2. c i u true cua ky iic vdn hda
Ljch su van hod nhfin loai cung nhu ljch sfi vfin hda Vift Nam diu d l 1^ nhftng gid trj vinh hdng, ngudi ta tfiudng gpi Id di sdn vdn hda. Nd bao gom hai hinh flidi Idn: di sdn van hod vfit thi vd di sdn vdn hod phi vfit till. Di sdn van hda ddng mpt vai frd rat quan frpng vdi to cdch Id nguon lyc npi siitti cho qud trtnh tiep bien vdn hod.
Nd t^o ra hai tiidnh t l cfia k^ uc vdn hda:
Kj; uc vdn hda vfit thi vd k^ ue vdn hda phi vfit till.
Ky uc vdn hda vgt thi (di tfch ljch sft, vdn hod, nghf thufit vd cde di vfit dupc fim kilm vd luu gift trong cdc bao tdng nhfin Io?i) Id guong mfit Ijch su. Id nhfin chiing cfia cdc thdi d^i.
Kyijc van hoa
23Ky lit vdn hda phi vgt thi Id Unh hdn, la tinh anh. Id hun dfic gid tri cao nhit cfia dan tpc. Van hod phi vfit thi tdn tai chfnh ttong ho^t dpng sdng cfia con ngudi, ttong moi chfing ta. Nd ttult ylu nhu khdng khf ta dang thd, ttong suit vd chdng phdi Ific ndo cfing nghi tdi cfin cd khdng khf, nhung chi mdt khoanh Idiic ngdn ngfii ttulu khdng khf Id ta khdng sdng dupc.
Mnh ttidi dupc luu gift ttong ky uc vdn hda vd chuyin tai cac ttuyin tiling van hod eho cdc ttifi hf sau manh mfi hem hit do la vfin hod phi vfit thfi: "Di san vfin hoa phi vfit ttifi la sdn phim tinh ttiin cd gid tti ljch su, van hod, khoa hpc, dupe luu gift bing tti nhd, chft vilt, luu ttuyin bing fruyin mifng, fruyin nghi, ttMi dien vd cdc hinh ttiuc luu gift, luu fruyin khdc bao gdm tilng ndi, chft vilt, van hpc, nghf tfiufit, khoa hpc, ngu vdn fruyin mifng, dien xudng dfin gian, lli sdng, nip song, le hpi, bf quylt nghfi tiifi cdng fruyin tiiong, tti ttiuc vl y dupc hpc cfi fruyin, vl vfin hod im ttiyc, vfi frang phyc ttuyin ttiing dfin tpc, vfi nhftng tti tiiuc dfin gian khdc" (4). Nhu da ndi d tten, hai tiiditti t l ndy khdng thi tdch rdi mpt cdch CO gidi, md Id mpt hf thdng huu ca, bdi vi, rapi sdn phim cfia sy sdng tao vdn hod Id ludn ludn vuon tdi bilu topng vdn hod, cd sue chua dyng nhftng tiidng difp cfia cde tfil hf frong qud khu.
3. Chue ndng cua ky uc vdn hda Jan Assmann, da dua ra djnh nghia chue ndng cfia k^ uc vdn hda nhu sau: "Dudi khdi nifm k^ uc van hod chfing ta bao hdm sy ton t?i dfic tfiu cfia mpi xd hpi vd mpi tfidi dai qua cdc vdn ban, cdc hinh anh vd phong tyc dupc tdi su dyng, trong sy bao tin ndy k^ uc vdn hod cfing c l vd miyln tdi hue chfin dung to ho? cfia cpng ding, mpt sy nhfin tfiuc cpng dong dupc chia xe mpt cdch dfic bift (nhung khdng cd tt'nh ngoji biet, vl qua khu, md mpt nhdm y ttiuc cfia cpng dong vl sy ttidng nhit vd cdi rifing bift da vupt qua dupc)" (5).
Gidng nhu trim tfch dja chit, ky ue vdn hod Id nguon ndng lupng vd tdi nguyfin tinh tfian vd gia cua nhdn loai, d chiing myc ndo do nd cd gia trj tya nhu gid tti vat chit dli vdi sy sdng con ngudi. Qua trtnh kiln tao dia chfit de lai trong long dit nhiing ldp n i m tfch chfia dyng nhilu nguon ndng lupng vd tdi nguyen vd gia, nguon khodng sdn nhu tfian da vd kim cuong, hdng ngpc vd diu md, gdp phfin quan ttpng nlu khdng ndi Id quyet djnh ddi vdi vifc duy trt sy sing cua con ngudi, md xa hdi con ngudi cdng hifn dai lai cang ed nhu cfiu to Idn hon.
Giong nhu gen di ttuyin, k^ uc vfin hod chua dyng hdm lupng tfidng tin cdc gid trj van hod cfia qud khu qua cdc ttuyin tiiong vdn hod dfin tpc, t?o nfin bfin sic vd sy da dang vdn hda, nd efing thifit ylu doi vdi sy sdng con ngudi tya nhu sy da d?ing sinh hpc ttong till gidi tv nhifin.
(Jud ttinh hinh tiidnh cfia till gidi sinh vfit tt^ qua sy biln dj vd dupc ghi l^i ttong cdc gen bang nhftng hdm lupng tfidng tin di ttuyfin cfia lodi, da vd dang tao ra sy da d^ing sinh hpc frong dd cd con ngudi chfing ta.
Khoa hpc ve gen vd ve di ttuyin dd tiiuc diy cupc cdch mang xanh ttong ndng nghifp vd phdt triln ngdnh y t l cfia thfi gidi.
Giong nhu cdc chung nhfin ljch su, kf uc vfin hod Id bue tranh ty hoa cfia moi dfin tpc, nd khdng chi Id ttil phdeh md cdn Id tinh anh cua cdc dfin tpc, nd khdng chi Id ban Iinh cfia dfin tpc md cdn la ban sic ddn tpc. Ljch su nhan Ioai vdi nhilu thdng ttim vd biln c l , dupc luu gift ttong cdc di chi khdo cd hpc vd ttfin cdc di u'ch ljch su, frong ede pho tiidng su vd da sft nhu la nhftng chfing tt'ch cfia ljch su, chfing cung cip cho ddi sau nhieu kinh nghifm vd tttiyfin lai nhflng tfidng difp d l cho qud khu, hifn t?i vd toong lai tfianh ddng chdy Ufin tyc.
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'>i^\ ^;^^ Jefrp.
3(13)-2014:NGHieN CCrU VAN H 6 A
Chfic ndng cfia ky iic van hod nhu Jan Assman ndi, dd la sy sdng t ^ vd cfing cd mdt
"chfin dung ty hoa". Mpt dfin tpc ed tfil phdt ttifin bfic chfin dung to h(>a ndy thdnh ban sie dfin tpc hofie thfim ehi thanh ehfi nghia dan tpc. Tuy nhifin, trong ddi sdng nhan lo?i, vdn hod ddi Ifip vdi mpi thu ehfi nghia dfin tpc eye doan vd ehfi nghia dfin tfc nudc Idn. Cdc ddn tpc ludn ludn phdt ttifin bfic chan dung ty ho?
ndy eua hp, vi hp muon giu gin bfin sic dfin tpc ttong khi hp khdng ngiing phfii giao tilp vdi cdc nin vdn hda cfia cdc dfin tpc khdc, vd cflng nhfin tfiiy cin phdi tilp ttiu tinh hoa vfin hda nhfin lo^i dfi ldm gidu hom nfta nin vdn hda cfia dfin tpc minh.
Bdi vfiy, k^ u(c vdn hod khdng chi Id chiing nhfin vfi bfic tranh ty ho» cfia mpt dfin tpc, nd cdn la nhflng ttuyen tfiing cfia mpt dfin tfc. ed nghia la mpt nguin nfing lupng vfi tai nguyfin cfia dfin tpc dd.
4. Cor chl dilu hdnh ciia k^ ih: vin hda
v^ ^^ ' V V
/
Sa do ca chi diiu hdnh kf uc vdn hda 4.1. TSm thdc vin hda
Kyucvdnhod. dupc luu giii vd ciu ttifinh tfim ttiuc vfin hda. tfim ttiuc dfin tpc. Khdi nifm tfim ttiuc bifiu djU rapt sv tdng hod cfia hftu ttiuc vd vd ttific. cfia to duy vd tinh cdm.
nifim tin vd tti todng tupng, nhiing hinh thuc ni tof cfia cpng ddng vd nhftng khudn mlu van hda.
Tam thue vdn hda trd ttidnh m^t nhdn to difiu ehinh mpi sy lya ehpn cfia con ngudi Vift Nam frong ljch su. Bdi vfiy, dilu rat quan trpng Id cin phai hilu tfnh kfi thfta cfia cdc gid ttj cfia ttuyfin thong van hod ehiia dyng ttong k^ fire vd tfim thuc van hda d l sft dyng mft edeh sdng t^o di san vfin hod eua cde thi hf trude, chfing ta can bilt ddi mdi tfim tinie iy eho phfi hpp vdi hodn canh thyc tl.
Gift gin fruyin thdng van hda khdng cd nghia Id ehi ty h?m chl ttong khudn khi ttuyfin tfiong ndy md cin phfii g?n dye khoi ttong vd tfch cyc dua nd vao tfiyc tien vdn hod - xfi hpi hifn d?i.
4.2. f thdc vdn hda
K;? ue vfin hda ton t?u va ho^t dpng ttudc hit ttong f tfiuc vdn hda cfia con ngudi md cit Idi cfia nd Id ttuyin tfiing vdn hda, ddng mpt vai frd rat quan frpng vdi to cdch Id nguon lyc npi sinh cho qud ttinh tilp biln vdn hod. V ttiuc vdn hda cfia nhfin Io?i Id hinh ttiuc quan frpng hdng diu cfia k^ uc vdn hda. Xu hudng hifn d?i cfia vifc suy nglm l^i vai frd vd f nghia cfia di sdn vdn hod Id d chl khdng chi e l ging gift gin di san dd d djng ban dau, md cdn e l ging dua mpt cdch tfch eye di sdn dd vdo nin mdng cfia ddi song xd hdi. Tfie Id bin ttifin qud ttinh Ijch su cfia vfin hod xuit hifn d dfiy khdng chi nhu qud ttinh bao todn qud khu vd u'ch luy cdc gid tti vdn hod, md cdn nhu qud trinh phdt triin cdi truyin thdng trong xd hpi hifn nay. Ndi cdch khde, di sdn vdn hod ehua dyng ttong ban ttifin nd cd chue ndng efia mpt hifn topng vfin hod ttiyc sy hifn d?i.
4.3. Tiim thuc vdn hda
Kf uc vfin hod khdng chi tin t?i frong v thire md cdn d frong tilm thuc cua eon ngudi. Khdi nifm tiem thuc. Id mft khdi
Ky i>c van h6a 25
nifm phfin tam hpc quan trpng md C.GJung da tiep ndi Freud ttiln khai ttong mdt chuyfin khdo cd tya dfi Thdm dd tiim thdc: 'Tilm thuc khdng phdi la cdi kho chua qud khu cfia chfing ta rad edn diy ray nhiing tr?ng thdi tam ttiin vd y ttidng sip xdy din; sy khdm phd ay ldm cho tdi ed tfidi dp rifing vdi tdm ly hpc - do Id mptsif mdi lg. Cd rit nhieu eudc ttanh lufin v l vin dl fiy nhung thyc ra ngodi nhung ki nifm xa xdi tfiupe v l y tfiuc cdn ed nhfing y mdi dpt nhifin bpe Id tii tilm tfiue, nhflng f dd trude kia chua bao gid ta y tfiuc dupe. NhOng f dii xudt hifn tit vuc sdu tdi thdm cua tdm hon nhu mpt bdng hoa sen.
Chung ta la mpt phin rit quan frpng cfia cdi tfim Iy (psychfi) phi f tfuic" (6).
4.4. Vo thuc vdn hda
Kf ue vfin hod khdng chi ton tai ttong y thuc vd ttong tiem thtic md cdn d ttong sfiu tham vd thtic cpng dong.
"Vd thiie cpng ddng K.A.Jung djnh nghia - id mpr phdn ciia edi tdm li, ma phin nay cd tfil dupc phfin bift fim ban vdi vd tfiuc cd nhfin, d cho nd ton t?i khdng nhd vdo kinh nghifm cfia cd nhfin. Trong khi vd tfiuc ed nhfin ttivc chit ton t^i tft nhung npi dung dupe nhfin ttiuc ttieo ttidi gian, nhung roi nd cflng bien mit khdi f ttiuc, md ttong dd npi dung ndy bj lfing qufin hay bj lo?i bd, ttii nhftng npi dung vd ttiuc tfip ttil chua bao gid tin t?i hong f ttiuc vd cfing khdng bao gid dupc chiem Iinh mpt cdch cd nhfin, sy tin t?i cfia vd ttiuc cdng ding (tfip ttil) phfii nhd din sy di ttuyin" (7).
Khdi nifm co mdu (archetypes: hinh dnh nguyfin khdi) Id cdi t^o nfin ylu tl toong Ufin tit ylu tdi ^ todng cfia vd ttific tfip ttil, cit nghia sy hifn difn cfia nhftng hinh tfiuc nhit djnh ttong tfim If, dupc lan tod (hay phdt lp) khip noi, khdp chin.
Trong lufin dfi cfia minh, K.A Jung nfiu rd nhu sau: Trong sy khdc bift vl bdn chit cd
nhfin cua tfim ly nhan thuc ed mpt he tfidng tam ly ttiu hai, ed tfnh cdch t ^ tfil khdng cd tiiih ca nhdn bfin canh y thuK; efia chfing ta. Id cdi ban chfit cd nhfin va cdi md chung ta nhfin dinh Id tfim If kinh nghifm duy nhit - Khi chfing ta eoi vd tfifie ed nhfin Id cdi phy tfiupe.
Vd thtic cpng ddng phdt ttiln tir tiian khdng cd tfnh cd nhfin, nd ehi dupc di trayin. Nd tin tai tu nhung hinh tfifie tifiu bilu, nhung co mlu chi mdi ed thi nhfin tfifie dupc mpt cdch tfni yfiu vd mang lai hinh ttiuc bao qudt vfing chic cho nhiing ndi dung efia y thuc.
Sy tdn t?i cfia tam hdn chi dupc nhfin biet d sy hifin difn cfia nhfing npi dung cd tfil nhfin tfiuc dupc. Chung ta ehi ed tfil ndi vl vd tfifie, d Chung ndo, khi chfing ta cd tfil chung minh dupc dilu nay. Nhung npi dung cua vd tfifie cd nhfin Id nhftng cdi gpi Id mfic khai diy cdm gidc, dilm ehfi ylu, nd t?io ra sy tfiim kfn cd nhfin ttong ddi sing tfira bin.
Nhirng npi dung eua vd thtic cpng ddng bdi vgy dupc gpi Id cd mdu..
S. Ll nghi - k^ ire vdn hda nguyen h^p Nhu djnh nghia vl chue ndng cfia Jan Assmann dfi dupc din d frfin: "Chue nfing efia kf uc vfin hda Id sdng t^io vd efing e l mpt "bue chfin dung nr hpa. Mpt dfin tpc sfi phdt ttifin ban sic dfin tpc hay ehfi nghia dfin tfc. Vifc dan tpc vd nhfin dfin phdt ttiln
"hue chfin dung ty hpa" Id dilu khdng phai bdn cdi" Vd dng da nhin m?inh chue nfing tdi sfi dyng cde vdn bdn, cde hue ttanh vd cdc nghi le. 6ng vilt tifip. "Vdi khdi nifm ky ue vdn hda chfing ta da ting kit dfic difim dpc ddo cua moi xa hdi vd moi tfidi ky vl mfit tdi su dyng cdc vdn bfin, cdc hue ttanh vd cdc nghi le, ttong dd sy bdo ton cfia chfing se dam bdo "chfin dung ty hpa" vd dua din cho cpng ding nhftng tti fliuc dupc chia xfi cd unh tfip tfil vfi qud khfi dya vdo mdt nhdm nhflng f tfifie vl sy tiling nhit vd dfic ttung" (8).
26 3 (13)-2014: NGHIEN CCrU VAN H 6 A
Mdt mat, dng cho rang: "Ky fie van hda gin chat vdi nhiing lfi hdi. Nd khdng hoan toan nhu mdt ddng chay, thfim nhfip tu ngofii vao nhung ca the, ma ndi dfing hon la rapt the gidi vfit thfi, thfi gidi md eon ngudi sang tao ra" Vd d mat khdc: "Ky lie vdn hda toan hodn theo hinh thuc hdi ue, ma khdi diu Id vifc efia cdc Ifi hpi va vifc td chfic lfi hpi"
Theo dng: "Sy lap di lap lai nghi le dam bao cho tfnh Ufin kfit giiia cdng ddng frong khdng gian vd thdi gian. Thdng qua lfi hdi nhu Id hinh thfic td chue diu tifin efia ky uc vdn hda thi (hinh thuc) thdi gian dupc chia ra thdi gian thudng nhat (ngdy thudng) vd thdi gian le hpi ttong xd hpi chua cd chfl vifit. Vdo thdi gian le hpi hay cdn gpi la "thdi gian mo mpng" cfia nhiing ngay lfi Idn chdn ttdi tri ttiuc dupc md rpng vao vu try, vao thdi ky cfia sy sdng t?o, cfia nhung cdi so khai vd efia nhirng chuyfin bifin Idn, md thi gidi thdi c l d^i da t?o ra. Nhirng nghi le va nhirng fruyin ttiuylt vilt l?i y nghia cfia ttiyc tl. Sy todn thfi sy bao ton vd sy ttuyin d|it ki ludng dong thdi vdi ban sde dfin tpc dfim bfio cho thi gidi phdt ttiln khdng dung" (9).
0 nhftng nen vdn hda chua cd chft vilt ki^
fie vfin hda gin vdi nhimg vfin bdn (chu vilt) mpt edeh phien difn (khdng cfin dli). Tuy nhifin khi chua cd chft vilt con ngudi dfi cd ngdn ngu, con ngudi ghi nhd qua van chuong ttuyen khiu ttong dd cd huyin ttio?i. Theo chfing ldi, huyen ttio?u Id mpt ttong nhftng k^
uc vdn hda - ngdn ngu vd cfing vdi nd Id cdc ll nghi nhu Id k^ iic vdn hda - phi ngdn ngft.
Trong tttrdng hpp ttiu hai ndy ttii nhfin djnh cfia nhd vdn hda hpc ngudi Due Jan Asman Id hppli.
Cl day nhftng difu nhay, ttd choi, nghi ll, mfit n». nhflng bfic ttanh, giai difu, nhjp difu, d l an, uIng, khdng gian. nhftng dja difim, tt^g phyc, hinh xam, trang sue, vfl khf ttiufc nhfiBg hinh ttific ty todng tupng va t\f
chiing nhan cho dfin tpc minh mdt cdch m^iih me hon nhieu.
6. Ky lie vdn hda trong xa hpi hifn dfi Nfiu ndi di san vdn hda tao nen ky uc vdn hda thi, trayfin thdng van hda vua la sy hifn hihi cfia ky ftc vdn hod viia dupc luu gift trong ky uc van hda. Khi dupc ddnh thuc vd phdt huy, trayfin thong van hda vd k^ ue van hda se frd thdnh mpt tifim ndng tinh thin to Idn ttong ddi sdng cfia rapt cdng ddng, nd cd mpt vai frd quan frpng nhu vfit chit, nhu nfing lupng, nhu sue sdng frong sy phdt triln kinh t l vd xfi hpi cfia cdc dfin tpc.
Tuy nhifin, cflng giong nhu nhiing d?ng ndng lupng ndi frfin, k^ uc vdn hda vd tam thfic dfin tpc ed thi bj xda bd trade xu the toan cfiu hda vd sy phdt triln nhanh chdng cfia xa hpi thdng tin, nhung mat khdc nd cd mpt vai trd quan frpng frong xa hpi hifn d?i. Ngdy nay, nhfin dfin Vift Nam dang no Ivc gift gin vd phdt huy mdt cdch n'ch eye k^ ic, tfim tiific vd fruyin ttiong van hod cua minh nhu Id mpt tiem ndng Idn cho sy phdt friln vdn hod ndi rieng vd kinh t l xa hpi eua dit nude ndi chung, thdng qua dd md phat friln con ngudi.
Bdi vi, di sdn vd tiuyin thong van hod cd vai frd n'ch cyc vdo sy phdt ttiln nguon nhfin Ivc dat nudc.
Sy kl thua fruyin thing vfin hda frong ddi song xa hpi vd kinh t l hifn nay cd till nhfin ttiiy a sy phyc hung le hpi - tfn ngudng dfin gian, cd thfi ndi dfiy la sy phyc hung song frfing vdi cd n'n ngudng vd vfin hod fruyin thong, mpt hifn topng tifiu bilu cho su ki thira nua vd thirc mia hOu thiic (10).
Ll hpi - tin ngudng dfin gian khdng chi cd gid tti doi vdi nhftng ai cd nhu ciu tfim linh, tin nguong, nd khdng chi Id rapt hinh tfidi vdn hod phi vfit thi ed tinh ttpi, md nd cdn Id mft hinh tiidi sinh host cpng dong cd ti'nh ty nguyfn cao mang lai su cfin bing tfim If va
KyiJc van hoa
27sinh thdi cho nhfin dan, le bpi cdn la nhfin td tiific diy cac boat dpng kinh tfi va du lich.
Le hdi tfn ngudng dan gian ttd tiidnh mpt Mnh thuc sinh boat vfin hod nhim tfiod man mpt nhu cfiu vfi vfin hod tfim linh cfia nhfin dfin ta (Tinh cpng dong, tinh cpng cdm vd tinh thieng lieng cOa li hoi). Bdi vi nd bilu hifn dfim ddc ban chit vd dae ttung van hod tui ngudng, n'ch hpp nhilu hinh tfifie va trinh df tfn ngudng dfin gian, tao nen sy da dang vfi phong phfi vl mau sic efia le hdi. Ngudi tiiam dy le hpi, bdi vfiy ludn cam tiiiy thanh ttian vdi nhftng dilu mong ude tot ldnh, gidi bdy tam nifm cfia minh trade hit vln mong
^^ao eho dat nudc binh yen mua tiiuan gid I mua mdng bpi tiiu, gia dinh an khang, thjnh vupng.
Le hpi kit hpp dupe cdi chung (boat dpng cfng ddng rpng Idn) vd edi rieng (efia nhung ngudi cd tt'n ngudng md le hpi dang dupe tiln hdnh), cdi trayin thing (nhiing ylu to vdn hda ed f nghia tfch cyc dupc sdng tao ttong qud khu) vd cdi hifn dai (vf sinh mdi trudng, vf sinh sue khde cho cu dfin, khdng dnh hudng den san xuit, bdo dam tt^t to an ninh xa hpi...), kfit hpp nguyfn vpng chfnh ddng vd hpp ly vdi khd ndng vfit chit, kinh phf tfiyc cd cfia nhan dfin.
Bdi VI, gid tti efia le hpi dfin gian khdng chi d sy phan dnh van hod ddn tpc md cdn d sy ddng gdp efia nd vdo vifc bao ton vd phdt huy cdc gid ttj tin ngudng vd vdn hod dfin tpc.
Dfic ttung cua sy phdn dnh dd Id tinh bilu topng. Cac bilu tupng cfia le hpi bifiu tiu sy ket hpp vd tt'ch hpp cde hinh tiidi chuin myc vd gid tti, nhftng tiianh td cfia vdn hod dfin tpc.
Bdi vfiy ttong le hpi - n'n ngudng dfin gian hdm chua nhifiu Idp hifin topng van hod, ban sde vdn hod, gid tti nhfin vfin vd dfin ehfi (hf gid trj cdt Idi efia ban sfic vfin hda Vift Nam:
nhfi - lang- nudc) cd thi phdt huy trong ddi
sdng vdn hda hifn nay (ca d ^ thfic vd vd thfic). Lfi hdi la sy tfifi hiai. Id sy phdt lp efia ky uc van hod dfin tpc. Mat khac Ifi hdi la mdt bd phan ldm phong phfi nhiing ky uc dd vd nd cdn tao nen sue hip ddc bift ddi vdi du khach trong vd ngoai nudc, mdt tilm nang Idn di phat trifin nganh kuih tfi du lich.
Khi dupe ddnh thuc vd phdt huy, trayin thdng vdn hda vd ky fire vdn hda se ttd thdnh nen tang tinh tfiin to Idn trong ddi sdng xa hdi, nd ed mpt vai trd quan ttpng nhu vfit chit, nhu nang lupng, ttong sy phdt triln kinh tl vd xfi hpi efia dit nudc. Nd tao nfin nhftng gid tti trong cot cdch, ban linh vd ndng lye cfia radi eon ngudiV.
Thdnh phd Ho Chl Minh, 2013 N.T.N
1. Assmann. Jan, Kollektrves Gedaechmis und kulnireUe Identiaet (Ky iic cpng ddng vd bdn sac van hda), Frankfurt, 1988, ti. 9-19.
2. Assmann, Jan, sdd, 1988. ti. 9-19.
3. Assmann. Jan, sdd, 1988, tr. 9-19.
4. Lufit Di san van hda nam 2001.
5. Jan Assman (2000), Kulmrelle Gaedachmis (Ky lie vdn hda) (tieng Due), Nxb. CB. Beck, Muenchen, (Ban tifing Vifit, Nguyin Tri Nguyfin djch, luu trii Vifin Van hda nghf ttiufit Vift Nam 2007).
6. Call Gnslav Jung (2007), TMm dd tiim thuc. ngudi djch Vu Dinh Luu, Nxb. Tri ttific tr.44.
7. K.G. Jung, Cd mdu va biiu tupng. M., 1991 U.64.
8. Jan Assman (2000), sdd.
9. Jan Assman (2000), sdd.
10. Trin (Julc Vupng, Cdn bdn triit if ngudi anh hung Phi, mng vd hpi Ddng. trong Le hgi Thanh Gidng. Nxb. Vin hda Thdng tin, H 2009 ti. 325.
28 3 (13)-2014: NGHIEN CCTU V A N H 6 A
Tii Ufa tiuun khio
1. Aleida Assman (1999), Erirnienm^iraeumf Formen und WaruUimgen des Kidturelle Gaedachtnis (Nhiing khdng gian hdi tic - hinh thdi va biin ddi) (tilng Due), Nxb. C B . Beck, Muenchen.
2. Jan Assman (2000), Religion mui Kulmrelle Gaedachtnis (Ky dc tdn guio vd van hda) (tieng Diic), Nxb. C B . Beck, Muenchen.
3. Roland Baithes (2002), "Co sd cua ky hifu hpc", trong sich CAii nghia cdu tnic vd Vdn hpc (Trjnh B i Dinh djch), Nxb. Vin hpc. Hi Npi.
4. Doris Bachmann-Medick (19%), Kultur als Text (Van hda nhit Id van ban) (tieng Due), Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankhm am Main.
5. Roland Barthes (2000), "Sv tudng lupng cua k^ hifu" (Huyin Giang djch), tap chi Van hpc nudc ngodi so 1/2000.
6. Chris Barker (2011), Nghien aiu vdn hda • If Ihuyil vd thgc hdnh. Nxb. Vin hda Thdng tin.
Hi Nfi.
7. Luc Benoist (2006). Dau hifu. biiu trung vd than thogi. Nxb. The gidi.
8. Jean Chevalier - Alain Giieerbranl (1997), Tli- dien bieu tupng vdn hda thi gidi: tiuyin thogi.
chiim mpng, phong tgc, cii chi dgng the. cdc hinh.
mdu sde, eon so (Pham VTnh (^i djch), Nxb. Di Ning v i Trudng Vifit vin Nguyen Du. Hi Npi.
9. Elisabetti Frenzel (1978), Staff, Motiv- und Symbolforschung (nghiin dm chdt lifu. motiv i^
bieu tupng) (tieng Due), Nxb. J.B. Melzler.
Stuttgart.
lO.CCJung (1996), Archetypen ( d mau), Deutscher Taschenbuch, Muenchen.
11. Klauss P. Hansen, Vdn hda vd vdn hda hpc (ngudi djch Nguyin Tri Nguyfin), ttfin Thdng bio khoa hpc Vifn Vin hda Nghf ttiufit Vift Nam, s l 19 din s l 21-2007.
12. Lottnan (1997), Ky hifu hpc difn dnh do Bach Bfch (djch qua ban tilng Phdp) v i Fischer- Liehle. Ky hifu hpc sdn khdu do Biii Khdi Giang (djch tieng Diic), trong Ky hifu hpc nghf thugt do Vifn Nghf ttiufit luu ttii difn anh Vift Nam.
13. E.M. Meletinsky (2004), 77ii phdp aia huyin thogi, Nxb. D»i hpc (Julc gia Hi Npi,.
14. Nguyen Tri Nguyfin (2011), Vdn hda hgc - nhiing phuang difn liin ngdnh vd iing dgng, DiU hpc Vin hda, ttiinh pho H i Chf Minh v i Nxb.
Cdng nghifip.
15. Radughin (1997), Vdn hda hpc - Nhiing bdi gidng, Matacova, do Vu Dinh Phdng djch tir bin tilng Nga, Vifn Vin hda Thdng tin xuit bin.
H., 2004.
Nguyin Tri Nguy«n: CuHunl memory
Culturology defines culture as a process of communfeating symbols, a document of self-voice over;
meanirKiM stmcture. CuHurotogy need to appmach to non-veri^an symbols: cognrthre. conscious and inner n - d t e ^ Omag,nat»n. values and inner mind) and social real«y. As an integrated concept of n r ^ ™ ^ ^ memonr corrtrolls action, experiences typical interaction in society, and is transmited last hjnction of oiltural signs which is to control the human action.
ihJ^^T^"^'^ * ^ """"^^ " ^ " " ^ "^ "'="""^^' " ^ - ^ ^ -reminisce culture", and these are key temis in research of traditional culture and cultural heritage. cu lure . ana
m„!^'JZZi^'^ " ' " ^ ' ' " • ^ ^ " ^ "'«"™- ' ^ " ^ <" consciousness, unconsciousness, inner
