LICH SC-VAN HOA
GS.LE HUY TIEU
^ ^ ^ iai Nobel difdc skng lap tii nSm 1 TT • 901 v^ da trao giai vfin hpc cho
^ ^ • 1 0 4 ngubi. d Trung Qufi'c, tii thcfi Lo Tflih ngilcii ta da mong chd giai nay.
Cd ngil6i cho r&ng, giai Nobel la giai mang n5ng tinh chat chinh tri, vi du nhii Cao Hanh Kien khdng difdc hoan nghenh tai dai luc Trung Quo'c, nhifng l^i doat giai Nobel da'y thoi! Co ngiTcfi tinh tao hdn, on hda hdn, cho la giai Nobel thudng la'y phitdng Tay lam trung tam nen van hpc chau A it diidc quan tam. Doi vdi Trung Quoc ma noi, chi3 vuong Trung Qu6'c ra't ken ngifcii dich n§n ngiTcfi phiTdng Tay it big't v^ van hoc Trung Qufi'c, cfing them sii khac bi$t vi van hda va hinh thai y thutc cung la trd ngai de phitdng Tay hieu diti?c Trung Quoc.
Trudc ngay cfing bo giai Nobel van hoc 2012, c6 nhi^u di^ do^n khac nhau ve ngiidi ditdc giai. Danh sach d^ cii thi co nhi^u, nhiing y kifi'n tap trung vao ba ngifdi: Nha van Israel Amos Oz, nha van Nhait Ban Haruki Murakami va Mac Ngfin
(Trung Qufi'c). Trong ba nha van nay thi dir luSn cho rang Haruki Murakami - tac gia cua tieu thuyet Riing Nauy n^i tig'ng - la ngirdi cd hy vong nha't. The nhtrng dd'n phlit chot, Uy ban Nobel lai tuyen bo^ tang cho Mac Ngdn, ngirdi cd thii van chiidng
"hien thiic huyen ao pha trpn nhiing cau chuySn dan gian, lich sk va hien dai".
Khi Uy ban Nobel cong bo tin vui do thi Mac Ngfin dang an cOm tfii tai nha ong d Cao Mat Sdn Dfing. VI tap trung vao biia an, con gai ong khfing cho md tivi nen ong khfing biet, sau do co ngiidi gpi dien bao ong mdi bifi't. Ngay toi hfim 11-10 • 2012, liic 9 gid tfii cd cugc hop bao ngay tai nha fing. Phdng vifin hdi cam tifdng ciia ong sau khi bie't tin nay. Mac Ngon dap:
"Nghe diidc tin nay tfii ra't vui, nhiftig tfii th^y diidc giai khfing tieu bieu cho cai ^ . Trung Quo'c ra't nhifi'u nha van liu tu, tac ph^m cua ho dang difdc thfi' gidi tiS'p nhan va thijfa nhan, tdi day tfii se don het tam liic vac tac ph^m mdi". Phong vien hdi vi sao tac ph^m cua dng thuyet phue difdc Uy
NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUOC so 10(134} - 2012
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LEHUYTieu
ban Nobel ? Mac Ngfin d^p: "Tfii nghT dd \k vi tfi'cha't vSn hpc trong tfic phflm ciia tfii.
Day la giai v$ vfin hoc, 1^' do du^c giai phai la vfin hoc. Tdc ph^m cua toi la van hpc Trung Quo'c, cung \k m^t phfin cua vfin hoc thfi' gidi. Tac phfim cua loi th^ hi^n cu^c so'ng ciia nhan dSn Trung Qufi'c, the hifin vfin hda vfi phong ti^c dfin tpc d$c dSo cua Trung Qufi'c, ddng thdi tidu thuyfi't cua tfii cung mifiu ta nhfin tfnh theo nghia rpng, tdi ludn diing d gdc dp con ngUdi di td con ngiidi, vMt qua gidi han dia 1^ vfi chung tfic"!
Cung trong dem fi'y, nhan vign ciia Uy ban Nobel tit Thuy Dien goi di§n v^ phdng van Mac Ngfin. Nhfin vien hdi, nhfin diidc tin vui ngai cd cam giac the nfio? Mac Ngon tra ldi: "VCfa nghe duoc tin a'y, toi ra't kinh ngac, vi tfii cam tha'y giai Nobel van hpc cdn each xa toi lam". Sau khi chuc miing nha van, nhan vien hdi tie'p r4ng, sau khi ngai difdc giai, rfi't nhieu sinh vien tren the gidi se hfio hiic tim doc tfic phfim cua ngai, vay xin ngai hay gidi thieu nhiing cufi'n nao hay cho hp doc. Mac Ngfin dap: "Tfii mong hp trudc tifin hay dpc Sohg dpa thdc ddy (Sinh tii bi lao), Nhfi xufi't ban Thuy Dien vCfa in, bdi cufi'n sfich dd kha tofin dien, tieu bieu cho phong each sang tac ciia tfii va tieu bilu cho sii tim tdi cua tfii ve nghe thufit tieu thuyet, rdi sau do se doc Cao liidng do (1) Mdng to vu nd (Phong nhu phi ddn)"... Nhfin vien lai hdi, ngai fin mtfng vific doat giai Nobel nhiT the nao? Mac Ngfin dap: "Chang cd gi de an miing ca, ngay mai tfii ciing gia dinh lfim mot me "banh cheo" (2), mong muo'n nhfi't cua tfii la an mot biia "banh cheo".
Qua hai Ifin phdng vfi'n ta th^y Mac Ngfin rfi't vui khi d\i<}c giai, nhiing v i n cam thfi'y fii ng^i vi d Trung Qufi'c cdn nhilu nha vfln cung dfing dUOc giai. 6 n g quy giai thadng, nhifng cung khfing coi dd Ifi cfii gi phai tfin aiing ghfi gdm. Vfi fing cung thfi'y cSn phai cfi" gfing hdn nfla d l khdi phu ldng b^n dpc trong vfi ngoai nifdc.
Con difdng vfin hoc ciia Mac Ngon khfing phai Ifi thufin chdo mat mai nhu nhilu ngudi tUdng mfi quanh co, tr^c trd.
Ong xufi't thfin trong mfit gia dinh nghdo, 12 tudi da phai bd hpc ve que lao dpng.
Nfim 20 tufi'i (1976) fing rdi que nhfip ngu, du^c len chiic t i l u dpi tnidng, r6i lfim cfin sU tuyfin truyen, gifio vien chinh tri. Hoi nhd fing thich doc truyen, Udc md d^n ngfiy nfio dd ed the viet lai nhflng cau chuySn xay ra d que hUdng. The Ifi d trong quan dpi, ban ngay luyen tfiip, dem dem dng chong dfin viet lach. Ong giii di nhieu nhUng chfing bfio nfio chiu dfing. Mai den nfim 1981 fing mdi dxicfc dfing mfit truySn ngfin dSu tien cd ten Ifi Mita dim xudn.
Tfic ph^m a'y mfi phdng mfit truyen ngfin cua nUdc ngofii chii chUa phai Ifi sang tao ciia rieng fing. Sau dd, ong dUdc gpi vfio hpc d Hpc vidn nghd thufit quan giai phdng, rdi sang lam nghien ciiu sinh d Vi$n vfin hoc LS Tfi'n vfi nhfin b^ng thac si d dfi'y. Nhflng kid'n thflc hpc dUdc d hai Vi|n tren da giiip sU nghiep sang tac vfin hpc cua dng thfing hoa. Truyen vCfa Cao litang do la moc son tren chang dudng vfin hpc cua fing, sau dd dfldc dao d i l n tai danh TrUdng Ngh$ MUu diing thfinh phim vfi dUt3c giai Con gfi'u vfing d Lien hoan phim
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NGNIEN Cliu TRUNG QUfiC so 10(134) - 2012Con di/dng Mac Ngon dl tdi..
Berlin 1998. Tfl dfi'y trd di, ten tuoi cua Mac Ngfin noi n h u cdn. NhUng tfi'm huy chUdng nfio cung cd hai mat. Tren vfin dfin Trung Qufi'c, M^ic Ngfin dUdc khen cung nhieu vfi che cung lfim.
Ngfldi khen thi cho rfing, Mac Ngdn da sang tgo ra mfit thfl ngfin ngfl dUOm sfic thai que hUdng rfi't phong phu, me hdn; fing da sang tao ra vung que vfla hien thUc vfla k^
ao. Que hUdng Cao Mat. dUdi ngdi but cua ong chi tdn tai trong tfldng tflijng, dd khdng phai la manh da't lich sfl hofic hien thiic, nhflng nd lai hfi'p dSn sinh ddng hdn vfi dfldc ngUdi ta thfla nhan la hinh anh thu nhd cua Ti-ung Qud'c. Ong dfi phan anh dUdc sflc manh ciia sinh menh, y chi manh liet ciia ngudi Trung Qud'c. Do thdi tudi tre Mac Ngon song d ndng thdn dfiy truyen thuyet dan gian nen ong da thfi hifin dUdc trang thai "ma mi" ciia cufic so'ng dan gian a'y.
Dilu dd lfim cho tfic pham cua Mac Ngon cd sac thai cfi tinh rfi't manh.
Cdn ngfldi che, hp chi ra trong mpt so' truyen vfla nhU Hoan lgc, Chdu chdu do, Dao cho, tham chi ngay ca nhflng tieu thuyet dai dUdc dfic gia dpe nhieu nhfi't nhu Ti^u qud'c, Mdng to vu nd. Ddn hiidng kink cung t h i hien quan dilm my hpc khdng Ifinh manh (3). Hp cho rang Mac Ngdn cd cai nhin lech lac, bien cai xa'u b^n, thoi tha t h a n h cai dep de, thdm tho. Ho ndi dng phd bay tfi't ca cai xfi'u xa, bi d'i mfi tii khi dng sinh ra da nhin thfi'y, nghe thfi'y, trai qua, cd khi tudng tfldng ra d l kich thich, de n g u y i n rua, chfli bdi, ke ca man.i dfi't Cao Ifldng dd mfi dng dfi tiing ca ngdi. Ong diing nhflng cai xa'u xa d nhan
gian d l dua cdt va Ifi'y dd d l vui thich. Cai
"u-mua den" ma chii nghia hfiu hien dai hay dflng dd cua dng Ifi trai vdi truyen thdng vfi khfing hdp gu vdi nhfi cfim quyen nen fing bi phe phan Ifi dilu khfing cd gi khd hilu.
Tieu thuyfi't Mdng to vu nd in Ifin dfiu tien vfio nam 1995, sau dd bi phfi phan vfi bi cfi'm luu hanh mdt thdi gian. Mpt trong nhflng ly do la trong cud'n nay k l chuyen cd hai anh em nha no Ifla chpn con dfldng chinh tri khac nhau: mpt ngudi gia nhap Dang Cpng san, ngfldi kia chpn Quo'c dan dang. The nhUng ngfldi thfl hai nfiy lai tdt hdn, dang yeu hdn nhilu so vdi ngudi anh em cua anh ta. Y tfldng nay cung la the hien tu tudng phu dinh cua chu nghia hfiu hien dai. Trong tac ph£m cd hinh anh chu be Ky Ddng ra't ky di, tii be dd'n ldn khdng t h i xa rdi dUdc hfiu vu cua ngUdi me.
Trong bfii Mgc Ngon trd ldi phong vdn tgp cki Lire (Phfip) thang 4-2004, fing giai thich: "NgUdi ta cd t h i tim tha'y 5 tinh yeu ciia con ngudi Trung Hoa doi vdi tfi qufi'c cua minh, nhUng ta't nhien dd cung la mflt sU phe phan ve sU le thudc ciia nhflng ngudi dan dng, nhu cac dang vien Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c khfing cd kha nang rdi bd Dang, hay nhflng nha budn khfing cd kha nfing tfl bd cae vu fip phe"
Ciing 5 bfii tren, khi ndi ve hien tfldng fin thit ngfldi d trcng tilu thuye't T^ qudc (1993) Mae Ngdn ndi: "Vl nan fin thit ngfldi, dd la mfit ehii de truyen tho'ng d Trung Qud'c. NhUng tfi't nhien nd mang y nghia an du trong cufi'n sach ciia tdi, nd chi ra sU fip bflc cua he tho'ng chinh tri vfi
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LE HUY TIEU
tinh tr^ng sfich n h i l u dfin Ifinh, cung nhU nan biln ehfi't tha hda: in$t sfi' quan chflc ddi bgi d i n mflc nghiin ngfi'u tfi't ca, k l ca nhflng dfla trd con".
Ldi viit phdng tung mfi 6ng gpi Ifi "phi ma hfinh khfing", si^ tfl bd phfldng phfip hifin thi^c xa hfii chii nghla, gfin gOi vdi chu nghia hi§n thflc huyIn ao cua My La tinh, cpng thdm nhiing ldi phfit bilu
"nghjeh nhl" cflng vdi nhflng ldi "bfi't kinh" ddi vdi lanh tu rai rfic d trong cfic trang sfich ciia dng da gfiy khd khfin khdng it cho dng.
Ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi chi trich cung nhU nhflng ldi khen, dng diu cfim dn vi nd diu giup ich cho fing. Ong Ifing le, khfing ndi (Mac Ngdn) fim thfim "thfim canh" tren cfinh ddng "cao lUdng dd" qufi nhfi vfi din nay dng da cd dfli3c 11 bd tilu thuyfi't dfii, 30 truydn vfla, 100 truyen ng£n, 5 tfip tan vfin, 9 kich ban phim, 2 kich ban kich ndi. Tfic ph^m cua dng da dUdc dich ra nhieu thfl tidng vfi doat n h i l u giai trpng vfi ngofii nUdc.
Sau mdt thdi gian, cd le do bfiu khdng khi chinh tri thfing thoang hon, d l thd hdn, gidi phe binh cung dd khfit khe hdn va cung do ngdi but cua Mac Ngfin cd su difi'u chinh nen da tao dfl(?c dfl lufin ddng thufin nhie'u hdn. T i l u thuyfi't Con ech mdi nhfi't cua dng vfla dU0c giai Vfin hpc Mao T h u i n 2010 vfi dfi'n nfim 2011 fing dflcjc b^u lfim Phd Chu tich Hpi nhfi vfin Trung Qud'c. Vinh dfl hdn, dng dfldc mpt sfi"
trfldng dai hpc trong nflde tfing bfing tien SI va phong Ifi giao sU danh dii. Xua nay trong sfich giao khoa b^c phd' thdng, dng chua bao gid cd ten. Gid day, sau khi dUi3c tin fing doat giai Nobel, Bp Giao d\ic Trung Qufi'c bat dfiu lUa chpn tac ph^m ciia Mac
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Ngfin d l dUa vfio giang dgy trong nhfi trUdng. Cfi is truy§n Cu cd rd't trong sudt du^c lUa chpn vi nd phan finh ldng dung cam, tinh ngoan cudng, kh^c phue mpi khfi khfin cua ngfldi dan Trung Qufi'c.
Giai Nobel vfin hpc nfim nay xda tan thfinh k i l n cua Oy ban Nobel xUa nay vi qufi thifin v; chfiu Au. Trong mpt thdp ki qua, cd d i n 8 nhfi vfin chfiu Au dfldc Vi§n hfin lfim Thyy Diln vinh danh, nfim ngofii, giai dU<;lc t$ng cho nhfi vfin Thuy Diln Tomas Transtomer. Gid day ngfldi phUdng Tfiy khdng cdn coi van hpc dUdng dgi Trung Qufic Ifi m^t "bfii rfic** nfla, hp hit dfiu thfla nh$n "Trung Qudc Ifi nudc ldn vl vfin hpc". NgUdi Phfip coi Mac Ngfin la "dgi th\i" trong khu riing ciia vfin hpc Trung Qufic. Ngfldi Dflc h^t sflc ca ng<^ Mgc Ngfin. Hp ndi, "Trdn bfiu trdi sao vfin hpc cd them mfit ngfii sao sfing". Nhilu ngfldi cdn so sfinh Mgc Ngdn vdi Kaflca, Faulkner, J.Heller. Cd d i l u cfich dfinh gifi cua hp hdi thifin v l vi$c Mgc Ngdn da ta d\i(fc nhU0c d i l m nhfin tinh cua xa h^i Trung Qufi'c, phan finh dfl^c m$t den tfii cua n i n chinh tri vfi phdi bfiy phe phfin mgnh m§ cfii xfi'u xa, k§ch cdm cua xa hdi.
CHU THf CH:
1. Cao luang do (L§ Huy Tifiu dich) dfl^c giai thudng truy§n vfla tofin Trung Qufic nfim 1985-1986. Djch gia Trfin Dinh Hiln ndi dd Ifi k)ch ban phim Ifi khfing dung.
2. Bfinh b$t mi hfi'p cfi nhfin thjt.
3. Xem bfii Xu hUdng ml hoc trong tiiu thuyit ciia Mgc Ngdn in trong cuffn Tiiu thuyit Trung Qudc tkdi ky cdi cdch md cHa cua Lfi Huy Tifiu, NXB Gifio dye, 2011.
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