LUAT H I N H Sir, L U A T T O TUNG HINH SlT
BAN VE QUYEN DlTOC SUY DOAN VO TOI TRONG H I E N PHAP NAM 2013 VA VAN DE SffA DOI M Q T SO QUY DINH LIEN QUAN
TRONG BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SlT NAM 2003
v o THI KIM OANH*
LE THI THtlY DlTONG**
Tom tat
Quyen dirge suy dodn vo lgi la quyen ca ban ciia ngircri bi bugc lgi. Thiic hien tot quyen nay chinh la each thuc de nguai bi huge tgi co the tit bdo ve minh tron^ qud trmh tham gia to lung. Tuy nhien, sau II nam thi hanh Bg luai To tung hinh su, cdc quy dinh nhdm thuc hien quyen dugc suy dodn vo loi da bdt ddu bgc lg nhung han che. Hien phdp ndm 2013 dugc ban lianh vdi nhiing diem mdi ve quyen dirge suy dodn vo lgi da tra thdnh ca sd hien djnh mai quan trgng vd cUng Id mgi yeu cdu cdp Ihiet ddi vai viec hodn ihien ede quy dinh eua phdp ludt to tung hinh sir ve quyen dgc biet ndy.
Abstract
The right to the presumption of innocence is a fundamental right of the accused. The good implementation of such right shall be the right method for the accused is able lo self-defend during the course of proceedings. However, there are several limitations regarding to the provisions on the right to be presumed innocent after 11 years of implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code. The Constitution of 2013, which has been enacted with the new points on the right lo the presumption of innocence, is an important legal basis and an urgent requirement for the improvements of the Criminal Procedure Code regarding lo such special right.
1. Dat van de
Hien phap la' dao luat ca ban, co gia tri phap ly cao nliit trong he thong phap luat. CJ bat cu quoc gia nao hien phap cung la dao luat ca ban, la giai han cua quyen lire nha nuac, la ca so phap ly cao nhat bao dam cac quyen tu do ca nhan. Nhung quy djnh ciia hien phap doi hoi phai phil hop vdi dieu kien kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hoi cua timg qu6c gia; djnh huang cho phat trien cua dit nuoc
Hiln phap nam 2013 dugc thong qua tai Iqf hop thu sau - Quoc hoi khoa XIII gom 11 Chuang, 120 Dilu (giam 1 Chuong va 27 Dilu so voi Hiln phap nam 1992) co hiSu luc tir ngay 01/01/2014. DSy la su kien chinh tri - phap Iy quan trpng danh dau buoc phat trien cua dat nubfc trong giai. doan raoi.
Hien phap nam 2013 da quy dinh bao quat hau het cac quyen co ban ve chinh tri, dan su, kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa cua con nguai; quy dinh v l t6 chuc bg may nha nuac; ve vai tro cua Nha nuoc va kinh te Nha nuac trong viec dinh huang, dieu tilt su phat trien cua nen kinh te thj trudng theo dinh huong xa hgi chii nghia. Tuy nhien, diem nhan trong lan sira doi Hien phap
nay chinh la viSc ghi nhan va mii rong hon cdc quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan, nhu GS. TS.
Tran Nggc Duong da viet: "Quyen con ngum, quyen va nghia vu ca bdn cua cong dan" co nhieu diem m&i ve nhgn thuc va each thuc (he hien (k^ thuat lap hien).'
Dieu nay da the hien ro hon ban chat dan chu cua Nha nuac ta, dam bao phii hgp voi cac dieu uoc quoc te ve quyen con nguoi ma nuoc ta tham gia ky ket. Dong thai trong boi canh cac nudc tren the gioi dang ra siic ghi nhan va dam bao quyen con nguoi, quyen cong dan thi nhung quy dinh nay ciing la phii hgp voi yeu cau chung do.
Tu phap hinh su la mgt Imh vuc het sire nhay cam, viec xam pham cac quyen trong Imh vuc tu phap hinh su cua cong dan rat d l din din xam pham cac quyen tu nhien cua con nguoi
* TS Luat hoc, Tnrong Khoa Luat Hinh su, Trucmg DH Luat Tp. H6 Chi Minh. •-,
* Giang vien Khoa Luat Hinh su, Truong DH Lbat Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
' GS TS Tran Ngoc Duirng "Quyin con nguai, quyen cong ddn trong Hien phdp 2013 " httpV/baodien- tu.chinhphu.vn/Gop-y-Hien-ke/Quyen-con-nguoi- quyen-cong-dan-trong-Hien-phap-2013/191865.vgp.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP L YSO 5/2014 nhu quyin s6ng, quyin tu do di lai... Hien phap
nam 2013 da thuc su chii trgng den viec ma rgng va tao CO che dam bao thuc hien cac quyen cua cong dan trong ITnh vuc tu phap hinh su, ciing nhu b6 sung nhiing quy dinh ve to chuc bg may, chuc nang cua cac co quan tien hanh to tiing...
Day chinh la co so phap ly vung chac nhat cho viec sira doi, bo sung cac van ban luat chuyen nganh trong Imh vuc tu phap hinh su nhu Bg luat T6 tiing hinh su (BLTTHS), Luat T6 chuc Toa an nhan dan... i^am dam bao quyen con nguofi, quyin cong dSn, dap iing nhu cau cai each tu phap dang dugc dat ra nhu mgt nhu cau cSp thiet. Trong pham vi bai viet nay, nhom tac g\h xin dugc ban ve quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi trong Hiln phap nam 2013 va van de sua doi m6t so quy dinh lien quan trong BLTTHS 2003
2. Noi dung
Quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi hay quyen
"khong ai bi coi la co tgi" la mgt thanh tuu ciia khoa hgc phap ly hien dai tren the gioi. Doi voi hau het cac quoc gia, quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi giu mgt vi tri vo cimg quan trgng, dinh huang cho toan bo qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinhsu.
6 nuoc ta, mac dii chua dugc ghi nhan mgt each chinh thiic, nhung nhung tu tuong, tinh than ve quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi da bat dau tir rat lau, va dAn dan dugc hoan thien trong cac ban hiln phap, tu Hiln phap nam 1946, 1959, 1980,1992 din Hiln phap nam 2013. Theo do, quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi dugc quy dinh theo huong cang ngay cang hoan thien hon, the hien r6 su quan tam cua Dang, Nha nuoc vl v§n de quyin con nguoil Tai Hiln phap 2013, quyin nay da dugc ghi nhan hoan chinh hon tai Dilu
^ Hifin phap nam 1946 ra doi voi su ghi nhan hang loat cac quyen co ban ciia cong dSn, trong do co mgt quySn dang chii y do la: 'Tw^/idp chm qig>it dinh thi khong dugc bat bdva giam cdm cong dan Viel Nam" (Q\iu U).
, Cung nhu Hi€n phap nam 1946, Hign ghag nam 1959 liep Wf c 0\\ iMn:"...khong ai CO Ihi bi bdi nSu khong CO sir quyei djnh cua Toa dn nhdn ddn hoac sir phe chudn cua Vien kiem sal nhdn ddn " (Dilu 27).
Den Hiln phap 1980 thi quygn duoc suy doan v6 tgi cing duoc quan triet hon khi quy dinh: "...Khong ai co the bl bai neu khong cd su quyit dinh cua Tda dn nhdn ddn hogc co su phe chudn cita Viin kiim sal nhdn ddn Viic bdt nguai phdi Iheo dung phdp ludi Nghiem cdm mgi hinh thuc truy buc. nhuc hinh " ^ i 8 u 69).
31 ".. .Ngudi bi buoc toi duac coi la khong co tgi cho den khi duac chimg minh theo trinh tu luat dinh va co bdn dn ket toi cua Toa dn co hieu lire phdp lugt... ". Ngi dung cua quy dinh nay vl ca ban da giai quyet dugc nhiing van dl phat sinh theo Hien phap nam 1992 truoc do.
NIU truoc day, voi each quy dinh "Khong ai bi coi la co toi vd phdi chiu hinh phgt khi chua CO ban dn ket toi cua Toa dn da co hieu luc phdp ludt. "^ thi van de xac dinh chu the co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi rat kho boi "Khong ai... " tiic la tat ca mgi r^uoi, lieu rang co phai th. ca moi nguoi diu phai co quyen nay hay khong. Nhiing ngudi luon chap hanh phap luat, khong thuc hien hanh vi pham tgi thi co can den bit ky su suy doan vo tgi nao hay khong hay chi nhiing ngudi bi bugc tgi mdi can co quyen suy doan vo tgi. ViSc quy dinh nhu tren lam cho chu the CO quyen suy doan vo tgi qua rgng va khong phu hgp vdi ban chat cua van de. Vdi Dieu 31 Hien phap nam 2013, chu the c6 quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi da dugc xac dinh mgt each cu the va ro rang, do chinh la nhimg "«gMOT bi bugc tgi". Day la mgt quy dinh hgp ly ve mat ly luan, chi nhung ngudi nao dang bi cac ca quan nha nudc co tham quyen bu6c tgi mdi can den quyen nay; con nhung ngudi khong vi pham phap luat, khong thuc hien hanh vi pham tgi tM duong nhien khong co ^ i ma khong can den bat cii su "suy dodn " nao.
Mgt diem mdi nua ma Hien phap nam 2013 da ghi nhan, do la: mgt ngudi hi ket tgi phai co 2 dieu kien: Mot la, dugtc chung minh theo trinh tu luat dinh va hai Id, co ban an co hieu luc phap lugt cua Toa dn thay cho mgt dieu kien duy nhit theo Hien phap nam 1992 la "co bdn dn kit toi cua Tda dn da co hieu luc phdp lugt".
Chinh su thay ddi nay da cho th4y, Hien phap nam 2013 co mgt su tiln bg vugt bac, da du lieu dugc nhiing trudng hgp co ngudi hi ket an oan, hay trong qua tiinh chiing minh i ^ d i tien hanh to tung da co nhiing vi pham nghiem trgi^
cac quy dinh ve viec thu thap, kiem tra, danh gia chimg cii, lam cho cac quyit dinh cua co quan tiln hanh t6 tung khong mang tinh chinh xac (trong do co ca ban an cua Toa an). Hien
' Diau 72 Hiln phap nam 1992.
LUAT HINH s y , LUAT TO TUNG HINH SlT phap da loai trir nhiing nhiing ngudi nay ra khoi
"nguoi bi ket tgi vd phdi chiu hinh phgt" mac du hg CO "co bdn dn ket tgi cua Toa dn co hieu luc phdp ludt".
Ben canh do, each dimg thuat ngO "nguai bi bugc tgi" tai Dieu 31, cung the hien trinh do lap phap cao. Bdi V\, Hien phap la dao luat co ban, la dao luat goc, vi vay chi can quy dinh khai quat, viec cu the hoa "nguai bi buoc toi" la ai da CO luat chuyen nganh lam ro.
Vdi quy dinh mdi nay, quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi ciia ngudi bi bugc tgi da dugc quy dinh cu the hon rat nhieu, day chinh la co che dau tien dat tien de cho viec dam bao cac quyen ca ban cua cong dan, cua ngudi bi bugc tgi; day ciing la mgt quy dinh dugc danh gia la da tiem can vdi nhiing quy dinh ciia cac cong udc ve quyen con ngudi ma nudc ta da ky ket va thira nhan; la CO sd phap ly viing chac cho nhung thay doi, bo sung cac quy dinh c6 Uen quan trong phap luat to tung hmh su.
BLTTHS hien hanh co hieu luc vao ngay 1 thang 7 nam 2004, tai thdi diem do Hien phap nSm 1992 dang co hieu luc thi hanh. Quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi dugc luat chuyen nganh quy dinh kha tuong tu vdi Hien phap nam 1992.
Vi vay, nhirng diem mdi trong each ghi nhan quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi trong ban Hien phap nam 2013 da lam cho BLTTHS bgc lg nhimg diem chua that su hgp ly trong viec quy dinh quyen nay. Tac gia xin chi ra mgt so diem, day Cling chinh la nhimg van de can dugc bo sung, tliay doi trong lan sira doi BLTTHS lan nay.
2.1. Chu the co quyen duffc suy dodn vo tgi Dilu 9 BLTTHS Viet Nam nam 2003 quy dinh: "Khong ai bi coi Id co tgi vd phdi chiu hinh phgt khi chua co bdn dn ket toi cua Tda dn da CO hieu luc phdp ludt.^'
Mac dil phap luat hien hanh khong he quy dinh mgt chii the cu the nao co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi nhung thong qua n6i dung cua Dieu 9 BLTTHS nam 2003, Nha nudc ta ciing da quy dinh mgt each gian tiep chu the co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi la bat cii ai, khong bi han chl bdi su bugc tgi tir phia nha nudc. Nhu vay, BLTTHS nam 2003 ciing vap phai mgt sai lam
tuong tu Hiln phap nam 1992, do la viec ghi nhan cho t4t ca mgi ngudi deu co quyen nay.
Tuy nhien, theo quan diem cua nhom tac gia, ngudi CO quyen suy doan vo tgi khong the la bat cii ngudi nao, ma ngudi co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi phai la ngudi gan lien vdi sir bugc
^ i cua cac co quan Nha nudc hoac dang bi nghi ngd la chu the thuc hien hanh vi pham tgi;
"cong ddn khong bi bugc tgi, khong bi rdc roi ve phap ludt thi ho luon la ngudi ngay that md khong cdn den bdt cu su suy dodn vo tgi ndo "'', vi hg duong nhien la ngudi khong c6 tgi.
Chua dimg lai d do, neu viec ghi nhan cum tir "ngirdi bi bugc tgi" trong Hien phap 2013 la mgt su hgp ly trong ky thuat lap phap nhu da plian tich thi viec tiep tuc ghi nhan toan bg ngi dung cum tir nay trong BLTTHS siia doi, bo sung se la mgt diem khong hgp ly. Bdi vi, BLTTHS nam 2003 la luat chuyen nganh, nhiing nha lam luat can phai cu the hoa, chi ro ai la "nguoi bi bugc tgi". Ve van de nay, dua vao dia vi phap ly ciia nhihig ngudi tham gia to tung, theo quan diem ciia nhom tac gia, "ngudi hi buoc toi" trong TTHS co the dugc hieu chinh la bi can, bi cdo, vd ngudi bi tam giir.
"Bi can la ngudi da bi khdi to ve hinh su"^.
Bi can la chu the dau tien co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi vi hg la ngudi da co quyet dinh khdi to hi can - quyet dinh tmy ciiu trach nhiem hinh su vdi nhiing cao bugc cu the, la ngudi hi bugc tgi trong giai doan dieu tra, truy to. K I tu thdi diem CO quyet djnh khdi to bi can, ngudi tien hanh to tung co tham quyen ap dung cac bien phap cudng che to tung hinh su nhu ap dung cac bien phap ngan chan, tien hanh cac hoat dgng dieu tra doi vdi bi can do.
Bi cdo Id nguai co quyet dinh dua vu dn ra xet xic.^ Ciing la mgt chii the bi bugc tgi, bi cao ciing co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi bdi vi liic nay van chua co ban an ket tgi co hieu luc cua Toa an doi vdi ngudi do, tham chi khi da CO ban an ket tgi ma ban an do chua co hieu luc phap luat thi bi cao v i n con nguyen
" Nguyen Thai Phuc "Nguyen tic suy doan vo tgi", Tap chi Nhd nudc vd phdp ludi, s6 11/2006,. tr. 72-83.
* Diau 49 BLTTHS nam 2003.
* Dilu 50 BLTTHS nam 2003.
TAP CHf KHOA HOC PHAP LYSd 5/2014 quyin dugc suy doan vo tgi.
"Ngudi bi tgm giu Id ngudi bi bdt trong trudng hap khdn cdp, phgm tgi qud tang, ngu&i bi bdt theo quyit dinh truy nd hodc ngu&i phgm tgi tu thu, ddu thu vd ddi v&i hg dd cd quyet dinh tgm giit"\ Tai thdi dilm bi tam giii ngudi nay chua nhan dugc bit ky ldi bugc tgi chinh thirc nao ciia ca tiln hanh to tung nhung cac can cii va cac trudng hgp tam giii dugc quy dinh tai Dilu 48 BLTTHS nam 2003 (B5t trong hudng hgp khSn c3p, pham tgi qua tang, bi truy na, tu thii, d4u thii) chinh la nhiing ldi bugc tgi mgt each gian tiep doi vdi ngudi do. Quyet dinh tam giii phai ghi ly do tam giu - tiic la ldi huge tgi gian tiep - va ngudi tam giii dugc biet ly do minh bi tam giu. (Dilu 48 BLTTHS nam 2003, Dilu 86 BLTTHS nam 2003). Khi hit han tam giii ngudi bi tam giii hoac dugc tia lai tu do hoac bi khdi t6 hi can (chinh thtic bi bugc tgi).
Do vay, ngudi tam giii ciing la chit the co quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi.
Co nhieu co che de dam bao viec thuc hien nguyen tSc nay tren thuc te, trong do vai tio quan tigng thugc ve phia cac ca quan, ca nhan CO tham quyen tien hanh to tung bdi le chinh nhiing chu tiie nay la nhiing chu the nhan danh nha nudc giai quyet cac van de lien quan din viec xac dinh su that khach quan cua vu an hinh su de ra cac phan quyet chinh xac theo quy dinh cua phap luat va hg chinh la nhiing chii thi cd trach nhiem dam bao thuc hien quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi cua nhiing ngudi bi bugc tgi, phai luon "suy dodn vd tgi", phai luon xem ''Khong ai bi coi la cd tgi va phdi chiu hinh phgt khi chua CO bdn an kit toi cua Tod dn dd cd hieu luc phap ludr^ dl CO nhiing hanh vi t6 tung ciing nhu thai do phii hgp trong qua trinh giai quyit vu an hinh su.
2.2. Ngi dung cm quyen duac suy dodn vo tgi Dilu 9 BLTIHS Viet Naiii nam 2003 qiiy dinh: ''Khdng ai bi coi Id co toi vd phdi chiu hinh phgt khi chua cd bdn dn kit tgi cua Tda dn dd CO hieu luc phdp ludt."
Ve ngi dung cua nguyen tic suy doan vo tgi, hien dang t6n tai nhilu quan dilm khac
' Diau 48 BLTTHS nam 2003.
" Dilu 9 BLTTHS nSm 2003.
nhau, nhung theo tac gia, ngi dung cua quyin nay khong chi dimg lai d viec mgt ngudi khong bi coi la tdi pham va phai chiu Wnh phat khi chua co ban an kit tgi ciia Toa an da CO hieu lire ma quyen nay phai bao gom nhung ngi dung sau:
- Ngu&i bi tgm giit, bi can, bi cdo dup'c suy dodn vo tpi cho den khi duffc chung minh theotrhih ttrlugtdinh vdcobandnkittpicua Toa dn co hiiu lire phdp luat
Ngudi bi tam giir, bi can, bi cao khong ding nglua vdi ngudi co tgi hay ngudi pham tgi. Bi can mdi chi la nguoi bi bugc tgi ve viec thuc hien nhung hanh vi co dAu hieu tgi pham, con van de xac dinh ngudi do co tgi hay khong, tai thdi diem khdi to bi can chua giai quyet dugc.
Duong nhien, bi can la ngudi bi bugc tgi, nhung viec truy etiu trach nhiem hinh su la mgt qua tiinh chung minh phiic tap va viec khdi to bj can chi mdi la khdi diu cua qua trinh nay. Qua tiinh nay co the dan den viec bj can phai chiu tiach nhiem hinh su hoac khong tuy vao ket qua ciia boat dgng chiing minh.
Trach nhiem hinh su la tiach nhiem dugc ap dung doi vdi ngudi pham tgi do luat hinh su quy dinh; trach nhiem hinh sir dugc the hien troi^
ban an ket tgi da co hieu luc phap luat cua Toa an. Ban an ket tgi cua Tda an la co sd phap ly quan tigng xac nhan mgt ngudi da thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hgi ma luat hinh su quy dinh la tgi pham, chinh tiiuc "co tgi" va phai ehju tiach nhiem trudc nha nudc, trudc xa hgi.
Dieu do CO nghia, tiach nhiem hinh su bat dau tir khi CO ban an ket tgi cua Tda an co hieu luc phap luat, chu khong phai tit thdi diem co quyet dinh khdi to bi can, ngudi bi tam giii hay bi cao.
Dieu nay cung co nghia la thdi diem cham diit quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi la thdi diem ngudi bi bugc tgi bi Toa an ket tgi bang mgt ban an va ban an do co hieu luc phap luat. Ke tir thdi diem do, ngudi bi Tda an xet xu va ket an mdi thuc sir tid thanh ngudi co tgi va bi doi xii vdi tu each la ngudi co tgi. Ndi mgt each khac, ngudi cd tgi bj loai ra khoi pham vi chu the cd quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi kl tii khi co ban ari ket tgi cua Toa an co hieu luc phap luat Vi flil, trong suot qua tiinli giai quyit vu an hinh sy, bican, bi cao,
LUAT HINH SU", LUAT T 6 TUNG HINH SLT ngudi bi tam giir van co ddy du cac quyen cong dan, cac co quan co thim quyen phai dam bao cho hg thuc hien day du nhirng quyen nay theo dung quy dinh ciia phap luat. Mac khac, qua tiinh chirng minh do phai tuin theo dung cac quy dinh cua phap luit ve trinh tu, thu tuc, cac quy dinh ve thu thip, kiem tra, danh gia chung cii va phai ludn coi ngu&i bi tgm giu, bi can, bi cdo la nhimg ngudi vd tgi cho den khi cd bdn dn ket tgi cua Tda dn cd hieu luc phdp ludt.
- Trdch nhiem chung minh tpi phgm thupc ve Cff quan tien hdnh to tung, ngit&i bi tgm giit, bi can, bi cdo cd quyen, nhitng khong bupc phdi chung minh mink vo tpL
"Bdi tuang chung minh trong vu dn hinh su la nhiing gi chua biet nhung cdn phdi biet de ldm sdng td bdn chdt cua vu dn, tren ca s& dd, cdc ca quan tien hdnh td tung ra quyet dinh phu hap trong qud trinh gidi quyet vu dn hinh su"".
Doan 2 Dilu 10 hay Dilu 63 cua BLTTHS nam 2003 hien hanh ciing da the hien ngi dung cua quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi cua ngudi bi huge tgi khi khang dinh trach nhiem chin^
minh thugc ve co quan tien hanh to tung, khong phai bi can, bj cao, ngudi bi tam giii. Co sd cita viec khing dinh nay xuit phat ttr moi quan he giiia Nha nudc va cong din tiong to tung hinh su va ti^ch nhiSm cua Nha nudc trong viec dam bao trat ty xa hgi. Cac co quan co tiach nhiem sir dung nhiing tien phap hgp phap de xac dinh su that cua vu an mgt each khach quan, toan dien vi diy du. •\^ec chiing nunh de tun ra sy that ciia vu an dugc thuc hien tiong suot qua trinh giai quyet vu an hinh su. CJ timg giai doan khac nhau, do yeu ciu, nhiem vu to tung cung nhu chu the thye hien khac nhau va dac biet la tinh chat ciia timg giai doan to tung khac nhau nen viec xac dinh su that ciing co nhiing bieu hien khac nhau. Tuy nhien, trong qua tiinh do can dac biet chii y la hoat dgng to tung phai dua tien quy dinh ciia phap luat, dam bao tinh hgp phap cua hanh vi va quyet dinh to tung. Trach nhiem chiing minh tgi pham thugc ve ben bugc tgi nen khong chiing minh dugc tg= pham va
' Nguyen Ngpc Chi "Mot s6 van de 1^ luan chuyen sau \h chiing minh va chiing cii", Tai li?u dung cho hgc vien cao hgc khoa Luat, DH Luat Ha Ngi.
ngudi pham tgi thi dong nghia rang bi can, bi cao khong pham tgi.
Ciing vdi viec khang djnh nghia vu chiing minh thugc ve co quan tiln hanh t6 tung, phap luat dong thdi ciing quy djnh "bi can, bi cdo co quyen nhung khdng bugc phdi chung minh la minh vd tgi"'", dieu nay co nghia rang bi can, b j cao CO quyen nhung khong co nghia vu chiing minh la minh vo tgi. Quyen chting minh su vo tgi la mgt tiong nhiing quyen quan trgng ctia bi can, bj cao. Co sd ctia viec thuc hien quyen nay xuit phat tir nhieu ly do nhu ngay ca nhiing co quan tien hanh to tung vdi dieu kien t6t nhit vl con ngudi, khoa hgc ky thuat dugc hau thuin bang quyen luc nha nudc, tiong nhieu trudng hgp ciing gap kho khan trong viec chiing minh.
Quyen ctia bj can, bj cao la hoan toan mang tinh chii quan, hg co quyen sii dung quyen nay hoac khong la phu thugc vao y chi cua hg. Mac khac, khi bj can, bi cao co sir dung quyen chting minh ma khong chiing minh dugc minh vo tgi, tiic bj can, bi cao khong dua ra dugc hoac khong dua ra du nhiing chiing cii chiing minh minh vo tgi thi khong phai vi the ma coi hg'da pham tgi hoac neu hi can khong de xuat chiing cti, khong tra ldi ciu hoi cua ben huge tgi khong c6 nghia la thira nhin co tgi. Mgt kit luan quan trgng co the nit ra tir nguyen tac suy doan vo tgi la "khdng chung minh duac sir vd tgi cua bi can, bi cdo khdng ddng nghia Id toi cua bi can, bi cdo ddduac chungminh"^^-
Tuy nhien, viec Dieu 10 quy dinh chti the co quyen chiing minh la minh vo tgi chi la "bi can, bi cdo " thi theo chimg toi la chua hgp ly bdi vi no se miu thuin vdi chinh ngi dung ciia Dieu 9; va theo phan tich d tren thi chu the co quyen chiing minh rang minh vo tgi trong trudng hgp nay con bao gom ca ngudi bi tam giii - la mgt ttong nhiing chit the bj bugc tgi ttong qua ttmh giai quyet vu an hinh su.
De tiiuc hien quyen chiing minh vo tgi cua ngudi bj bugc ^i, phap luit hien, hanh da danh cho nhiing chu the nay nhieu quyin khac nhau nhu quyin dugc dua ra tai lieu, do vat, yeu ciu;
quyen dugc tham gia phien toa de bao ve quyin '" Doan 2 Dieu 10 BLTTHS nam 2003.
" Xem: Nguyin Thai Phuc, chii din s6 5, tr. 72-83.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO S/2014 lgi cua minh; quyin dugc bao chiia hoac nhd
ngudi khac bao chiia, quyen dugc trinh bay y kiln, ti^nh luan tai phien toa, quyen trinh bay ldi khai... Nhiem vu ctia cac ca quan tien hanh tl tiing la phai dam bao cho hg thuc hien tot nhit nhirng quyen nay. Ti^ nhien, viec ghi nhan bj can, bj cao c6 quyen chiing minh minh vo tgi ma lai khong quy djnh cho phep nhiing chu the nay c6 quyen thu thip chiing cti theo quan diem cua nhom tie gia la khong hgp ly, bdi le chting cu la phuang tien chiing minh, neu khong cho quyin tiiu thip chiing cii, bi can, bi cao se khong CO "cong cu" de chiing minh minh vo tgi.
Mac khac, nghien ciiu Dieu 49, Dieu 50 BLTTHS cho thiy, phap luit hien hanh khong tryc tiep quy dinh quyen dugc im lang cua bj can, bi cao, ngudi bj tam giii. Tuy khai bao khong phai la nghia vu cua nhiing ngudi bj huge tgi nhung viec khong quy djnh quyen im lang ctia hg c6 the se din den viec co quan tien hanh to tung co hanh vi cuang ep ngudi bj huge tgi phai nhan tgi, day trach nhiem chirng minh sang phia ngudi bi bugc tgi. Viec true tiep ghi nhan quyen im lang cua ngudi bi bugc tgi tiong BLTTHS la phu hgp vdi Cong udc quoc te ve cac Quyen dan sy va chinh tij nam 1966 (Dieu 14): "Khdng ai bi ep budc phdi ldm chung chdng lgi chinh minh hay phdi thu tdi". Nhu viy, quyen dugc im lang la quyen nang t6 tung rat quan frgng cua ngudi bi bugc tgi, no khong chi dugc ghi nhin tiong cac van kien quoc te ma con dugc ghi nhin frong phap luit quoc gia cua mgt so nudc, chinh vi vay, mgt khi chiing ta tiiira nhin quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi vdi mgt trong nhiing ngi dung quan tigng ciia no la khing dinh trach nhiem chiing mmh tiiugc ve ben bugc tgi till khong the khoi^ ghi nhan quyen dugc im lang cita ngudi bj bugc tgi va quyen khong phai dua ra chiing cii ch6ng lai minh.
Nhu vay, trach nhiem chting nunh tgi pham tiiugc ve CO quan tien hanh td tung, ngudi bi tam giii, bi can, bj cao c6 quyin chiing minh minh vo tgi. Vi vay, frong qua tiinh giai quyet vu an hinh sy, co quan co tiiim quyen ngoai viec fliu thip nhiing chimg cti bugc tgi, con phai thu tiiip ca nhiing chimg cii gd tgi; danh gia
chirng cii mdt each toan dien, khach quan, tranh philn dien, ap dat y chi chii quan; d6ng thdi cac CO quan cd thim quyen phai dam bao cho bj can, bj cao thye hien tot nhihig quyen cua minh nhim dam bao khong bo Igt tgi pham va ciing khong lam oan ngudi vd tgi.
- Mgi nghi ng& ve tpi pham cua ngu&i bi bupc tpi neu khong dime logi trit theo trinh tu, thd tuc do lugt quy dinh thi phdi gidl thich theo hu&ng co lffi cho ngu&i bi bupc tpi
"Nghi nga la trgng thdi cdm gidc - tdm ly thieu tu lin, luang lu khong nhdt qudn vi su dung dan hay khdng dung ddn cua mgt tlnh hudng, gid thiei ndo dd"'^. Nguon goc nhan thiic. ctia ttang thai nghi ngd la sy phan anh khong day du cac tinh tiet, khia canh, cac mil lien he can thiet de co dugc tri thtic toan dien, ban chat ve su vat, hi$n tugng.
Trong qua trinh dieu tta, ttuy to, xet xir van CO nhiing nghi ngd kliong loai trir dugc, do la khi cic CO quan cd fhim quyen da sir dung het nhiing phuang tien, bien phap dieu tta xic mirih ma phap luit cho phep nhung vin khong thu tiiip dugc nhung chiing cii de co the nit ra ket luan CO tinh khing dinh ngudi bi bugc tgi la chit the thuc hien hanh vi pham tgi hoac ngugc Iai.
Trong nhung trudng hgp nhu viy, chung ta can suy doin co lgi cho ngudi bi bugc tgi bdi le theo chung toi nghia vu chiing minh thugc ve ben bugc tgi, cho nen khi ben bugc tgi khong chiing minh dugc 161 cua b j can, bi cao thi duong nhien phan lgi thugc ve bi can, bi cio. Con neu mgi su nghi ngd cua bi can, bj cao dugc giai thich theo hudng cd lgi cho ben bugc tgi thi diing nhu quan diem cua nha luat hgc ngudi Nga V.M Xavitidd, mgi viec duac ddo ldn tu chdn len ddu,. tir 5uv dodn vo tpi thdnh suy dodn co tdi'\
Mac khac, phap luat luon bao ve ngudi yeu tiie. Trong td tung hinh sy, ngudi yeu the la ngudi bi bugc tgi phai doi mat vdi ca bg may Ca quan dieu fra, Vien kiem sat, Toa an nen mgi nghi ngd ve 161 cua ngudi bj bugc tgi se dugc giai thich theo hudng co lgi cho bi can, bj cao, ngudi bj tam giii. Quy djnh nay khong chi
'^ Nguyin Thanh Long, Nguyen tac suy dodn vd lgi, Nxb Chinh trj quic gia - Su that Ha N6i, 2011, tr. 59.
'^ Xem: Nguyin Thai Phiic, chii dSn so 5, tr. 72- 83.
LUAT HJNH Sir, LUAT TO TUNG HINH SlT dam bao quy8n ciia ngudi bi tam giii, bj can, bi cao, the hien tinh nhin dao cua phap luit, ma con la dgng luc bugc cac co quan tien hanh to tung phai xac djnh dugc sy that khach quan cita vu an. Co quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat khi thiy rang cac tinh tiet cua vu an lien quan den loi cua ngudi bj tam giu, bj can, bj cao con chua ro rang, con miu thuan se kh6ng dugc Toa an chap nhan khi xet xic thi hg phai tan dung mgi kha nang do luat djnh de lam sang to mgi tinh tiet cua vu an ngay ttong qua trinh dieu tia va ttong trudng hgp khong du can cir, co sd de thuc hien viec tmy to thi xem nhu ngudi bj bugc tgi kh6ng CO loi... Dieu nay ap dung tuong ty doi vdi CO quan Toa in, th6ng qua viec xem xet h6 so, danh gii toan bg chiing cu ma co quan dieu tia ciing nhu Vien kiem sat da thu thip dugc, neu khdng du eo sd de ket luin bj cao la ngudi thuc hien pham tgi thi Toa an phai tuyen bj cao v6 tgi mac dii niem tin ngi tim cho thiy bi cio chinh la ngudi thuc hien tgi pham.
Nhu vay, ngi dung ciia quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi hien nay dugc quy djnh mgt each rai rac frong cac dieu lu^t chii kh6ng quy djnh cimg ttong mgt dieu luat cu the. Dieu nay theo quan diem cua nhom tac gii la nen thay doi, bdi quy djnh rii rac nhu vay dl din den mgt su nham lin ve each hieu ngi dung cua quyen nay va the hien mgt ttinh do lip phip chua tiiat su hoin hao.
3. Mot so Iden nghi nham hoan thien quy dinh cua BLTTHS ve quyen duoc suy doan votoi
Cong CUOC cai each tu phap da va dang dugc Dang va Nha nudc ta het stic chti ttgng va quan tim. Ben canh do, viec ra ddi cua Hien phap nam 2013 ciing da dat ra mgt yeu ciu cip bach ve viec sua doi, b6 sung hang loat cac van ban luat chuyen nganh nhim tao su thong nhat ttong cac quy dinh cita phap luit, va BLTTHS nam 2013 cung kh6ng nam ngoai quy luat do.
Qua viec phan tich nhiing quy djnh cua phip luat hien hanh ve quyen suy doan v6 tgi, nhom tac gii da chi ra dugc nhirng diem "chenh" so vdi Hien phap nam 2013 va nhiing diem con chua hgp ly ttong quy dinh ve quyen nay ttong BLTTHS nam 2003. Chinh vi till, viec sira d6i.
bo sung quy djnh do dieu het siic cin thiet ttong boi canh hien nay. Nhom tac gii xin dua ra mgt so kien nghi sau:
Thit nhat, can doi ten cua nguyen tac dugc ghi nhin tai dieu 9 BLTTHS "Khdng ai bi coi la cd tdi khi chua cd bdn dn kit tdi cua Tda dn dd cd hieu lire phdp lugt" thanh nguyen tie
"suy dodn vd tdi". Day chinh la sy khang djnh ro rang ttong phap luit chuyen nganh ve quyen dugc suy doan v6 tgi va la co sd phap ly quan frgng de dam bao quyen nay.
Thu hai, ghi nhin nguyen tac "Suy doin v6 tgi" vdi day dti nhiing ngi dung sau de phii hgp vdi phap luit quoc te:
"Ngu&i bi tgm giit, bi can, bi cdo duac coi la vd tpi cho den khi dug'c chung minh theo trinh tu ludt dinh vd cd bdn dn ket tpi cd hieu luc phdp ludt cua Tda dn;
Trdch nhiem chimg minh tdi phgm thudc ve ca quan tien hdnh td tung. Ngu&i bi tgm giU, bi can, bi cdo ed quyen chimg minh minh vd tdi;
Mgi nghi ng& trong qud trinh chung minh tpi phgm cua ngu&i bi tgm giit, bi can, bi cdo neu khdng dug'c logi tru theo trinh lu, thu luc do BLTTHS quy dinh thi phdi duac gidi thich cd lai cho ngu&i bi tgm gOe, bi can, bi cdo ".
Thu- ba, luat to tung hinh sy cin phai quy djnh bo sung mgt so quyen cho ngudi bj tam giii, bj can, bj cao nham dam bao nguyen tic suy doan vo tgi. Cu the:
+ Cin bo sung quy djnh ve quyen duac im ldng ciia ngudi bi tam giii, bi can, bj cao ttong cac giai doan t6 tung hinh sy. BLTTHS nam 2003 chua quy djnh ngudi bj tam giii, bj can, bi cao CO quyen im ling. Nhung ciing khong CO dieu luit nao cim hg im ling va ap dung cac bien phap cudng chl d6i vdi ngudi im lang.
Dieu nay da tao khoang tt6ng phap ly, tao co hgi cho mgt s6 co quan t6 tung van dung sai nguyen tic suy doan vo tgi, bilu hien d hanh vi dimg nhuc hinh, mdm eung, ep cung thim chi cho ring bi cao khong khai bao la ngoan CO, ch6i tgi va coi day la cai cd dl tang nang hinh phat cho bj cao. Quyen dugc im ling ctia ngudi bj bugc tgi da dugc thira nhan tiong tu phap hinh su quoc tl, cu thi: Dilu 67 C6ng udc Roma ve Quy che Tda an hinh su qu6c te da
10 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LYSO 5/2014 quy djnh: Khdng bi budc phdi khai nhdn tdi vd
dugc giu im lgng md sir im ldng dd khdng bi coi la cd mdt ly do di xdc dinh bicdo cd tdi hay vd toi. Vi viy, viec ghi nhan quyen im lang cho ngudi bj tam giii, bj can, bi cao ciing phii hgp vdi cac quy dinh ciia luat phap quoc te.
+ Cimg vdi viec quy dinh quyen dugc im lang cho ngudi bj tam giir, bi can, bi cao thi BLTTHS ciing cin quy dinh cho ngudi bj tam giii, bi can, bj cao quyen duac dua ra chung cu. Tai cac Dilu 48,49,50 BLTTHS 2003 quy djnh vl quyin cua ngudi bi tam gift, bj can, bi cao cho thiy luit chi cho phep nhiing ngudi nay dua ra, hodc thu thdp tdi lieu, do vdt ma khong khang dinh nliiing do vat, tai lieu nay cd phii la chung cii hay kh6ng? Quy djnh nay thi hien sy bit binh dang gitia ben gd tgi va ben huge tgi va han che quyen chiing minli sy vo tgi cua ngudi bj bugc tgi. Vi vay, viec bo sung vao BLTTHS quyen duac dua ra chimg cu cua ngu&i bi tgm giit, bi can, bi cdo la rit quan tigng, dim bao sy binh dang giiia ben gd tgi vdi ben huge tgi.
Thu tu, cin hoan thien cac quy djnh cita BLTTHS nam 2003 ve che dinh chiing cii. Cu till:
+ Tai Dieu 64 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh ve dinh nghia chting cii nhu sau: "Chung cu Id nhimg gi cd that duac thu thdp theo ti'inh tu thit tuc bp ludt ndy quy dinh md Ca quan dieu tra, Vien Idem sdt. Tod dn dung ldm cdn cic xdc dinh cd hay khdng hdnh vi phgm tpi ... ". Vdi quy dinh nay luit da khing djnh viec thu thap chting cii va danh gii mgt tai lieu, sy kien, d6 vat nao do CO phii la chiing cti hay kh6ng phu thugc vao y chi ciia ben bugc tgi g6m Co quan dilu ti^, Vien kiem sat, Toa an. Viec luit xlp Toa an vao ben bu&c tgi ma khong phai la mgt tigng tai vdi chiic nang phin xir di danh gia mgt tai lieu, su kien, d6 vat nao d6 do cac ben bugc tgi va gd tgi dua ra c6 phai chiing cii hay kh6ng se dan den tinh ti^g thilu kliach quan ttong viec thu thap, danh gia chiing cti cita cac co quan tien hanh t6 tung niu vi ly do nao do hg bo qua khong ghi nhin va xem xet nhiing tai lieu, d6 vat ma ngudi bi bugc tgi va ngudi bao chiia cung cap.
+ Ben canh do, Dilu 74 BLTTHS nam 2003 ve vat chiing ciJng cho thiy yeu t6 huge tgi nhieu hon go tgi khi quy dinh rang vdt chimg la nhimg vdt dug'c diing ldm cdng cu, phuang tien phgm tpi... cUng nhu cdc vdt khde cd gid tri chimg minh tpi phgm vd ngu&i phgm tpi. Nhu vay, quy dinh nay luit da han che vat chiing d nhiing vit chiing minh tdi phgm vd ngu&i phgm toi. Con nhiing vit khic co lien quan den vu an, ton tai khach quan co gia trj chiing minh su v6 tgi cua bj can, bj cao thi khong dugc luat quy djnh la vat chimg. Trong khi ngudi bi tam giii, bj can, bi cao va cd quyen dua ra do vit de chiing minh sy vo tgi cua minh, ngudi bao chiia CO quyen dua ra d6 vit de chiing minh su vo tgi cho ngudi ma hg bao ve.
Tir viec phan tich nhirng ban che d tren, chitng t6i de nghi can phai sira doi quy djnh ve chiing cii tai khoan 1 Dieu 64 nhu sau:
Chung cir la nhiing gi cd that, do cdc ben bupc tpi vd ga tpi dua ra cd gid tri chimg minh co hay khdng cd tpi phgm, ngu&i phgm tpi vd cdc vdn de khde cua vu dn hinh su; siia doi quy djnh ve vit chiing tai Dieu 74 theo hudng: Vgt chimg Id nhitng vdt khdng chi de chung minh tdi pham md cdn dung de chung minh bi can, bi cdo vo tpi.
4. Ket luan
Sau ban 21 nam dit nudc ta da co ban HiSn phap mdi, Hien phip cua thdi ky hgi nhap, doi mdi va phat tiien. Diy se la mgt sy kien chinh tii - phap ly ciia dat nudc, danh diu mgt buac phat trien ve mgi mat. Hien phip nay se la nen tang phap ly quan ttgng de xay dyng cac luat dieu chinh cac Imh vuc, quan he xa h6i.
Viec ghi nhin, hoan thien quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi cua ngudi bj bugc tgi ttong Hien phap da tao ra mgt co sd phap ly vung chac cho viec hoin thien quyen nay trong B LTTHS nam 2003. Chinh dieu nay da tao co che cho viec thuc hien va bao dam thye hien quyen dugc suy doan vo tgi ttong qua trmh giai quyet vu an hinh sy, dap iing kjp thdi chit truang, dudng 16i cua Dang va Nha nudc ta ve cai each til phap frong dilu kien xiy dyng Nha nudc phap quyen xa hgi chu nghia ciia din, do dan va vi din. •
