TAP CHJ KHOA HQC QUAN L t GlAo DUC SO 01(25), THANG 3-2020
LY THUYET TO CHlTC VA QUAN TRI NHA TRU'OfNG
THEORY OF ORGANIZING AND ADMINISTRA TING THE SCHOOL IRAN KHANH OtTC
Vien Su pham ky thuat - Trucmg Dg.! hpc Bach Khoa Ha Noi, [email protected]
THONG TIN
Ngdy nhgn: 01/11/2019 Ngdynhgn lgi: 22/12/2019 DuySt ddng: 24/3/2020 ms6: TCKH'S04T12-B04-2019 ISSN: 2354-0788
Tukhoa:
qudn tri vd qudn tri nhd trtfong f"d hmh vd mo hinh qudn trf truang.
Key words:
administration and school -administration, model and model
of school administration.
Bai viet phdn tich nhung noi dung ca bdn ciia ly thuyet to chuc, cac dgc tnmg cita nhd tru&ng vd qudn tri nhd truang nhu Id qudn trj mgt td chuc gido due. Giai thieu vd phdn tich cdc xu huang vd mo hmh qudn tri nhd truang.
ABSTRACT
This article analyses basic contents of the organizational theory, characteristics of the school and school, administrating the school as if administrating an educational organization. The article also introduces and analyses trends and models of school administration.
1. DAT VANDE
Giao due la mot loai hinh hoat dong co ban ciaa dai song xa hoi a moi qu6c gia noi rieng va trSn th6 gioi noi chung. Cac loai hinh giao due tir bu6i eon so khai vcri nhirng ngudi hay nhom nguoi lam giao due theo tihom, lop nho le, ph§n tan va nhftng ea so chuyen lam cong tac giao due cho d6n khi hinh thanh mot he thong nha truang da dang a cae quoc gia deu luon luon c6 moi quan he tac dong qua lai voi eac dieu kien, boi canh trinh do phat tri6n v6 ehinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi, khoa hgc - eong nghe,.. ciia eac qu6c gia noi rieng va tren toan th§ gicri noi ehung. Qu^
trinh phat triSn nha truang luon gfin lien vai qua trinh phat triSn cua mot t6 chiie (trong ITnh vue giao due va dao tao) va quan tri nha trucmg theo cac mo hinh quan tri to chiic phii hap v6i tung giai doan phat trien lich su cu the a cac quoc gia.
2. T 6 CHirc VA CAC DAC TRlTNG CUA MOT TO CHnCC
2.1. Khdi niem vi to chuc
Hien CO nhi6u djnh nghTa khac nhau ve khai niem t6 chiic. T6 chiic (chinh tri, xa hoi, giao due, kinh ti.,) la mot loai hinh thi8t ch§ nha nuac - xa hpi duge hinh thanh, duy tri va phat trien tren ea so nhung mue tieu va lgi ich ehung cua nhom nguai tham gia t6 chiie (lanh dao, thanh vien). Theo Tii dien tigng Viet thong dung, khai ni$m to chiic la: "Sap xep, bo tri thanh cac bg phan dl ciing thuc hien mpt nhiem vu, hoac mot ehiic nang chung", Dinh nghia nay nghieng v8 khai niem t5 chiic nhu la mgt dgng tii, mot hoat dgng (Tir di§n tieng Viet thong dung, 1998).
Theo Peter F. Drecker thi "T6 ehiic la mot nhom nguai co chuyen mon sau lam viec cung nhau d& thuc hien mot nhiem vu chung". To
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Implementing the New general education program
Urgent theoritical and practical matters
TRAN KHANH DUC: Theory of organizing and admmistraiing the school _„ i NGUYEN LONG GIAO: Autonomic issues in general
education today and some necessary recommendations 10 HO SY ANH - PHAM THI LAN PHUONG: A flexible
approach to STEM education to meet requirements of the
new general education program 17 TRAN KIEU DUNG: Applying the CIPO model lo managing
the continuous training for elementary school teachers 26 HO THI MY HANH: Complete policies to develop
teachers' competencies to meet requirements of
implementmg die new general education program 33 TRAN THI TUYET MAI: Phj^ical education in the general
school in some countries - experiential lessons for Vietnam 38 DINH T H I HONG VAN - PHAN T H I QUYNH TRANG:
Current status of school counselmg managemeni activities in secondary schools, at Quang Tri town, Quang Tri province 48 NGUYEN THI LUYEN: Socialization of education in the
socialist-oriented market economy 55 NGO PHAN ANH TUAN - NGUYEN VAN HUE:
Satisfying customer's needs of educational managers training institutions from the perspective of total quality
management 65 NGUYEN MINH QUANG - VAN CONG VU - LE THI
NGOC HOA: Japanese and Singapore's expaienc<K on developing
conpetenciesofcducational administrators and teachers 70 NGUYEN NGOC AN: Applying the total quality
management to English language teaching at the higher
education institutions of the Vietnam people's police 78 L E DUC ANH - DOAN THI NHU - NGUYEN THI THU -
PHAN THI THUY: Solutions for innovation of training association at the center of continuing education, foreign language and information technology in Dak Nong province 84 HOANG THI PHUONG THAO: Some solutions for innovating management of continuous learning for primary
teachers at Go Vap district, Ho Chi Minh City 89 DANG T H I HONG OANH: Developing the school culliu^e
in preschools 36 L E DUONG THUY HUONG: Improving the efficiency of
scientific research activities in Vietnamese universities and
colleges 106 NGUYEN THI VAN: Some causes of anxiety disorders in
high school students in Ho Chi Minh City 111 THAN THI TUYET NHUNG: Online training to improve
professional competency for teaching staff at genera! schools 119
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Dr. VU DINH BAY Dr. NGUYEN VAN CtlNG- • ' - : Dr. VU LAN HUONG
Dr, TRAN THI TUYET MAI : i. ' "^r. TRAN DLIY NAM
Dr, TRAN THANH NGUYEN ' Dr. PHAN MiNH P^UN.G W" br, NGUYEN V A W ! T A N I Dr. LE NGOC THACH • i Dr. PHAM BICH T H O Y
1 Dr. LE HONG SON Dr. NGUYEN DINH VlNH
; MA HQANG DINH THAI. , - Editorial A s s i s t a n t MA. HOANG DINH THAI
TAP CHJ KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUG SO 01(25), T H A N G 3-2Q2Q
LY THUYET TO CHtTC VA QUAN TRI NHA TRU^OfNG
THEORY OF ORGANIZING AND ADMINISTRATING THE SCHOOL T R A N KHANH D i r c
Vi6n Sir ph^m ky thuat - Trirdng Dai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Ngi, [email protected]
THONG TIN T 6 M TAT Ngdy nhdn: 01/11/2019
Nggynh^ lgi: 22/12/2019 Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020 Mdsd: TCKH-S04T12-B04-2019 ISSN: 2354-0788
Tie khda:
qudn tri vd qudn tri ^hd trudng, mo hinh vdmdMnh qudn tri trudng.
Key words:
administration and school administration, model and model of school administration.
Bai viet phdn tich nhitng noi dung ca bdn cua ly thuyet to chii:c, cdc dgc trimg cua nha trudng va qudn tri nha truang nhu Id qudn tri mot to chicc gido due. Gidi thieu va phdn tich cdc xu hudng vd mo hinh qudn tri nhd truang.
ABSTRACT
This article analyses basic contents of the organizational theory, characteristics of the school and school, administrating the school as if administrating an educational organization. The article also introduces and analyses trends and models of school administration.
l . D ^ T VANDE
Giao due ia mot loai hinh hoat dgng co ban cua dai song xa hpi d moi quoc gia noi rieng va tren the gioi noi chung. Cac loai hinh giao due tir buoi con so khai vdi nhiing ngtrcri hay nhom nguoi lam giao due theo nhom, Icfp nho le, phan tan va nhiJng co sa chuyen lam cong tac giao dye cho den khi hinh thanh mot he thong nha trudng da dang a cac quoc gia deu luon luon c6 moi quan he tac dgng qua lai voi cac dieu kien, b6i canh trinh do phat triSn v6 chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa, xa hgi, khoa hgc - c6ng nghe... cua cac quoc gia noi rieng va tren toan the giai noi chung. Qua trinh phat trien nha trudng luon gan lien vdi qua trinh phat triSn cua m^t to chiic (trong ITnh vuc giao due v^ dao tao) va quan tri nha trudng theo cac mo hinh quan tri to chiJrc phu hgp vdi tirng giai doan phat trien lich su cu th6 d cac qu6c gia.
2. TO CHirC VA CAC DAC TRU>fG CUA MOT T 6 C H U ' C
2.1. Khdi niem ve to ehuc
Hien co nhiiu djnh nghia khac nhau ve khai niem td chuc. To chu'C (chinh tri, xa hgi, giao due, kinh t6..,) la mot loai hinh thiet chi nha nude - xa hpi dugc hinh thanh, duy tri va phat trign tren co sd nhirng muc tieu va lgi ich chung ciia nhdm ngirdi tham gia to chuc (lanh dao, thanh vien). Theo Tii diSn tiSng Viet thong dung, khai niem to chiic la: "SSp xep, bo tri thanh cac bg phan de cimg thirc hien mot nhiem vu, ho£ic mot chiic nang chung". Dinh nghia nay nghieng v6 khai niem td chuc nhu la mpt dgng tir, mot hoat dpng (Tir di6n tieng Viet thdng dung, 1998).
Theo Peter F. Drecker thi "T6 chiic la mot nhom ngudi cd chuyen mon sau lam viec cung nhau dS thuc hien mot nhiem vu chung". To
chiic dugc hieu nhu la mot danh tu. Mdt trong nhiJng quan niem mdi nhat hien nay la xay dimg va phat trien cac to chiic biet hpc hoi (Learning Organization), thudng xuyen hpc tap, nghien cii'u, ddi mdi tri thirc va sang tao, phat trien nang lire mdi, thfch iing vdi su bien ddi nhanh chong cua ddi sdng kinh te - xa hpi va khoa hpc va cdng nghe.
2.2. Cdc dac trung cua to chirc
Sic menh (Mission): Phan anh vai trd, vi tri va Iy do ra ddi, tdn tai ciia mdt to chirc trong ddi song xa hdi ndi chung va trong tiiTig ITnh virc hoat dgng ndi rieng nhu chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, giao due...). Tuy theo tinh chat, loai hinh td chijTC ma sii mf nh cua td chiic cd thi dugc ap dat tu ben ngoai hoac d cfip tren (trong ca chi quan ly tap trung, hanh chinh quan lieu) hoac do chinh td chiic xac dinh va thyc hien theo nhu ciu xa hgi (co chi thi trudng),
Muc tieu phdt trien: Sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua mot td chirc luon ludn hudng den cac myc tieu phat trien ngan han - trung han va dai han (tam nhin - Vision). Muc tieu phat triin chi phdi mpi boat dgng cua td chiic de thirc hien sir menh cua minh. Muc tieu phat trien khdng chi la dinh hudng cho boat ddng ciia td chiic ma ddng thdi cdn tao ddng luc boat ddng cho mpi thanh vien ciiatd chiic,
Ca cdu to chiec: Bat ky mot td chirc nao deu cd mpt CO ciu to chirc bao gdm cac bg phan cd cac chirc nang, nhiem vu, quy mo, ca cau ri6ng biet va giiia chiing cd cac moi quan he chi phoi, rang budc lan nhau thdng qua cac dinh che, luat le ciia td chiic. Ca ciu to chiic tao nen dien mao va sire manh cua td chiic (han han cac thanh phan rieng re) do cac mdi quan he chi phdi, ho trg lin nhau trong qua trinh tac nghiep thirc hien cac chiic nang, nhiem vu cua td chiic. Sd lugng va CO cdu nhan su ciia td chiic ludn gan lien vdi CO cau to chuc.
Ca che van hdnh: Td chirc nhu la mot ca thi sdng vdi nbOng hoat dgng phong phii va da dang dl thuc bien cac chuc nang, nhiem vu (sii
i KAN KHANH tJLi^
mang) va hudng tdi muc tieu ciia td chiic. Cac boat dgng nay duoc thuc hien tren ca sd cac luat Ie, quy tic, chi dan... ciia to chiic, hinh thanh cac khudn khd (co che) van hanh ciia td chiic Tuy Ihupc vao tinh chSt, dac thii ciia td cliiic (quan ly nha nude, kinh doanh, trudng hpc, nha may...) ma chiing co cac ca che van hanb dac thu.
Cdc ngudn luc ciia td chiec: Bat cii mot td chiic nao deu hinh thanh va phat trien dua tren cac ngudn lyc nhdt dinh. Ngudn luc ciiatd chiic bao gdm nhieu yiu td nhu tai lyc, vat luc, nhan luc, thdng tin - tri thuc, cac m6i quan he xS hdi va cdng ddng. Ngudn lyc vira la dieu kien de ton tai va phat trien cua td chirc vira la muc tieu phat triin ciia td chiic trong qua trinh hoat dgng.
Vdn hoa to chuc: Td chuc la rapt cdng dong xa hgi thu nhd mang trong nd cac thudc tinh rieng ve van hda - van hda td chirc, triet !>" hoat dgng ciia nha lanh dao, quan ly td chiic va tap hgp dgi ngii nhan vien. Cac dinh hudng gia tri, nilm tin, y thirc, thai dp, phong each sdng va lam vi6c... hinh thanh n6n van hda td chiic. Van hda td chiic tao nen sy kbac biet, sac thai rieng - mdt nhan td quan trgng de nang cao tinh canh tranh ciia td chiic, dong thdi tao nen tang cho qua trinh phat trien cua td chiic.
2.3. Cff c&u nhdn luc vd quan tri nhan su trong mdt to chirc
Trong bat cti td chiic nao (td chiic xa hdi, kinh t l Idn... hay mot td chiirc don le) deu cd bp phan lanh dao - quan Iy va nhan lire thira hanh, tac nghiep theo tirng ITnh vyc, tung cdng vi8c vdi chiic nang, nhiem vu cu the. Trong co cau nhan sir cua mdt td chiic bd may nha nude cling bao ham nhieu tang, bac can bd, cdng chiic tliich hap vdi CO cdu td chiic bd may da djnh hinh trong tirng giai doan phat trien ciia lich sii va md hinh quan ly hanh chinh nha nude khac nhau. Trong cac quan niem hien nay, ngudi ta thudng nbSc den nhirng nhan luc quan trgng trong co ciu cac to chiic chinh trj - xa hdi, kinh t l nhu ngudi lanh dao (Leader), ngudi quan ly/quan tri (Manager)
TAP CHl KHOA HOC QUAN LJ GIAO DUG SO 01(25), THANG 3-2020 va cac chuyen gia, chuyen vien/nhan vien
(Experts), (hinh 1).
Trong cac don vj san xuat, kinh doanh ngudi lanb dao (Leader) thdng thudng la ngudi chii doanh nghiep (Boss) va duong nhien hg cd mdt bp may td ehirc quan ly tryc tiep theo co ch8 hgp ddng lao ddng hoac thue - mudn tir tong giam d6c cho din cac nha quan ly chuyen mdn.
Ddi vdi he thdng td chiic bd may nha nude (cong ehiie) can phan biet ro 2 nhdm chinh:
Nhdm cdc nhd lanh dgo (Leaders): Theo dinh nghTa ciia Tir diin tilng Viet thi: "Lanh dao la viec de ra chii truang, dudng Idi va td chiic thue hien" (Tir diin tilng Viet, 1988). Nhu vay ngudi lanh dao la ngudi cd kien thirc va kinh nghiem thuc tien dl hoach dinh chii truang, dudng loi va td chiic thuc hien ed hieu qua chii truang, dudng lli do trong thuc tl. Tiiy theo tirng cap do ma cd the phan d hai bac chii yeu:
lanh dao d tam vT md va vi md.
Nsiroi lanh dao cao nhat ftoD Leader)
Ngiroi qiiau ly
Hinh 1. Thap ca cau Lanh dao d tim vT md (nha nude, he thdng) la nhirng ngudi cd trpng trach de ra hoac lya chgn tren ea sd cac khuyin nghi tu van ve chinh sach, nhiing chu truang, dudng loi chien luac cd tinh bao quat toan cue vdi nhiing muc tieu dai ban va cac budc di, bien phap Idn (kl hoach chien luge) dl thye hi6n mue tieu dd. Cf day mire dp vT md cd the hieu theo ehieu dpc la d cac thii bac cao cap trong mpt co cau to chiic nhan su (cap qude gia) va chieu ngang la pham vi bao trum nhieu ITnh vuc cd quan he mat thiet vdi nhau trong mot tdng the thdng nhat, chang ban nhu d cip quoc gia cd the xac dinh mot sd ITnh vuc chii yiu nhu dudng Idi chinh tri, an ninh - qude phdng, ddi ngoai, kinh te, xa hdi, giao due... Qua trinh td ehiic thuc hien cac ehii truang, dudng Idi da dirge dl ra cua cac nha lanh
N Chuyen gia, chuyen viea/nlian vien nhan luc cua mot to chiic
dao ddi hdi nhieu yeu td nhu bdi canh, cac nguon lye, eac ca che hd trg nhu he thdng luat le... va dae biet la nhan td con ngudi - ngudn nhan lire bao gdm bg may nhan su cho quan ly va nhiing ngudi thii'a hanh cac nhi^m vu muc tieu cu th6.
Ci day ndi len vai trd cua cac nha quan Iy hay quan tri (Manager) vdi tu each la cac nha chuyen mdn/chuyen nganh cd trach nhiem td chirc quan ly va dieu hanh cac hoat ddng cu the. NIU nhu cac nha lanh dao cd trach nhiem dinh hudng lanh dao thi cac nha quan ly/quan tri can ed nhiing nang luc quan Iy chuyen mdn vdi eac phuong phap, each thiic quan ly, dieu khien, ehi huy cac boat dgng ehuyen mdn - nghiep vy phii hgp vdi eac quy luat chung va tinh hmh cu the. Ve co ban, cac nha lanh dao va cac nha quan ly/quan tri cd nhirng diem tuong ddng ve cac nang luc
X K A W ISJtlAJVM U U I..
va pham chit, nhung do vai trd, vi tri chiie traeh khong dong nhit, vi vay, ein phan biet cin thilt trong qua trinh tao ngudn, dao tao va bdi dudng, sii' dung hgp Iy.
2.4. Qudn tri nhan su tdng thi trong mpt td chuc Trong Imh vuc qudn tri nhdn su, Martin, Hilh da de xuat mpt md hinh Iy thuylt vl quan
tri nhan su tdng thi, trong do cac khau quan tri nhan sir tir tuyen dung, phat tri8n nhan su, danh gia, khen thudng diu dugc dat trong mdi trudng, bdi eanh ciia td chiic va dinh hudng theo muc tieu phat triin dai han (vien canh ciia td chiic), (hinh 2 va hinh 3).
Muc tieu phat triln/vien canh Phat triSn
nhan su
TuySn dung nhSnsu Doanh nghiep/T6 chirc
Kh^ch hang, nhSn viSn, co dong, moi truong
Khen thudng Ddnh gia
nhSn sir Hinh 2. Mo hinh quan tri nhSn su tong the
Phit tri^n t6 chirc Lanh dao
t
(Dieu khien he thong true tiep) Cdc chiic nang: dinh hudng, khich le, loi cu6n, tao anh hudng
Quan tri nhSn sy
t
(Tao dung he thing gidn tiip) Tuyen dung nhan su, danh gid nhan su, khen thudng, phdt triin
nhan si^
Cdc nhan to tdc dong:
Ben trong: Quan tri, viin canh; Co ciu tl chiic; Van h6a tl chiic Ben ngoai: Xa h^i; Kinh tl; Vdn hoa; M6i tnrdng; C6ng ngh6 Hinh 3. Mo hinh qudn trj nhan su dinh hudng theo viin canh phdt trien Md hinh quan ly nhan su dya tren hieu qua
cdng tac eho d binh 4. Theo quan diem quan tri nhan sy, quy trinh quan tri nhan sy cd cac bude sau: 1) xac dinh nhu cau nhan sir; 2) md ta cdng viec va ti6u chuan cdng viec; 3) quang cao/tuyin dung nbSn sir; 4) sip xIp, bd tri nhSn sy; 5) sir dung, bdi dudng nhan su va hudng din thich
nghi; 6) danh gia ket qua cdng tac/khen thudng/thang tiln. Theo Martin Hilb, cae yiu td anh hudng din quan tri nhan su la: Thay ddi nhan thiic ve gid tri (xa hdi, ca nhan, td chiie, nghi nghiep.,.); Thay ddi trong thi trudng lao dong (eung - cau lao dOng, chat lugng va ca eiu nhan luc, gia tri va gid ca siic lao ddng,...); Thay
TAP c m KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUG SO 01(25), THANG 3 - 2020 ddi v l moi trudng cong nghe: trinh dp cong
nghe, chu k^* sdng cua cdng nghe; loai hinh cdng nghe...; Thay ddi trong moi tru&ng kinh te: the
chi va trmh do phat triin kinh tl; ca ciu kinh tl, eanh tranh, toan ciu hda...
Cdc nhan tl tdc d6ng
B6n trong; Quan trj, Vien canh; Co cdu to chiic; Van hoa td chiic BSn ngoai: Xa hoi; Kinh tS; Van hoa; M6i trudng; Cong nghe
Hinh 4. Mo hhih quan tri 3. HE THONG NHA TRlTCJNG VA CAC DAC T R i m C NHA TRTTOfNG
3.1. He thong nhd tru&ng
He thdng giao due ndi chung va nha trudng ndi rieng d eac nude duac hinh thanh va phat triin trudc hit xuit phat ttr trinh dp va nhu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hdi ciia cac qude gia.
Thong qua qua trinh td chirc giao due cd he thing nhiing the he kl tiip bang nhiiu hinh thiic, nhiiu loai hinh trudng, h6 thdng giao due gdp
dua tren hieu qua c6ng tac
phan md mang dan tri, dao tao nhSn lire va bdi dudng nhan tai dap iing nhu eSu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi eua cac qude gia. Mdt mat, trmh dd va nhu ciu phat triin kinh t l - xa hdi tao dilu kien, ngudn lyc cho viec hinh thanh va phat trien he thdng giao due, mat khac trinh dp phat trien kinh t l ' xa hoi la nhan to thue diy su hinh thanh va phat triin cua cac loai hmh trudng, Idp trong he thdng giao due (hinh 5).
Truyin thSng van hda ThS chi nha nude
Tien bp khoa hpc c6ng ngh6
HS thing nha trudng
^ ^
I
^
Trinh d6 phdt triSn kinh tl - xa hoi
Hgp tdc va giao luu qu6c te, todn cau h6a
Hinh 5. Cac nhan t l tdc dong din ha thing nha nudng
Tiep ndi su ra ddi ciia cae eo sd nha trudng giao due phd thdng, su ra ddi va phat trien manh cua cac trudng dai hpc d chau Au tir cac thi ky 14-15 vira la con de ciia cupe each mang khoa hgc the ky 15 vira la nhan td quan trpng thiic day su hinh thanh va phat trien cac cudc each mang ky thuat the ky 17-18 va each mang khoa hpc- cdng nghe hien dai ngay nay. He thdng giao due dgi hge va ky thuat - nghe nghiep (Technical- Vocational Education) ra ddi do nhu eau tang nhanh qui md dao tao nhan luc ky thuat d eac nude tien hanh eupc each mang ky thuat va budc vao thdi ky cong nghiep hda tir the ky 18-19 nhu Anh, Dire, Phap va trd thanh nhan td quan trgng ciia qua trinh phat trien theo hudng cdng nghiep hda cua cae nude trude kia cung nhu hien nay nhu Nhat Ban, Han Qude, Singapore v.v...
Trong giai doan hien nay phan Idn cac nude co he th6ng giao due dugc xem la tdt nhat tren the gidi deu la nhiJng nude cd trinh dp phat triin kinh tl - xS hgi va chi sd phat triin eon ngudi HDI d mite cao nhu cac nude My, Anh, Na Uy, Canada, Australia, Han Qude,.,. Day la nhitng nude CO trinh dp phd cap giao due cao va cd h8 thong giao due dai hgc, cao dang, giao due nghe nghiep phat trien manh. Sir phat trien manh me ciia nin kinh te theo ca chi thi trudng dan den xu hudng thj trudng chi phdi manh su phat trien he thing giao due dai hpe nhu d My va mot sd nude khac. Dinh ehi Nha nude lien bang vdi su phan quy8n manh cho cae bang cua Cpng hda Lien bang Diic dua den md hinh he thong nha trudng da dang va cd nhiiu khac biet d timg bang. He thing nha trudng va eac hoat ddng giao due d cac nude deu dya tren nen tang van hda cua mdi qude gia. Do dd he thdng giao due eac nude chiu sir chi phdi va ciing ddng thdi phan anh nhirng dac trung, tinh chit truyen thdng va hien dai eila nen van hda cae qude gia - dan tdc, dac biet la trong viec hinh thanh he thdng cac loai hinh trudng, trong ngi dung giao due va quan trj nha trudng.
IRAN KHANH t ) U L 3.2. Cdc dgc trung cda nhd tru&ng
Nha trudng la mot td chiic, mot thiet che dae biet cua nha nude - xa hdi nhdm thuc hien cae chiic nang giao due va dao tao eho mot nhdm dan cu nhat dinh eua xa hdi dd. Nha trudng duge hinh thanh nham dap iing yeu cau thue hien chirc nang eo ban ndi tren va qua dd dat dugc eac muc tieu va yen cau ciia xa hpi trong timg giai doan lich sir cu the. Md hinh nha trudng la su phan anh khai quat cac chiic nang co ban eua nha trudng va cac yeu td cau thanh td chiic va eac boat dgng ca ban nha trudng (md hinh ciu true - chiic nang). Trong thyc te ed nhieu loai hinh nha trudng khac nhau co cac dac thu rieng nhung nhin chung cd cac dae trung co ban sau (Tran Khanh Dire, 2019):
Sic menh (Misson): Phan anh vai trd, vj tri va ly do ra ddi, tdn tai cua mpt nha trudng trong ddi sdng xa hdi ndi ehung va trong tir ITnh vuc hoat ddng ndi rieng nhu chinh tri, kinh tl, van hda, giao due...). Tuy theo tinh chat, loai hinh nha tru'dng (phd thong, chuyen nghiep, dai hgc) ma su menh ciia nha trudng cd the do dugc ap dat til' ben ngoai hoae d cap tr8n (trong co ehe quan ly tap trung, hanh chinh quan lieu) hoac do chinh td chirc xac dinh va thuc hien theo nhu cau xa hgi (ca che thi trudng).
Muc tieuphdt trien: Su hinh thanh va phat trien cua nha trudng ludn ludn hudng den cac mue tieu phat trien (ngan ban - trung han va dki ban). Myc tieu phat triin chi phdi mgi hoat ddng cua nha trudng dl thuc hien sir menh ciia minh.
Muc tieu phat trien khdng chi la dinh budng eho boat dgng eiia nha trudng ma ddng thdi cdn tao ddng lye boat dpng cho mgi thanh vien ciia nha trudng (can bp quan Iy, giao vien/giang vien, hgc sinh/sinh vien...).
Ca cdu to chicc va ca che van hanh: Bat ky mdt loai hinh nha trudng nao deu cd mpt ca eau td chue bao gdm cac bd phan cd cac chiie nang, nhiem vu, quy md, ca ciu rieng biet va giira chiing cd cae mdi quan he chi phdi, rang budc lin nhau thdng qua cac dinh che, luat le, quy
TAP CHI KHOA HOC Q U A N LY GlAO DVC SO 01(25), THANG 3 - 2020 cbl... ciia nha trudng. Co ciu td chiic va co che
van hanh tao n8n dien mao va sire manh eua nha trudng (ban han cac thanh phan rieng TB) do cac mdi quan he ehi phdi, hd trg lin nhau trong qua trinh tac nghiep thuc hien cac chirc nang, nhiem vu eiia nha trudng. s6 lupng va ea eau nhan su eiia td chiic ludn gan lien vdi ca cau td ehiic.
Vdn hoa to chuc. Nha trudng la mot cpng ddng xa hdi thu nhd mang trong no cac thudc tinh rieng ve van hda - van hda td chiic, Trilt ly boat ddng cua nha lanh dao, quan ly td chiic va tap hgp dpi ngQ can bd quan ly, giao vien (dinh hudng gia tri, nilm tin, y thuc, thai dp phong each sdng va lam v i e c . ) hinh thanh nen van hda nha trudng. Cd thi ndi he thing nha trudng cac nude tren thi gidi vira la san phim cua qua trinh phat trien chinh tri, kinh te - xa hgi, van hda cua mdi nude trong mdi quan he, giao luu hgp tae quoc te, vira la nhan td quan trgng gdp phan thiie day va phat trien ddi sdng xa hdi va trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa hdi eiia cae quoc gia.
4. QUAN TRI VA QUAN TRI NHA TRlTCJNG 4.1. Khdi niem "Qudn tri"
Ciing vdi thuat ngu "quan Iy" cdn co nhieu dinh nghTa khai niem vl "quan tri" va thudng gin vdi mdt t l chiic cu thi. Theo Tir diin Han - Viet (Thiiu Chiru, 1999):
Qudn: coi sdc, can thiep vao cdng vi$e khdng cho vugt ra ngoai khudn phep da dinh; siia sang eho tdt (vi du lam cho vang nggc bdng len ciing la qudn);
Tri: lam cdng viee thudng nhat, thudng nguyet va thudng nien da dinh; danh gia va so sanh cdng viec (vi dy so sanh su xiing dang nhau giUa gia tri vdi dd vat),
Nhu vay: Quan tri la boat ddng coi sdc, can thiep, sita sang, danh gia va so sanh giira dau tu vdi lgi ieh va muc dich cua cdng viec da dinh, Cac boat ddng nay gan vdi mot cdng viec hay mdt nhiem vu, chiie nang cu th8.
Theo Tir dien Han - Viet cua (Nguyen Lan, 2002): Qudn: phu trach viee trdng nom, sap xIp cdng viee; Tri: siia sang, chiia khdi, ran de va
danh gia. Nhu vay, theo giai nghTa tren, qudn tri Id viec trong nom, sdp dgi, ddnh gid cong viec noi bo trong mot to chuc. Theo Tic dien Oxford, thi quan tri cd cac nghTa sau: "eai trj, thi hanh va thye hien cac ehu truong ehinh sach; trdng nom, quan ly hoae cai qu^n, cung cap, phan phoi, sap xep cac ngudn luc eho cac hoat ddng ciia mdt td chiic va ddnh gid gid tri ciia chiing" (Tir dien Oxford).
4.2. Quan tri mpt to chuc
Khai niem quan tri cd nhiiu nghia va cip dg. Ddi vdi cac td chiic quyin luc qude gia nhu nha nude, quan trj (Governance) cd nghTa rgng gan vdi cac chiic nang, quyen luc, tham quyen cua cac cap quan ly nha nude (hanh phap). Cdn trong quan ly cd eac hoat dpng tac nghiep eu the ciia mdt td chiie ndi chung (kinh te, xa hgi, van hda, giao d u e . ) thi dugc gpi la quan tri (Administation), Khai niem quan trj eua mdt td ehiic dugc hieu la: "Nhitng hogt dong phdt sinh tirsutgp hap cua nhieu ngu&i mot cdch coy thicc d§ nhdm hodn thdnh nhung muc tieu chung". Su tap hgp con ngudi thanh td ehiic la mdi trudng va ddi tugng cua cdng viSc quan trj. Nhu vay, bit ky mpt td chire nao: van hda, xa hpi, giao dye, quan su, hanh ehinh... diu can cd su quan ly ndi chung va quan trj cu thi, trong dd cd, nhiiu chiic nang, nhiem vu can dugc vaeh ra cu thi va ed su dilu hanh, phan cdng, phan nhiem cho timg bd phan, cho timg thanh vien trong td chiic vdi nhiing chuin muc, tieu chuan, quy trinh eu thi (vi du nhu ban md ta vi tri viee lam;
bp chi sd danh gia KI'I..,). Nhu vay, khai niem quan tri cd the bieu la mdt cap dp hay mdt dang boat dgng eua quan Iy gin cu the vdi mdt td chiic va nang vl thira hanh, tac nghiep, dieu hanh cd hieu qua eac boat ddng cu the ciia mot td chiic dl dat duge cac mye tieu mong dpi,
Quan trj mdt td chiic la qua trinh dieu hanh td ehiic dua tren quyen luc va trach nhiem ciia cac nhan td trong mdt td chiic va bang phuang thiic hoach dinh cac hoat dgng va muc tieu phat trien;
ban hanh va thuc thi eac co chi, cdng cu quan ly;
huy dgng, cung iing diy du, kjp thdi va cd chit lugng cac ngudn luc (nhan lue, tai lire va vat luc), cac phuang tien va dilu kien tit yeu cho mgi hoat ddng cua td chiic dl td chiic van hanh dat dugc hieu qua cac muc tieu da dinh hong mdi trudng ludn ludn bien ddng va vdi pham vi ngudn luc huy ddng duge. Trong quan trj mdt td chiic cdn ed vai trd ngudi dirng diu (Thii linh/Chu tich Hdi ddng quan tri) ho^c nhdm ngudi cd vai trd djnh hudng, chi dao mgi hoat ddng eua td chiic (Hdi ddng quan tri). Lanh dao mdt td chiic (Leadership) la viec ngudi diing diu (Leader) hoac nhdm ngudi lanh dao dl ra chu truang, dudng Idi, dinh hudng boat ddng va Idi keo mpi ngudi khac (trong do cd ca ngudi quan tri va ngudi quan Iy) nhan thiic dugc tim nhin, sii mang, cae gia tri va nhiing mue tieu hoat ddng ciia td chirc, qua do thing nhit tu tudng, phat huy tiem nang ciia mpi ngudn lue lam cho td chirc ludn ludn thay ddi de phat trien.
4.3, Qudn tri nhd tru&ng
Quan trj nha trudng la mgt bg phan trong quan ly giao dye. Do nha trudng la td chiie giao due mang tinh quyen luc nha nude - xa hdi, true ti8p la cdng tac giao due va dao tao, thuc hien viee giao dye cho thi he tre va dpi ngu nhan lue xa hdi. Nha trudng la t l bao ea sd, ehu chdt, la khach th6 ea ban eiia tat ca cac cap quan ly ndi tren, lai vira la mgt he thdng ddc lap, tu quan cua xa hgi, do dd quan tri nha trudng nhat thiet vira phai cd tinh Nha nude, viia ed tinh xa hdi. Quan tri nha trudng chinh la nhirng edng viec ciia nha trudng ma ngudi can bd quan ly thuc hien nhung chiic nang quan Iy de thuc hien cac nhiem vu, cdng tac ciia minh. Dd chinh la nhiing hoat ddng c6 y thiic, cd kl hoach ciia chii the quan ly nhim thuc hien chiic nang, nhiem vy ciia nha trudng ma trgng tam la qua trinh day va hpc va eac boat ddng giao due da dang trong va ngoai nha trudng. Ban chat ciia cdng tac quan tri nha trudng la qua trinh td chiic, chi huy, dilu khiln su van dgng ciia eac thanh td, dac biet la moi quan he giira cac thanh td. Mdi quan he dd la do
. IKANliOiANHtJU'-^
qua trinh hanh chmh-su pham trong nha trudng quy djnh. Quan tri true tiip trudng hge bao gdm quan trj qua trinh day hgc, giao due, tai chinh, nhan lire, hanh ehinh va mdi trudng giao due.
Trong do quan hj day hge - giao due la trpng tam. Nha quan ly d mdi loai hinh nha trudng, d mdi bac hpc se phai dam bao van dung khac nhau khi thue hien nguyen ly giao due. Tuy v|y, nha quan ly phai dam bao van de cdt yeu do la:
xac djnh muc tieu quan trj ciia nha trudng, xac djnh cu the ngi dung cac muc tieu quan tri.
Trong quan ly va thyc tiln quan tri nha trudng gdm 2 mang chinh: 1) Quan ly ciia chti the ben tren va ben ngoai nha trudng nham djnh hudng eho nha trudng, tao dieu kien cho nha trudng boat ddng va phat trien (Cae cap quan ly nha nude va su hgp tae, giam sat cua xa hdi/cpng ddng); 2) Quan tri cua chinh chii the ben trong nha trudng, boat dpng td chirc eac ehu truang, chinh sach giao due thanh cac kB hoach boat dgng, td chiic chi dao va kiem tra d6 dua nha trudng dat tdi nhiing mue tieu da && ra (thye hien cac chiic nang quan trj eiia mpt td chiie). Muc ti8u quan tri nha trudng thudng dugc cy thi boa trong kl hoaeh nam hgc, nhiing myc tieu nay la eac nhiem vu chiie nang ma tap thi nha trudng thire hien sudt nam hgc. Tren ca sd ho^-ch dinh cae muc tieu mdt each cii the, quan trj nha trudng phai eu the hda eho timg mue tieu. Nhirng ndi dung nay la sire sdng cho mue tieu, la dilu kifn de mue tieu trd thanh hien thuc. Tdm lai, quan trj nha trudng la quan ly giao due dugc thuc hi6n cu the, ed hieu luc, hieu qua trong pham vi xac dinh cua mot dan vj giao due nha trudng, nhim thuc hien nhiem vu giao due the he tre theo yeu cau cua xa hdi. Quan tri nlia trudng cd nhirng ndi dung CO ban sau day: Lanh dao (Leadership).
Dinh hudng phat trien cua nha trudng thong qua cae ehii truang dinh hudng, chinh saeh va chiin luge phat trien nha trudng, hmh thanh van hda td ehiie, van hda nha trudng,..; Quan tri bd mdy to chiic va nhan su, ban hanh va thuc thi cac quy cbl, luat le...; Quan tri cac ITnh vue boat dgng
TAP CHI KHOA HQC QUAN LY GIAO DUC SO 01(25),THANG3-2Q2Q eiia nha trudng theo chiic nang, nhiem vu dugc
giao (giao due-dao tao, nghien ciiu khoa hge, djch vu xa hOi; quan he qude te...; Quan tri tai chinh va eac ngudn lire (ca sd vSt chat, trang thilt bi); Quan tri dich vu ngudi hoc va quan h6 vdi cdng ddng, xa hgi. Nhu vay, quan tri nha trudng ed the hilu la mdt qua trinh tae dgng hgp ly (ed muc dich, tu giac, he thdng, cd ke hoaeh) mang tinh td chiic - su pham va dua tren quyen lyc va trach nhiem ciia cae cap quan ly den tap the ngudi day va ngudi hge, den nhiing luc lugng giao dye trong va ngoai nha trudng nham huy ddng, td ehiic, dieu hanh eac luc lugng giao due cimg cpng tac, phoi hgp, tham gia vao mpi hoat dgng ciia nha trudng nham lam cho qua trinh nay van hanh tdi uu, hieu qua hudng tdi hoan thanh nhiing mue tieu giao due eua nha trudng trong timg giai dgan phat trien.
5. KET LUAN
Quan ly nha nude ve giao due va quan tri nha trudng d cae nude tren the gidi rat phong pbli va da dang phu thudc vao bdi canh kinh tl - xa hdi, truyin thdng van hda va trinh dp phat trien ciia mdi nude. Xu hudng chung la tang cudng quan ly nha nude qua khung chinh sach qude gia va the chi (khung phap Iy) ddi vdi eac loai binh trudng, ddng thdi, tang tmh tu chu, tu chiu trach nhiem eiia nha trudng, eiia ea sd dao tao trong quan trj nha trudng de cd kha nang phat triin linh hogt va dap iing kip thdi nhu eau phat triin ngudn nhan luc xa hdi va nhan luc eua thi trudng lao dgng, thuc hien cd hieu qua vai trd, sii mang cua nha trudng ddi vdi xa hpi.
TAI LEEU THAM KHAO
1. Tic dien tiing Viet thong dung (1998), Nxb, Giao due. Ha Ndi.
2, Tic diin tieng Viet (1988), Nxb. Khoa hge xa hgi. Ha Ngi.
3. Tran Khanh Dire (2019), Qudn ly ddo tgo vd qudn tri nhd truang, Nxb. Dai hge Qude gia, Ha Npi.
4, Tic dien Oxford, Nxb. Dai hgc Oxford.
5. Thiiu Chun (1999), Tudiin Han - Viet, Nxb. Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
6, Nguyin Lan (2002), Tic diin Hdn - Viet, Nxb. Tii' diin Baeh khoa. Ha Noi.
