TAC DONG TIEU CI/C CUA TAM LY TIEU NONG DEN THirC HIEN DAN CHU 5 XA, PHUdNG,
THI TRAN NU^6C TA HIEN NAY
HA THI THUY DUONG <•*
Tom tat: Nh&n dien nhdng rao can trong thUc hien d&n chu d xa, phudng, thi tran d nUdc tahien nay la mot yeu ciu can thie't de nang cao ch&'t lUpng, hieu qua thuc hiSn tren thuc te. Bai viet phan tich, danh gia nhdng tac dpng tieu cUc cua tam ly tieu ndng d ca can bp co sd va nh&n dan trong thUc hien 4 nhom quyin cd ban cua ngUdi d&n la quyen dUpc biet, quyen dUpc tham gia y kien, quyen dUpc ban bac, bieu quyii, quyet dinh va quyen dupc giam s&t theo Phap lenh thUc hien d&n chu d xa, phudng, thi trmi.
Takhoa: Tac dpng tiSu cUc; tam ly tieu ndng; thUc hien dan chd.
Abstract: Identifying obstacles to local democracy at the commune level is a prerequisite of successful practice. Farmer psychology has negative impacts to how people and local authorities understand tbe 4 main rights in local democracy: the right to know, the right to have opinion, the right to discuss and make decision, and the right to supervise.
Keywords: Negative impact; farmer psychology; practice of democracy.
Ng&ynh&n bai: 15/3/2019; Ngay siia bai: 10/4/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 29/7/2019.
Dan ehu xa hdi chii ngbia vfla la miic tidu, vfla la ddng life eua qua trinh phat trien d nfldc ta hidn nay; trong dd, dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tra'n la mdt budc dot pha quan trpng, cap bach. Tuy nhidn, nhU Giao sU Hoang Chi Bao tflng khang dinh
"mud'n thuc hidn dfldc vai trd va tac dung tich cUc cua dan chu ddi vdi sU phat trien cua ea nhan va xa hpi thi phai thudng xuyen phat hien va thao gd nhflng rao can dan ehu, xoa bd nhflng phan dan chii trong xa hdi ca nhflng bieu hidn hflu hinh cd the cam nhan dflde trong thd ehe', trong bd may va con ngUdi lan nhiing bieu hien vd hinb trong tam y, y thflc, ldi sd'ng phong tue, tap quan lae hau cd trong ddi sd'ng hang ngay cua ca nhan va cdng ddng"'^'. Tam ly tieu ndng la mot trong g ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
nhflng rao can vo hinh eiia qua khfl, dang tae dpng tidu cflc ddn thflc hidn dan chu d xa, phfldng, thi tra'n d nU6c ta hidn nay. V\
vay, nban didn nhflng bidu hidn tieu cfle eua tam ly tieu ndng trong thflc hidn dan ehu d xa, phudng, thi tra'n thdi gian qua la hdt sflc quan trpng dd ed nhflng giai phap khde phuc phu hdp, hidu qua.
Thflc hien dan ehu d xa, phfldng, thi tran thdi gian qua cdn nhieu han chd', mdt phan la do ehinh nhflng chu the thfle hidn dan chii la can bp ed sd va nhan dan edn mang nang tam ly tieu ndng. Tam ly tieu ndng la tam ly eua ngfldi ndng dan san '•' Hoc vidn Chinh tri Khu vUc IV.
'" Hoang Chi Bao (2010), Dan chu. va dan chu d ndng thon trong tien trinh doi mdi, Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia H, tr. 13.
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xua't nhd, nay sinh va phan anh trfle tid'p phfldng thflc san xua't ndng nghidp nhd le, mang tinh tit phat, manh miin, tfl cung, tfl ca'p. Tam ly tidu ndng cd nhiing bidu hidn tidu cfle nhu tam ly thu ven ca nhan, tu ldi; nd'p nghi theo kinh nghidm, tinh bao thu, ngai thay dd'i; tam ly cdng ddng, gdn bd vdi cdng ddng trong suy nghi va banh dpng, khdng dam the hidn cbinh kie'n, quan diem ridng, phu tbudc vao quan didm chung; thdi tuy tidn, vd nguyen tde, y thfle ky luat kem, trpng Id hdn luat, trpng tinh hdn ly; tam ly dia phfldng, cue bp, ddng hp; tam ly thu ddng, cau an, tam nbin thien can; tam ly binh quan ehu nghia. Nhflng net tam ly nay d ngfldi dan va can bd da can trd vide thflc hidn dan ehu d xa, phUdng, thi tra'n tren tat ca cae npi dung, ed the khai quat d mdt sd' ndi dung sau day:
1. Thflc trang anh hudfng tieu cflc cua tam ly tieu nong do'i vcfl q u y i n ditric biet cua ngitdi dan
Quyin dUdc bid't cua ngUdi dan la quyen dan chu quan trpng cua ngUdi dan vi nd la cd sd de nhan dan thuc hidn quyen ban bac, quydt dinh va kidm tra, giam sat. Tuy nhiin, do tam ly tU ldi, lo vun ven ca nhin nen mdt sd' can bd ed sd khdng mud'n edng khai dae bidt la tai chinh vi lidn quan den ldi ieb cua hp, mud'n bdt xen cdng quy nen khdng san sang, khdng man ma vdi vide cdng khai. Hp vin vao nhflng li do khach quan nhfl khd khan ve cd sd vat cha't, dieu kien thdi gian, tram nghin vide dot xua't khac de tri hoan vide edng khai eac thdng tin theo Phap lenh thflc hien dan ehu b xa, phfldng, thi tra'n. Chinh vi tam ly tu ldi ca nhan ndn trong cac ndi dung cdng khai cho nhan dan bid't thi vide thUe hidn cdng
khai ve tai chinh la han ehd' nha't, 36,4% y kie'n eho rdng van de cong khai ve tai ehinh eua dia phflPng vdn chfla ed thay dd'i gi dang ke'^'. Theo khao sat eua PAPl nam 2017 d Viet Nam, ty Id ngfldi dan eho bid't thu chi ngan saeh eua xa, phfldng dupc cdng bd' cdng khai mac du cd tang nhUng cdn tha'p, tang tfl 32% nam 2016 len 36%
nam 2017. Khi buoc phai thfle hidn edng khai, mdt so' can bd cdng chfle d ed sd lam mpt each chidu le bang each thdng bao mang tinh ehat hinh thflc, van tat nhflng ndi dung "nhay cam" cdn cdng khai nhfl vide quan ly va sit dung cae loai quy, khoan ddu tU, tai trd theo chUdng trinh, ma chUa thdng bao cu the nhflng loai quy nay dfldc sut dung nhU thd' nao. Ciing do tam ly tu lpi, vun ven ea nhan, tam ly "den nha ai nha a'y rang", "chay nha hang xdm binh chan nhU vai" cua mdt bd phan ngUdi dan h xa, phupng, thi tra'n ndn nhieu ngudi dan cdn thd d vdi nhflng npi dung dupe cdng khai, chi tich cflc quan tam dd'n cae quy dinh lien quan de'n lpi ich trfle tid'p, eu the eua ea nhan va gia dinh nhfl tidu ehudn hd ngheo, tidu chudn chpn vay vo'n, va'n de bau trfldng thdn cdn nhflng va'n de phat trien gan vdi lpi ieb ehung eua cdng ddng hp it quan tam, khdng thflc hien day du quyen dUpc bie't eua minh.
Tam ly ddnghg, cue bg, dia phUdng, phe cinh trong dpi ngu can bd, edng ehfle b eP sd Cling anh hfldng tieu cUc cua quyen dupc bidt ciia nhan dan. Mdt so' can bd mud'n bao che, nUdng nhe eho ddng nghiep can bd cua minh, nhflng ngfldi eung phe
12) Nguyen Tien T h a n h (2014), "Nang liJc cua can bo ca'p xa, phu&ng trong thiic hien phap lenh dan chii 6 cci sh". Tap chi Lyluan chinh tri, so 10.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI g |
canh eiia minh nen nhflng thdng tin ve nhflng vu vide tieu cflc, tham nhung eua can bd ed sd hoae vide xut ly nhflng vi pham nay khdng dfldc cdng khai day du, thdng tin vdn tdt, hinh thflc.
Tim ly coi thudng phap luat, thii'u ky cUdng, ky luat, trgng li hdn luat d mdt so' can bp, edng chflc ea'p cP sd dan tdi vide khdng thuc hidn ddy du, nghidm tue quyen dupe bid't ciia nhan dan dUdc quy dinh ra't rd rang trong Phap lenh thUc hidn dan chii d xa, phfldng, thi tra'n. Mdt so' noi cdn tinh trang lam Ifldt, lam hinh thfle dd ddi phd. Do phap luat chi quy dinh ve ndi dung, binh thflc cdng khai ma thid'u quy dinh dam bao tinh minh bach trong vide edng khai cua cbinh quyen ca'p xa.
Dilu nay dan tdi nhilu dia phfldng thfle hien edng khai mpt each "ehid'u Id", van dung ndi dung can edng khai, dia diem can cdng khai nhflng ngfldi dan van khd khan trong vide tid'p thu ndi dung van ban edn edng khai, vi du nhU dan thdng bao ed nhieu trang trdn ban thdng bao cd ludi bao vd, ddn tdi ngUdi dan chi bidt trang dau hay dan thdng tin tren bang thdng bao nhUng ngay sau dd lai dan thong tin khac khdng quan trpng de len, khien ngudi dan khdng tid'p can dUdc vdi thdng tin quan trpng, mud'n bie't. Cung do thid'u hidu bid't phap luat ciing nhU tam ly eoi thUdng phap luat, mdt bd phan nhan dan ehUa nhan thflc day dii phap luat, yeu edu can bp cd sd edng khai mpi thdng tin, ca nhflng thdng tin khdng ed trong quy dinh eua phap lenh thfle hidn dan chu d xa, phfldng, thi tra'n, thupe bi mat nha nfldc.
Do tac dpng tieu cfle eua tam ly tieu ndng b ea can bd ed sd va ngudi dan ddn tdi vide thuc hien cae quy dinh ve quyen
dupe bid't cua ngudi dan d xa, phUPng, thi tra'n chua hidu qua. Theo khao sat cua tae gia Nguydn Tid'n Thanh thi vide tri^n khai phap lenh thflc hidn dan ehu d xa, phfldng, thi tra'n v l quyen dflde bid't eua ngUPi dan cd 50% sd' y kie'n cho rdng edn mang tinh hinh thfle, 36% so y kie'n cho rdng vide thfle hidn phap lenh cdn mang tinh phong trao'^*.
2. Thflc trang anh hi^c^ng tidu cflc cua tam ly tieu ndng doi vdi quyen diidc tham gia y kien cua ngiidi dan
Mpt sd' can bd d cd sd chfla nhan thfle day du, dflng dan v l quyin dupe tham gia y kid'n eua ngUdi dan va do tac ddng cua tam ly tU ldi, vun ven ca nhan, khdng mud'n nhan dan tham gia y kien ddng gdp cho eac ke hoaeh, ehUdng trinh (mud'n tU quye't dinh nhflng ehfldng trinh, kd' hoaeh dd de phue vu eho nhiing lpi ich ca nhan) nen mdt so' can bd chfla tieh cfle tao dilu kidn va trao quyin eho ngfldi dan tham gia thao luan, ban bae. Hpp la mdt hinh thflc quan trpng dd nhan dan ban bac, ddng gdp y kieii. Tuy nhidn, can bd ed sd td chfle cac cude hpp dan ehi la hinh thfle do phap luat quy dinh chfl khdng phai mud'n tham khao y kid'n eiia ngudi dan. Nbieu cude hpp dan chu dupe td ehfle nhflng phdn Idn hpp ehi de hpp va hpp xong la
"xong", de ddi phd, bao eao thanh tich.
Hpp thdn ehu yd'u de nhan dan tid'p can thdng tin va tham gia thao luan eac phUdng an lUa ehpn hPn la de xu^t phfldng an. Sfl ban bac, thao luan chi dflng lai b vide thdn dua ra ndi dung de nhan dan
"' Nguyen Tien T h a n h (2014), "Nang liic cua can bo cap xa, philcfng trong thUc hien phap lenh dan chu 5 c<J s3". Tap chi Lyluan chinh tri, so' 10.
Q ] min LUC KHOA HOC XA HH Sf 9-2019
thao luan, nhan dan khdng dUde quyen dUa ra y kid'n mdi dd thao luan trong eupe hpp. Vi VEty, sd' lUpng ngudi dan cd cd hpi ddng gdp y kid'n chUa nhilu, dac bidt la nhiing linh vflc lien quan trfle tid'p dd'n ldi ieb eua ngfldi dan nhflng eung la nhiing linh vflc nhay cam, dd xay ra tham nhung, ngfldi dan it cd cd hdi dfldc ban bac, thao luan, ddng gdp y kid'n. Ty Id ngfldi eho bie't hp ed dip gdp y cho quy hoaeh, ke' hoaeh sit dung da't d dia phfldng theo so' lieu cua PAPI nam 2017 tai Viet Nam ehi la 4%.
Cdn theo khao sat eua tae gia Nguydn Thi Thanh Thuy d ddng bdng sdng Citu Long, ndi cd sd' dan ndng thdn Idn, ehi co 14,7%
tham gia thao luan vide xay dflng eac cdng trinh edng edng'**. Can bd, cdng chflc ndi nhilu v l dan chii nhflng it thflc hien nhfliig dieu dan de bat, khdng chu y lang nghe, hoae idng nghe nhUng dd day, khdng tid'p thu, thUe hidn. Do tae ddng tieu cUc eua tam ly vun ven ea nhan, edng vdi tam ly dia phuong cue bp, tam nbin thidn can, thie'u nhin xa, trdng rdng, can bp cd sd mud'n xay dUng nhilu cdng trinh dd thu lpi nen manh xa nao xa dd lam, chua ban bae thd'ng nha't trong huyen, ddn tdi xa nao ciing cd tram cap didn, cap nfldc, xit ly rac thai, chd ndng thdn, ngbia trang... gay lang phi ngudn lUe va tien eua.
Do tam ly edng ddng, dUa dam tap the, thid'u trach nhidm ca nhan trong thUc hidn quyen cua minh cung vdi tam ly vun ven ea nhan trong bdi canh phat trien kinh td' thi trudng, nhieu ngUPi dan mai md lam an, it quan tam de'n cdng viec cua epng ddng nen ngai di hpp. De to' ehfle mdt cupc hpp, trfldng thdn phai mdi nhieu lan, ehd ea tid'ng ddng hd mdi dd'n ddng, du sd' lupng dd' hpp. NgUdi tham gia ehu yd'u la
ngudi gia, it cdng vide. O mpt sd' ndi, sd' lUdng eit tri la ngUdi cao tud'i Idn hdn tdng so' cut tri du hpp nen thUe td' gay khd khan eho vide td chfle va chat Iflpng cae eupe hpp cit tri'^'. Cung do tae dpng tidu cue cua tam ly tu ldi, vun ven ea nhan va tam nhin thien can, ban hep d mpt bp phan nhan dan ndn cac eupe hpp lien quan den eae van de trfle tid'p ldi leh cua dan nhfl edng tac den bu giai phdng mat bang, vide hd trd phat trien kinh te gia dinh, eae ehinh sach thue' eua nha nfldc, thu chi cac khoan ddng gdp cua dan... thu hut ddng dao ngudi dan tham gia cdn eac cupc hpp khac ty Id tham gia tha'p. Trong cae eupe hpp, ngudi dan eung ehu ye'u tham gia thao luan, ddng gdp y kid'n ddi vdi nhflng van de lidn quan ddn lpi ich trUc tidp, cu the ciia ban than, gia dinh nhU xoa ddi giam ngheo, xay dung cac cdng trinh edng epng d dia phUdng edn cae va'n de khae it cd y kid'n.
Cung do tam ly tU ldi, vun ven ca nhan ndn khi tham gia y kie'n, dua ra nhflng phUdng an ban bac, thao luan, ngUdi dan ehi chu y de'n ldi ich ciia ea nhan, ddng hp ma khdng tinh hd't dd'n ldi leh chung eua ea edng ddng, ddn tdi viec ddng gdp y kid'n ehUa kd't hdp bai hoa lpi ich ca nhan va tap the, chUa dam bao tinh khach quan, cdng bdng, thd'ng nha't. Vi du nhU d mpt sd' xa trong xay dUng quy hoaeh ed sd ha tang, khdng thdn nao chiu quy hoaeh xay dUng bai xfl ly rac thai tai thdn, xdm ciia
'•" N g u y i n Thi Thanh Thuy (2015), "Ve thUc hien d a n chu true tiep c) dong hfing song Cviu Long", Tap chi Ly luan chinh tri, so 1.
'^' N g u y i n V a n H i e n (chu bien), (2014), Ve thi hanh phap lenh thUc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tra'n nam 2007, N x b C h i n h t r i quo'c gia - SLC t h a t , t r . 168 - 1 6 9 .
SO 9-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
minh. Nd'u xa quyd't dinh ehuyen dd'n dd thi dan lai bieu tinh, vi hp sd sau nay d nhidm ndi d eua bp.
NgUdi dan d xa cdn ed tam ly edng ddng, khdng dam bde Id quan diem, chinh kid'n ridng, hfla theo so' ddng ndn hp ngai phat bidu, ddng gdp y kid'n dac biet la trfldc dam ddng. Nhieu can bd cd sd, can bd thdn thfla nhan rang dd ngUdi dan di hpp thi khdng khd nhUng de ngUdi dan tham gia thao luan thi ra't khd. NgUPi dan chfla the hidn tinh ticb cflc, tinh thdn trach nhidm vdi tinh each la chii the cua vide tham gia ban bac, ddng gdp y kid'n.
3. Thufc trang anh hifdfng tieu ctfc cua tam ly tieu nong doi vcfi quyen difpfc ban bac va bie'u quyd't, quyet dinh cua ngfldi dan
Tha nhat, doi vcfi quyin nhan dan daofc ban va quye't dinh trac tie'p
Phap lenh thflc hidn dan ehu d xa, phfldng, thi tra'n quy dinh, nhan dan ban va quyd't dinh trfle tid'p ve ehu trfldng va mfle ddng gdp xay dung cd sd ha tang, cac edng trinh phuc lpi cdng cdng trong pham vi ea'p xa, thdn, to dan phd' do nhan dan ddng gdp toan bd hoac mdt phan kinh phi va cac edng vide khae trong npi bd cdng ddng dan eU phfl bpp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat. Tuy nhien, mdt sd' can bp ed sd ed tam ly tu ldi, vun ven ea nhan va coi thudng phap luat, thid'u ky eUdng, ky luat mud'n nhan dan ddng gdp nhieu de bdt xen, bd tui rieng nen da khdng thUe hidn nghiem tuc quy dinh nay. Vide huy ddng su ddng gdp cua nhan dan phai dUpc ban bae dan chii va phai dupc sU ddng tinh eua ngudi dan. Tuy nbien, nhilu dia phUdng huy ddng mfle ddng gdp eua nhan dan cdn tuy tien, qua mfle so vdi thu nhap cua hp.
chfla ed sfl ban bae, thd'ng nblit eua ngfldi dan. Ddi vdi cae cdng trinh cd quy md Idn nhfl trfldng hpe, dfldng giao thdng ca'p xa, tram y td... mUc ddng gdp dflde chinh quyen dinh ra tfl trfldc, vide dfla xud'ng ban bae d cum dan cfl chu yd'u la thdng qua cho dflng thu tue phap ly. Ngay ca khi ty Id tan thanh qua 50% tdng so' e^ tri trong thdn, quyd't dinh ve mfle ddng gdp da cd gia tri thi hanh thi vdn edn mpt thieu so' nhUng cung khdng nhd gia dinh chua ddng y vi vay ehinh quyin ea'p xa phdi hdp vdi Uy ban Mat tran Td qud'c Viet Nam va cac to chfle thanh vidn cua Mat tran cflng cap phai cd trach nhidm td ehfle tuydn truyin, van dpng, thuyet phuc nhflng cit tri, hp gia dinh chfla tan thanh trong vide thUe hien nhflng quyd't dinh da cd gia tri thi hanh. Tuy nhien, thfle te' chinh quyen cd sd d nhieu ndi da khdng thflc hidn td't quy dinh nay ma sii dung hinh thflc ep buoc. Tai mot so' dia ban xa ap dung each thflc, nd'u gia dinh nao khdng chiu ddng gdp xay dflng cdng trinh cdng cdng tbi khi nao cdn xae minh ly lieh se nhan xet khdng cha'p hanh chu trfldng, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nfldc, tham chi cd dia phfldng edn chan xe dam cudi ciia ngudi dan dd ddi tiln ddng gdp xay dung kd't ca'u ha tang 5 thdn, xa. Theo khao sat cua PAPI tai Viet Nam nam 2017 thi ty le ngUdi eho bie't da ddng gdp tu nguydn (thay vi bi chinh quyin ep budc) cho vide tu suta, xay mdi cdng trinh cdng cong d dia phUdng mac du cd tang nhflng vdn edn tha'p, tfl 37% nam 2016 Idn 43%.
Thii" hai, ddi vcfi quyen nhin dan dadc ban, bieu quye't de cap co tham quyen quyet dinh
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 9-2019
Mdt la, vexiy dung huang Udc, quy Udc cua thdn, to dan pho.
Do t a m ly coi t h u d n g p h a p l u a t , p h e p v u a t h u a Id l a n g , m d t so' c a n bd ed sd d a k h d n g thUe h i d n n g h i e m t u e , d a y d u q u y e n n a y c u a ngudi d a n . Ngudi d a n chdng nhflng k h d n g dflpc t h a m gia b a n bae, t h a o l u a n va b i e u q u y e t ddi vdi b a n hflpng Udc c u a t h d n m a t h a m ebi cdn k h d n g bie't dd'n b a n hfldng fldc eua t h d n . Theo k h a o s a t eiia t a e gia N g u y d n V a n Hidn, m a c dfl d a ed b a n hfldng Ude nhUng khi hdi ngudi d a n ed bid't dd'n b a n hUPng udc t r d n dia b a n h a y k h d n g , cd 32,9% so' ngUdi t r a ldi k h d n g biet'^'. Ngay ca nhflng ddi tflpng bid't de'n hflpng fldc c u a dia phflpng, dd'n b o a t d d n g xay dflng hfldng ude d dia phUdng e u n g k h d n g ed n g h i a la ta't ea hp d e u dupe t h a m gia b a n bac, bidu quye't cho b a n bUdng Udc dd. Nhflng hUdng Ude dupe x a y dflng k h d n g co sU b a n bac, ddng gdp y kien cua ngfldi d a n n d n k h d n g xua't p h a t tfl thflc td' cupc sd'ng, k h d n g n h a n dUpc sU ddng t h u a n eua n h a n d a n trong thfle thi. T u y n h i e n , do sfl thid'u hidu bid't ddy d u ve p h a p l u a t va t a m ly eoi tbfldng p b a p l u a t , t r p n g Id h d n l u a t cua can bp ed sd, trfldng t h d n va ngudi d a n - nhflng ngUdi t h a m gia xay dUng hUdng ude ndn t r o n g m d t sd' b a n hUdng fldc vdn cdn cd nhflng q u y d i n h t r a i vdi p h a p l u a t . Vi du n h u hUdng Udc cua l a n g B i n h Lde, xa B i n h Dien, h u y e n H u o n g T r a , Thfla Thidn Hud' quy d i n h p h u nfl 20 tud'i, n a m gidi 22 tudi mdi dfldc p h e p ke't h d n . N h i l u b a n hfldng fldc q u y d i n h cac h i n b thfle phi, Id phi xif p h a t m d t each t u y tidn, biia b a i . Trong 230 b a n hfldng flde dflpe d a n h gia thi 24 b a n quy d i n h ea'p t h d n , b a n , l a n g dflpc t h u Id phi'^'.
Hai li, hiu, mien nhiem, hai nhiem trudng thdn, trudng td dan phd.
Do t a m ly dia phfldng cue bd, be p h a i edng vdi t a m ly tfl ldi, ca n h a n , m d t s d c a n bd ed sd chfla d a m b a o td't q u y i n tU do lUa ehpn t r u d n g t h d n , ngUdi dai didn cho m i n h . Cd h i e n t u p n g c a n t h i e p c u a chi bd va B a n cdng t a e M a t t r a n To qud'c de cd dupe m d t t r u d n g t h d n "dd b a o " hoae ciing
"d kip" vdi chi bd, xa. Bdi le, d m d t sd'vung n o n g t h d n , trfldng t h d n cung c a n h vdi xa, vdi ehi bd thUdng ed n b i e u lpi ich hdn t r o n g da't dai, r u p n g vUdn, ao rflng...Mpt bd p h a n n h a n d a n t h d d, thid'u t r a c h n h i e m t r o n g vide Ifla ehpn trfldng thdn. Ngay t a i hpi n g h i t h d n , k h i tid'n h a n h l a p d a n h saeh flng cit vidn, do t a m ly t h u ddng, dfla d a m vao t a p thd, t h i e u chinh kid'n va t r a c h n h i d m ca n h a n , ngudi d a n cflng k h d n g cd t i n h t h d n x a y dflng, t i c b cflc c h u ddng d l xua't flng cif gidi t h i d u ngfldi cd u y tin, phd m a c cho B a n Cdng tac M a t t r a n . Mac d u b d u t r u d n g t h d n la q u y i n lpi va t r a c h n h i d m eua mdi ngUdi t r o n g thdn, nhUng do t a m ly eoi thUdng p h a p l u a t , ngUdi d a n Cling k h d n g thUe h i e n d a y dii q u y i n eua m i n h . Dd'n n g a y bdu eit, da sd' mdi hd gia d i n h chi cd m p t ngUdi d a i didn hd gia d i n h c a m p h i e u di b d u cho ca hp. Vi vay, k h i k h a o s a t so' ngUdi da t h a m gia b d u trfldng t h d n , k h d n g p h a i ta't ea mpi ngflpi d e u thflc hidn q u y e n c u a m i n h . T h e o sd' lieu eua t a e gia Nguydn V a n Hien, 84% sd' ngfldi dflpe hdi da tflng t h a m gia hoac bie't
'^' N g u y i n Van Hien (chu hien) (2014), Ve thi hanh phap lenh thuc hipn dan chu d xa, phudng, tbi tran nam 2007, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia - Su t h a t , tr. 226.
"* N g u y i n Van Hien (chu bien) (2014), V^" thi hanh phap lenh thuc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tr&'n nam 2007, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia - Su th&t, tr. 230.
S9 9-2919 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q |
de'n vide bau trfldng thdn, ed 16% sd' ngUdi khdng bie't dd'n boat dpng nay'^\ Do cue bd ddng hp, tranh gianh, co keo trong mdt bp phan nhan dan nen nhieu ngUdi khi bau trUdng thdn lUa chpn nhiing ngUdi trong ddng hp cua minh, khdng can bid't ngUdi dd ed dap flng cac yeu cdu, tieu chuan hay khdng hay, tham chi ed nhflng flng eif vien xflng dang bpn nhflng vi thudc ddng hp khac nen hp cflng khdng Ifla chpn. Tieu chuan va kha nang dap flng yeu cdu cdng vide khong phai la tieu chi lua chpn ma tidu chi la ddng ho. Vi vay, d mdt so' thdn vi tri trUdng thdn luan chuydn khep kin hang ehue nam d mdt ddng hp, dd la nhflng ddng hp Idn chidm da so' dan trong thdn nen cd da sd' phid'u ap dao. Tham cbi cd tinh trang bau c^ ca nhflng ngUdi vfla yd'u ve nang life vfla thie'u kidn thfle phap luat, lai khdng ed kha nang tap hpp nhan dan.
Ba la, bau, bai nhiem ban thanh tra nhan dan, ban giam sit diu tU cua cdng dong.
Do tam ly tu ldi, vun ven ca nhan, mpt so' can bd eP sd mud'n Ban Thanh tra nhan dan, ban giam sat ddu tu cila cdng ddng boat ddng theo sU chi dao, didu khien cua minh, khdng bdi mdc nhflng hanh vi khuat ta't, tham nhung eiia minh ndn da khdng dam bao td't quyin lUa ehpn nhflng ngfldi dai didn eho minh de thflc hidn vide giam sat ciia nhan dan. O nhilu ndi, Ban Quan ly xay dflng ndng thdn mdi thudng do Chu tich Uy ban nhan dan xa dflng ddu, dfldi ed ke' toan, thanh vien cila cae ban, nganh trong xa, dudi nfla ed eac trUdng thdn, dudi cung mdi de'n lUdt dai didn cdng ddng dan cU da dupc tuydn chpn theo tieu chi dn hoa. Ban Quan ly lai dupc cbinh Uy ban
nhan dan xa va cac ban ea'p trdn ehi dao, quan ly mpi mat boat ddng... Cd trdn dUdi so ngudi ghi nhan Ban Giam sat dau tU cua edng ddng la do xa de cut chfl khdng phai do dan de ci'^\ Do edn mang tam ly chi lo vun ven ca nhan, khdng quan tam dd'n vide lang, vide nfldc, thu dpng, thid'u trach nhidm ca nhan ciing nhfl do tam ly coi thudng phap luat, mdt bd phan khdng nhd nhan dan da khdng thue hidn quyin bdu Ban Thanh tra nhan dan. Ban Giam sat dau tU cua cdng ddng. So' lieu khao sat eiia PAPI tai Viet Nam nam 2017, ty Id ngUdi tra ldi cho bid't xa, phUdng ed Ban Thanh tra nhan dan la 39%. Vide bid't la cd Ban Thanh tra nhan dan khdng cd nghia la ta't ca deu tham gia bau c^. Do dd, so' ngUdi tham gia bau, bieu quyd't se cdn tha'p hdn rat nhilu so vdi nhiing con so nay.
4. Thflc t r a n g a n h hfldfng tieu cyCc cua t a m ly tieu nong do'i vdi quyen giam sat cua ngufdi d a n
Tha nhat, hinh thac giim sit thdng qua hoat ddng cua Ban Thanh tra nhan dan. Ban Giam sat dau tU cua cdng ddng.
Do tae ddng eiia tam ly tU lpi, vun ven ca nhan d mdt so' can bd cd sd, hp quan nidm Ban Thanh tra nhan dan. Ban Giam sat dau tU ciia cong dong ehi chuydn xoi mdi ehinh quyen, vach la tim sau, neu eae ban nay hoat ddng hidu qua thi nhflng vide lam khuat ta't, tham nhung ciia hp se
w N g u y i n Van Hien (chii bien) (2014), Ve thi hanh phap lenh thpc hien d&n chii & xa, phudng, thi trSh nam 2007, Nxb Chinh t r i quo'c gia - Su t h a t , tr. 183.
'^' Le Thi T h a n h Huong (2015), Mot sdyeu to'tam ly cua ngUdi nong d&n anh hudng ddn qua trinh x&y diing nong thon mdi, Nxb. Chinh tri quo'c gia - Su th&t H, tr. 188.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HH SO 9-2019
bi phanh phui, anh hudng tdi ldi ieb ea nhan cua hp vi vay ma mpt so" can bd cd sd ed thai dp bat hdp tac, khdng tich cflc giup dd va ung hd hoat ddng cua cac ban nay.
Vi du nhfl, nhflng edng vide can giam sat deu ddi hdi trinh dp va hieu bid't nha't dinh vl chuydn mdn, nghidp vu. Vi vay, ehinh quyin dia phfldng khdng quan tam dd'n vide tap huan, hfldng dan, trang bi eae kid'n thfle, ky nang chuyen mdn can thid't cho cac thanh vidn cua Ban Giam sat dau tfl eua cdng ddng. Ban Thanh tra nhan dan, tfl dd ban ehe^ dd'n chat Ifldng, hidu qua hoat dpng eua cae ban nay.
Do tae ddng eiia tam ly coi thfldng phap luat, thid'u ky cfldng, ky luat edng vdi tam ly tu lpi, vun ven ca nhan mpt so' can bd ed sd khdng thUe hidn day du quyin giam sat cua Ban Thanh tra nhan dan. Ban Giam sat ddu tu eua edng ddng. Khi chu ddu tU ddn vi thi cdng ehUa nghiem tuc chap hanh cdng khai boa eae tai lieu, bd sd thiet ke' cdng trinh, dfl an dd Ban Giam sat theo ddi, chat van, can bp ed sd d dia phfldng khdng nhdc nhd, xfl ly tham ehi edn dung tung eho nhflng hanh vi trai luat nhfl vay. Cd trfldng hdp khi Ban Giam sat phat hien va kien nghi sai sdt cua chii dau tfl, nha thdu thi cdng de xit ly, nhflng cbinh quyen khdng can thiep hoac de dd.
Ban than cac thanh vien cua Ban Thanh tra nhan dan, Ban Giam sat ddu tU eua edng ddng eung mang nang tam ly tidu ndng lam ban ehd' kha nang dai didn cho nhan dan de thUc hidn nhidm vu kiem tra, giam sat cua cae ban nay. Mdt sd' thanh vien trong cac ban nay cdn cd tam ly thu ddng, dUa ddm, ehUa the hien td't vai trd va trach nhiem, chUa chii ddng trong vide lap kd' hoaeh, chUdng trinh boat
ddng ma chu yd'u dUa vao sU phan cdng cbi dao eiia Uy ban Mat tran to qud'c. Cac thanh vidn cua cae ban nay cdn cd tam ly tu lpi ca nhan, trpng tinh hdn ly, eoi thudng phap luat ndn bp ngai va eham, ngai da'u tranh, ne tranh sp giam sat qua se hi cdt kinh phi boat ddng anh hudng dd'n lpi ich cila minh hoae khdng dUde cd ca'u vao ban nhidm ky sau. Hoat ddng ciia Ban Thanh tra nhan dan chi di sau giam sat nhflng cdng vide dd tha'y nhfl chinh sacb xoa ddi giam ngheo, din dn dap ngMa, quan ly thu chi cae loai quy do nhan dan ddng gdp trong khi giam sat can bd, edng ehfle, giam sat uy ban nban dan va eae cd quan edng quyen tren dia ban chfla dat ydu cau. Cung do tam ly tU ldi, vun ven ca nhan nen trong qua trinh giam sat, mpt so'thanh vidn ban giam sat nhan thii lao bdi dudng rieng tU chu ddu tU, dan tdi khong dam bao tinb hidu qua, tinh cdng bdng trong giam sat. Theo khao sat cila Nguydn Van Hien, cd 51,7% so'ngUdi eho rang. Ban Thanh tra nhan dan ehUa thUc hien td't vai trd thUe hidn dan chii d edsd*^"'.
Tha hai, nhan din triic tie'p thiic hien giam sit thdng qua quyen khii'u nai, td' cao, kie'n nghi.
Mdt bp phan nhan dan ed tam ly thu ddng, dUa ddm vao tap the, thid'u tinh thdn trach nhidm ca nhan nen chUa tieh eUc chu ddng thUe hidn quyen trUe tid'p giam sat. Hp quan niem cdng vide eiia thdn, xa la cdng vide eua chinh quyen, chdng lien quan gi dd'n minh hoac minh
cm N g u y i n Van Hien (chu bien) (2014), Ve thi hanh phap linh tbUc hien dan chu d xa, phiidng, thi tran nam 2007, Nxb. Chinh tri quo'c gia - S u t h a t , tr.259.
sd 9-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
chang cd trach nhidm gi. Cflng do tam ly tu ldi, vun ven ea nhan nen khi thUe hidn quyin giam sat, hp cung chi thUe hidn giam sat ddi vdi nhflng cdng vide lien quan trUc tie'p de'n ldi leh ea nhan thie't than, sat sUPn eiia minh cdn nhflng vide khae bp khdng quan tam de'n vide thUe hien day du quyen giam sat ma phap luat trao eho.
Theo khao sat cua tae gia TrUdng Thi Hien sd' ngudi tham gia vide giam sat it nhat la thanh tra cae vu vide tidu cUc, tham nhung, lidn quan dd'n can bp xa, thdn, a'p chid'm 10,3%, bai ndi dung ma so ngudi dan tham gia giam sat cao nha't la 23% la ddi vdi thuc hidn chd' dp chinh sach Uu dai, thUPng binh, benh binh, gia dinh liet si va thi cdng, nghiem thu, quyd't toan eac edng trinh phue lpi cdng cdng'"\ Ben canh dd, do nban thfle, hieu bid't ehua ddy dii ve pbap luat va tam ly trpng Id hdn luat, eoi thudng phap luat ndn ed mpt bp phan nhan dan lai vi pham ky cUdng, ky luat trong thUc hidn quyin trUc tie'p giam sat eua minh. Khi tham gia khie'u nai, to' cao mdt bd phan edng dan ehua hieu bid't day du dudng ldi, ehinh sach cua Dang, phap luat cila Nha nUdc, nhe da ca tin hi ke xa'u kich ddng, ldi keo, xui giuc cd nhflng hanh vi pham phap, cd khi vu kbdng can bd. Cung kbdng it hidn tflpng lam dung quyen dan ehu dd' lam nhflng vide sai trai.
Tam ly be phai, cue bd, hp hang va tam ly coi thudng phap luat b mdt bd phan can bp CP sd cung lam ban chd quyen true tie'p giam sat cua nhan dan. Vi ddi tupng bi td' cao ddi kbi la nhflng ngUOi bp hang, cung phe canh ndn can bd cd sd khdng thUc hien nghiem tflc quy dinh cua phap luat, xif ly khdng nghiem ngfldi vi pham, cd Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
hidn tfldng bao che, gid cao danh khe, hinh thfle xfl ly khdng tfldng xflng vdi mfle dp vi pham. Nhieu td' cao eua nhan dan chfla dflpc xem xet xit ly kip thdi, nghiem minh, cd ed quan nhan tin to cao khdng tie'n hanh kiem tra, xae minh dau du hoac cho thie'u chflng xuf, can cfl de xem xet. Vi vay, theo sd' lieu khao sat cila PAPI nam 2017 tai Viet Nam ve quan tri d cdng ddng ed sd, ty Id ngfldi cho bid't khidu nai cila hp dUpc tra ldi thoa dang cdn tha'p chi la la 53% va ty Id ngUdi cbo biet td' cao cua hp dupe tra ldi thoa dang cdn tha'p hdn chi cd 33%.
Tiju" ba, nhan dan giam sit thdng qua viec triic tie'p gop y cho ban kiem diim cua cac can bd chU chdt d xa
Do tam ly thu ddng, dUa dam tap thd, thie'u trach nhidm ea nhan, tam ly tU lpi chi quan tam dd'n lpi ich ea nhan dong thdi do tam ly trpng tinh hdn ly, ngai va cham vdi nhflng ngfldi quen bid't cung xdm gieng nen ngfldi dan khdng chu ddng quan tam ddn vide gdp y cflng nhfl khdng nhiet tinh, t h i n g thdn chi ra nhflng mat ban chd' eiia can bd. Viet va dpe ban kidm didm trong hdi nghi gdp y kid'n cua nhan dan la ydu cau bat budc eiia can bd chu chd't ea'p xa trfldc khi la'y phid'u tin nhidm. Tuy nhidn, nhflng can bd nay edn cd tam ly tfl ldi, vun ven ca nban, va tam ly coi thUdng phap luat, sp nhan dan gdp y nhflng hanh vi sai trai, nhung lam, thu ven ldi ich ca nhan ndn thuc hidn ehid'u Id, binh thflc. Nhilu ban kidm diem cua can bd dUa ra trudc nhan
" " Truong Thi Hien (2015), "Phap luat va Huong lidc trong quan ly xa hoi nong thon; d a n h gia tif phi'a ngu6i dan". Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam so' 6
S(f 9-2019
dan ra't sd sai, hinh thflc nhieu khi gid'ng bao cao thanh tieh cua xa, chfla thdng than nhin nhan nhflng sai pham, khuyd't didm cua ban than nguoi lam kiem diem.
Vide khdng nghiem tue tuan thu quy dinh nay edn the hien d ehd e6 tinh trang ban kie'm diem khong do ngfldi dupc la'y phid'u tin nhidm tfl trinh bay ma lai do can bd thdn dpc, can bp vid't ban kiem diem vidn 11 do ban di edng tac vdng mat khdng tham du. Thai dp khdng nghiem tue trong thfle hidn quy dinh nay edn bidu hien d ehd can bd khdng ed thai dp cdu thi, idng nghe, suf a chfla nhflng khuyd't didm theo y kie'n ddng gdp eiia nhan dan. Cd khdng it can bd dflde nhan dan gdp y, chi ra nhilu khuyd't didm nhflng chUa nghidm tuc tid'p thu va sila chfla. Cd 26,5% so' ngUdi eho rdng can bd tiep thu suta chfla chfla that sfl nghidm tuc, ed 2,7% so' ngUdi cho rdng can bd chua tie'p thu*^^'. Cung vi tam ly tU lpi, vun ven ea nhan, mud'n cd sd' phid'u tin nhidm cao cdng vdi tam ly eoi thudng phap luat nen nhflng can bp lay phid'u tin nhidm da kbdng thflc hidn dung dan quy dinh eiia phap luat. Tai nhilu ndi, khi td chfle hdi nghi, nhan dan ebi ra nhilu khuyd't diem han ehd' cila can bd nhflng ban tdng hdp trinh bay trUde hdi nghi la'y phid'u tin nhiem d ca'p xa thUdng chl la ban kiem diem eiia ngfldi dupe la'y phid'u, nhflng y kid'n nhan xet, phe phan gay gdt cua nhan dan khdng dfldc ghi vao bidn ban.
Tdm lai, viec thUc hidn dan chu d cd sd cd y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi sU phat trien kinh td', chinh tri, xa hdi d dia phfldng. Nhflng han chd' trong thflc hidn dan chii b cd sd thdi gian qua cd nhieu
nguydn nhan, trong dd ed nhflng tac ddng tieu cite eiia tam ly tidu ndng. Vi vay, vide tim kidm cae giai phap ddng bd, toan didn dd khde phuc nhiing bieu hien tieu cflc cila tam ly tidu ndng d can bd ed sd va nhan dan trong thflc hidn dan ehu d cd sd la ra't can thid't dd nang cao cha't lupng, hidu qua thUe hien dan ehii d ed sd thdi gian tdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Hoang Chi Bao (2010), Dan chu vi dan chd d ndng thdn trong tiin trinh doi mdi, Nxb. Chinh tri qud'c gia.
2. Nguydn Tid'n Thanh (2014), "Nang luc cua can bd ca'p xa, phudng trong thUe hidn phap lenh dan ehu b cd sd", Tap chi Ly luan chinh tri, sd' 10.
3. Nguydn Van Hiin (2014), Ve thi hanh phap linh thUc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tran nam 2007, Nxb. Chinh tri qud'c gia - Su that.
4. Ld Thi Thanh HUPng (2015), Mot sd ye'u td' tim ly cua ngUdi ndng dan anh hudng di'n qua trinh xay diing ndng thdn mdi, Nxb. Chinh tri qud'c gia - Su that.
5. TrUdng Thi Hien (2015), "Pbap luat va Hfldng Ude trong quan ly xa bdi ndng thdn: danh gia tfl phia ngflpi dan". Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, so 6.
6. Nguydn Thi Thanh Thuy (2015),
"Ve thflc hien dan chu trfle tid'p d ddng bdng sdng Citu Long", Tap chi Ly luan chinh tri, sd' 1.
" ' ' Nguyen Van Hien (chu bien) (2014), Ve tbi hanh phap lenh thUc hien dan chu d xa, phudng, thi tran n&m 2007, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia - Stf t h a t , tr. 282.
Sti»-2gi9 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q