9{ghien ciiu - Trao doi 4 9 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri
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NHAN CACH THEO QUAN DIEM TRIET HOC MAC-LENIN
Vu Thi Kim Oanho
N
han each la mot trong nhflng van de phdc tap, la dd'i tugng nghien cdu eua nhieu khoa hge khac nhau, nhu Tridt hge, Tam ly hge, Gido due hge, Xa hgi hoc. Van hda hge... Td nhflng each tidp can khde nhau da hinh t h a n h nen rat nhieu quan niem khac nhau vd nhan each. Hien nay, cd h a n g trdm dinh nghia khac nhau vd n h a n each. Du tidp can 0 nhflng gdc do khac nhau, nhflng cdc dinh nghia vd n h a n each deu cd mot diem chung: ndi tdi n h a n each la ndi tdi mat tich cUc trong con ngudi, nhu ngUdi cd nhan cdch, n h a n each Idn, hay n h a n each Vl dai va dd la nhflng ngUdi duge ca nggi. NgUdi thieu n h a n each, kem n h a n each la nhflng ngUdi khdng tot, hi xa hgi len an. Vay n h a n each la gi? Nd bao gdm nhflng yeu to' co ban nao? Nd Id bat' ' ThS. KHXH&NV, TrUdng cao dang Su pham Nha Trang
bien hay duge hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien nhu thd nao?
Arixtdt (384 - 322 TCN) - nha tridt hge ed dai Hy Lap la ngUdi dau tien ban ve n h a n each. Ong cho rang, con ngUdi la "ddng vat chinh tri" (Joon poltikon).
Arixtdt budc dau da cho tha'y vai trd, tdc ddng eua xa hgi, cua giao due va dao tao dd'i vdi sU p h a t trien eua eon ngudi nhu mot n h a n each. Tuy nhien, ddn cud'i the ky XIX dau the ky XX, Ian dau tien, hai nha t a m ly hge ngUdi Dde la Dilthey va Spranger mdi dUa ra khdi niem n h a n each. Theo hai dng, n h a n each la cai
"mat na" (persona) ed tinh chat xa hgi cua edi "tdi" ben trong; khi nao cai "mat na" dd trung vdi edi "tdi" thi n h a n each phat trien chin mudi. O day, hai dng da thay duge n h a n each mang tinh xa hgi dUa tren ndn t a n g sinh hge, nhUng van ehua ndi len duge n h a n cdch la gi.
Vay n h a n each la gi?
De lam ro khai niem nay, trUde hdt
50 - Khoa h p c Chinh tri (hlghien :itu Trao doi
chdng ta hay diem qua mot so' quan didm vd n h a n cdch.
1) Quan diem sinh vat hda ban cha't n h a n cdch. Day la quan diem duy t a m sieu hinh.
2) Ban chat n h a n each la n h a n tinh eon ngUdi. Quan diem nay edng rai vao duy tam.
3) Nhan each duge hieu nhU la toan bg mdi quan he xa hgi eua ed n h a n . Quan niem nay lai roi vao duy vat sieu hinh.
4) Nhan each duge hieu mot each ddng nghia vdi khai niem eon ngudi.
Quan niem nay mang tinh trdu tugng, ehung chung.
5) Nhan each duge hidu nhU la cd n h a n con ngUdi vdi tU each chu the cua mdi quan he va hoat ddng cd y thde.
Quan niem nay mang tinh phien dien.
6) Nhan cdch duge hieu nhu la cac thuge tinh nao dd tao n e n ban chat n h a n cdch nhu cac thuge tinh dn dinh, cac thuge tinh sinh vat hoae thuge tinh xa hgi. Quan diem nay edng ehUa thd hien tinh chat toan dien trong dinh nghia n h a n each, van mang tinh phien dien.
7) Nhan each dugc hidu nhu eau trde he thdng tam ly cua ca n h a n . Quan niem nay edng mang tinh phien dien'".
Trong TU dien tieng Viet, n h a n each dugc hieu la pham chat eua con ngUdi'^'.
Trong Dai tU dien tieng Viet (Nguydn Nhu Y - Chu bien), n h a n cdch dugc hieu la "tu each va pham chat, dao dde eon ngudi". Trong TU dien Tdm ly, n h a n
'" Xem: Nguyin Ngoc Bich, Tdm li hoc nhdn cdch, Nxb Giao due, HN. 1998, tr.220
'^' Xem Van Tan (chu bien), Td dien tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, HN, 1997, tr,38 '3' Nguyin Khic Vien, Td dien Tdm ly, Nxb Ngoai van, HN, 1991, tr,19
'" CMac va Ph,Ang-ghen, Todn tap, t,3, Nxb CTQG, HN, 1995, t r , l l
each la "Tdng hoa ta't ca nhflng gi hgp t h a n h mot con ngUdi, mot ca n h a n vdi ban sde va ca tinh rd net: dac diem the cha't, tai nang, phong each, y chi dao dde, vai trd xa hgi. Va la mot ca nhan ed y thde ve ban t h a n , da tU k h d n g dinh dugc, gifl duge phan nao tinh nha't quan trong mgi h a n h vi"'-^'. Theo dd, nhan each la cau trde tdng hda nhieu yeu to':
the chat, dao dde, tai n a n g , ehi hudng.
Dinh nghia nay vdn mang tinh chat ve dac diem, t a m ly eua ca n h a n .
Cd thd ndi, mdi quan niem tren day ehi phan a n h dugc mot khia canh nao do eua n h a n cdch: dudi gdc do Xd hgi hoc, dudi gdc do Tam ly hoc, dudi gdc do Gia tri hge, dudi gdc do Dao dde hge...
Dd ed mot dinh nghia toan dien ve n h a n cdch, ehung ta phai xuat phat td nhflng quan diem eua Chu nghia Mae ve ban chat eon ngUdi. Tridt hge Mac ra ddi da ddnh da'u mot bude ngoat vl dai trong lich sd tu tudng cua n h a n loai, khde phuc nhflng thidu sdt cua triet hge trUde do.
Chu nghia duy t a m "khdng tha'y dugc"
diem xua't p h a t td hien thue khdeh quan, chu nghia duy vat sieu hinh "khdng tha'y dugc" vai trd tich eUe eua chu the con ngUdi, chi ed tridt hoc Mae mdi khde phuc dugc nhflng thidu sdt nay.
Theo quan didm duy vat bien chdng,
"ban chat con ngUdi khdng phai la mot cai trdu tugng cd hflu eua ca n h a n rieng biet. Trong tinh hien thUe eua nd, ban chat con ngUdi la tdng hda nhflng quan he xa hgi"'^'. Con ngUdi, theo quan diem macxit, la mot the thd'ng nha't cua cai sinh vat va edi xa hgi. Ban chat con ngUdi la ban chat xa hgi cua n h a n each.
Con ngudi la mot thUe the mang quan he xa hgi, ddng thdi la chu thd cua nhflng quan he xa hgi dd. Con ngudi vdi tU each la san pham cua tU nhien, la su phdt trien tidp tuc cua gidi tU nhien; mat
9\[ghiin diu - Trao doi 51 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri
khac, eon ngUdi la mot thUe the xa hgi duge tdeh ra nhu mot lue lugng dd'i lap vdi gidi tu nhien. Su tac dong qua lai gida edi sinh hge va cai xa hgi trong eon ngUdi tao t h a n h ban chat ngUdi. Ndi mot cdch cu the hon, con ngudi, mot mat, la san pham eua lich suf; m a t khac, la chu the sang tao ra chinh lich sd dd do sU cong sinh eua cac quy luat sinh vat hge - tam ly - y thde va sU hoat ddng eua cac quy luat xa hgi tac ddng den con ngUdi.
Quan diem duy vat ve lich sd xem
Con ngudi
Ca the'
Dai dien loai
T h a n h vien ,\a hoi
Ca n h a n
Chu the hoat
xet nhan each nhU mot qud trinh van ddng. Khi mdi sinh ra, eon ngUdi ehUa phai la mot n h a n each. Con ngUdi la su phat tridn cao nha't eua gidi sinh vat.
Con ngudi thi dugc sinh ra, cdn n h a n each se dugc hinh t h a n h . Con ngUdi khi mdi sinh ra ehi la ca the dai dien cho loai. Vdi tU each la t h a n h vien xa hgi, eon ngudi dugc coi la cd n h a n . Khi eon ngudi trd t h a n h chu the cua mgi hoat
'" Xem Pham Minh Hac, Nghien cdu gid tri nhdn cdch theo phuang phdp NEO PI-R cai bien. Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, HN. 2007, tr.69-70 '-' D i n theo Cao Thu Hang, Ve sii hinh thdnh nhdn cdch, Tap chi Triet hpc, so' 12/2007, tr.61
ddng vui choi, hge t a p , lao ddng,,, thi con ngudi trd t h a n h n h a n cdch'".
Nhu vay, n h a n each la mot khia canh cua ca n h a n , la cai p h a n biet ca n h a n nay vdi ca n h a n khac. N h a n each duge hinh t h a n h , p h a t trien trong euge sd'ng eon ngudi. Khi y thde p h a t trien den mot mdc do nha't dinh, n h a n cdch mdi bdt dau hinh t h a n h , phdt tridn. Ydu to' bam sinh di truyen: n a n g khidu bam sinh, tai nang... la tien de vat chat, la dieu kien cho sU phat trien n h a n each. N h a n each phai dUa t r e n tien in each dd sinh hge - mot tU
chat di truyen hge: td chdc CO the eon ngudi, nhu cac giac quan, he t h a n kinh trung uong, bg nao - mot dang vat chat dac biet cd kha ndng sinh ra y thde.
Chi ed tidn dd sinh hge khdng thdi thi con ngudi chUa trd t h a n h eon ngudi vdi dung nghia cua nd. Con ngUdi la san pham eua xa hgi, san pha'm eua mdi trUdng ma trong dd, con ngUdi song va hoat dong. Ydu to' xa hgi d day Id ydu to' xa hgi trong eon ngUdi; nd la cai cung vdi ydu to sinh hge tao t h a n h chinh thd sinh hge - xa hgi trong con ngUdi, la nhflng ydu to kdt tinh trong ban chat eon ngUdi, phan biet eon ngudi vdi con vat.
Mot dda tre mdi sinh ra chi la mot
"eon ngUdi dU hi". Ndu nd bi ed lap, tdeh khdi moi trUdng xa hgi thi nd khdng thd trd t h a n h con ngUdi. Chang h a n nhU cd Kamala d An Do duge ehd sdi nuoi td nhd. Cd khdng biet ndi, khi chay thi dung bdn ehi va ehdt sdm khi dem ve nuoi trong mdi trUdng xa hgi'-'.
52 - Khoa h o c Chinh tri 9{ghien cifu - Trao doi
Con ngudi la he thdng sinh hge - xa hgi. Cac ydu to' xa hgi cd vai trd quydt dinh trong sU hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien n h a n cdch, trong dd sU tac dong cua ydu to giao due gifl vai trd chu dao, quydt dinh. Qua trinh nay dien ra mot each bien chdng gifla con ngUdi vdi mdi trudng xa hgi: gia dinh, n h a trUdng va xa hgi. Ngoai ra, nhflng yeu to ve hoan canh sd'ng: dieu kien kinh te - xa hgi, van hda, tU tudng, phong tuc t a p quan, truyen thd'ng dan tgc cung ed y nghia hdt sde to Idn trong sU hinh t h a n h , phdt trien n h a n each.
Chung tdi cho rang, h a t n h a n hinh t h a n h nen n h a n each la the gidi quan cd nhan, bao gdm toan bg nhflng quan diem, ly tudng, niem tin, dinh hudng gia tri chung cua ca n h a n . Nd gifl vai trd quyet dinh toan bg hoat dong ca n h a n . The gidi quan tich cUc, dung dan la tien de cho sU hinh t h d n h mot n h a n each phd hgp vdi nhflng gid tri xa hgi, nhflng yeu cau xa hgi. NgUge lai, the gidi quan phan khoa hge, sai lam se a n h hudng ddn sU hinh t h a n h n h a n cdch, khdng dap dng duge nhflng gia tri va yeu cau cua xa hgi.
Nhu vay, n h a n each la sU thd'ng nha't cua cac ydu to' sinh hge, t a m ly va xa hgi trong qua trinh xae lap cai "tdi".
Thd gidi cua edi "tdi" do tac dong tdng hgp cua cac ydu to' sinh hge, t a m ly, xa hgi tao len. Vdi dac diem rieng ve di truydn, vd sinh ly t h a n kinh, vd gia dinh va hoan canh sd'ng eua mdi ca n h a n , theo each rieng cua minh, hg tidp thu va chuydn nhUng gia tri van hda cua xa hgi vdo ben trong minh, thUc hien qua trinh so sanh, Igc bd, tu danh gia, tu giao due;
tren eo sd dd, hinh t h a n h ddng lUe, Igi ich, long tin, dinh hudng gia tri trong xde cam, suy tU va h a n h ddng.
Nhan cdch duoc hoan thien la ket
qua cua qua t r i n h ban t h a n vUOn tdi trinh do lam chd eua minh: la qua t r i n h lam chu ban t h a n , lam chu tU nhien, lam chu xa hgi. Mudn lam chu, phai cd ndng lUc lam chu: nang lue ve the chat va ndng lue ve tinh t h a n . Cd the chat tdt la tien de tu nhien cho viec lam ehd b a n than, tu nhien, xa hgi. Nang lUc ndi chung va n a n g lue chuyen mon ndi rieng la ket qua eua qua trinh lam chu. Ngoai ra, ngUdi lam chu cdn phai bidt kdt hgp hai hoa gifla nhflng pham chat cua con ngudi:
dde, tri, t h e , my, lao dong... Dd cung la qud trinh tu giao due eua ban than.
N h a n each la bieu hien tinh chu the cua eon ngUdi. Con ngUdi chi vdi tU each la chu the hoat dong mdi ed n h a n each.
Con ngUdi muo'n cd n h a n each dgc lap thuc sU, can gifl tinh tU chu, tinh ndng ddng va tinh sang tao eua minh trong quan he.
N h a n each ludn hi quy dinh bdi nhflng didu kien lich sd - cu the eua ddi sd'ng xa hgi. Tinh lich sd - cu the dd the hien d chd mdi thdi dai khac nhau, moi che do xa hgi khac nhau ludn cd nhflng kieu n h a n each khac nhau. Cung mot giai doan lich sd nha't dinh, nhUng moi qudc gia khac nhau ve t r i n h do kinh te, vdn hda, xa hgi, chinh tri se h i n h thanh nen n h a n each con ngudi khac nhau. Xa hgi chua ed giai cap, n h a n each con ngUdi khdng bi chi phdi, tac dong cua dp bdc, bdc lot; xa hgi cd giai ca'p xua't hien, chu nghia cd n h a n , vi ky dat len h a n g dau, eon ngudi bi t h a hda, n h a n each thay ddi, bidn dang.
Nhu vay, n h a n each eua con ngUdi la cu the trong nhflng dieu kien lich sd - xa hgi cu the, duge p h a t trien cung vdi sU tidn hda cua xa hgi loai ngudi. Tren CO sd phuong phap luan nay, cd the dU
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