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PHAT TRIEN DU LICH DlTCfNG BO VIETNAM TRUNG QUOC
• TRINH THANH THUY
TOM TAT:
Du lich Viet Nam nhffng nam g^n ddy ed sff tang trffdng vffdt bac ve sd' iffdng khach qud'c te. Tuy nhien, phan idn khdch qud'c t6' d6'n bang dffdng hang khdng tang, cdn ti 1$ Idiach d^n bang dffdng bd lai cd xu hifdng giam. Dac biet la Iffdng khach Trung Qud'c sau mdt thdi gian tang 6 at, da cd da'u hieu chffng lai qua cac effa kh^u dffdng bien. Bai vid't di sdu phan tich nhffng nguyen nhdn chu quan lam suy gidm ddng khdch nay, tff dd, difa ra cac giai phdp cho ca nganh Du lich va nganh Giao thdng trong viec thuc dd'y phdt trien du lich dffdng bd bang d td qua cdc cap effa khau giffa 2 nffdc Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c.
TiJf khda: Du lich dffdng bd Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c, du lich bien gidi, van tdi dffdng bd.
1. Dat vdn de
Trong nhffng ndm qua, Iffdng khach qud'c te' de'n Viet Nam bang dffdng bd chie'm 10-15% tdng Iffdng khdch, trong do Trung Qud'c la mdt thi trffdng du lich rdng Idn, ket nd'i vdi Viet Nam rat thuan Idi qua cdc effa khau. Tuy nhidn, mffc tang trffdng chifa dat nhff ky vong va tiem nang idi the' sdn cd. Do vdy, de phdt trien du lich dffdng bd Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c qua eae effa khau, can dau tff xdy dffng cdc san pham, dich vu phuc vu cho khach du lich dffdng bd, cung nhu"cd cdc giai phap quan ly, khai thac ddng khach nay. Dong thdi, can ndng ca'p ed sd ha tang giao thdng, dam bao an toan giao thdng eho cae doan khdch du lich bang dffdng bd khi tdi Viet Nam.
2. Thffc trang hoat ddng du lich dff'dng bp qua dffdng bign cvta khS'u giffa Vi^t Nam - Trung Qud'c
Trung Qud'c Id mot trong ba nifdc Idng gieng
giap bien gidi cua Viet Nam, vdi dien tfch 9.630.960 km^ vd dan sd khoang 1,4 ty ngffdi chie'm 20% dan so' the' gidi. Nen kinh te Trung Qud'c Idn thff 2 tren the' gidi. Trung Qud'c la thi trffdng nhap khau Idn nhd't cua Viet Nam va la thi trffdng xua't khau Idn thff 5 cua Viet Nam. Quan he kinh te, thffdng mai va du lich giffa Vidt Nam va Trung Qud'c thdi gian qua ludn phat trien theo hffdng tich cffc, dat nhieu tie'n trien mdi, trong dd ed hdp tae ve du lich dirdng bd.
Dffdng bien gidi tren bd giffa Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c dai hdn 1.400km, tie'p giap giffa 7 tinh Dien Bien, Lai Chdu, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Sdn va Quang Ninh cua Viet Nam vdi tinh Van Nam va khu tff tri dan tdc Choang Quang Tay eiia Trung Qud'c. Dffdng bien gidi giffa 2 nffdc dffdc hoach dinh vd phdn gidi, cam mdc lan dau tien trong lich sff bang Cdng ifdc hoach dmh bien gidi ngay 26/6/1887 vd Cdng ffdc
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bo sung Cdng ffdc hoach dmh bien gidi ngay 20/6/1895 ky ke't giffa Phap va nha Thanh (Trung Qud'c). Tff dd de'n nay, Viet Nam va Trung Qud'c ludn nd lffc dam phdn de ky ke't sffa ddi Hiep dinh Van tai dffdng bd Viet - Trung nham tao dieu kien eho phffdng tien van tai dffdng bd giffa hai nffdc dffdc qua lai Idn nhau theo cdc tuye'n dffdng quy dinh. Ngdy 11/10/2011, Bd trifdng Bd Giao thdng van tai hai nffdc da ky Nghi dinh thff sffa ddi Hiep djnh va Nghi dinh thu" thffc hien Hiep dinh vdn tai dffdng bo, theo dd phiTdng tien van tai cua hai nu'dc dffdc phep qua lai 7 cap effa khau va bo sung 9 luyen van tai hang hda vd hdnh khach vao sdu trong lanh thd cua 2 qud'c gia.
(Bang 1).
ehie'u va nhdn thi thffc tai effa khau; Khdch sff dung gid'y thdng hanh du lich bien gidi va khach du lich theo hinh thffc d td du lich tff lai. Tuy nhien, do sffc ha'p ddn cua cae diem du Hch vd nhffng quy dinh ve van tai d td qud'c te'nen hinh thffc khach du lich Trung Qud'c sff dung gid'y ihdng hanh tham quan cdc huyen, thi bien gidi ciia Viet Nam van la chu ye'u. Trong cdc effa khau phuc vu td chffc van tai d td thi hien nay lu'dng khdch du lich thdng quan vdo Viet Nam chu ye'u qua 3 effa khau Ldo Cai (Lao Cai), Hffu Nghi (Lang Sdn) vd Mdng Cai (Quang Ninh).
Dac biet, do vinh Ha Long ludn la die'm de'n yeu thich ciia khach Trung Qud'c ndn vao mHa cao diem, tff thdng 10 nam trffde de'n thang 4 nam
Bang 1. Cdc cap cu^a khdu phuc vu td chCJfc hoql dpng van tai Viet Nam - Trung Qudc srr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tinh biSn gidi VlSt Nam Lai Chau
Lao Cai Ha Giang Cao Bang
Lang Son Quang Ninh
len cac c$p ciJra khau Ma Lu Thang/Kim Thuy Ha
Lao Cai/Ha Khau Thanh Thiiy/Thien Bao
Ta Liing/Thuy Khau Tra LTnh/Long Bang HOu Nghi/HQu Nghi Quan
Mdng Cai/Dong Hung
Tinh bien gidi Trung Quoc Van Nam Van Nam Van Nam Quang Tay Quang Tay Quang Tay Quang Tay (Nguon: Tong cue Dudng bd Viet Nam}
Trong bd'i canh giao thdng thudn Idi, cd sd ha tang ky thudt du lich ngay cang cai thien, tai nguyen du lich phong phu, ha'p dan da "Idch cau"
Iffdng khdch du lich de'n Viet Nam bdng dffdng bd tdng dan. Nam 2013, Iffdng khach qud'c te'de'n Viet Nam bang difdng bd la 1.399.000 Iffdt, de'n nam 2018 dd tang len 2.797.498 lu-dt. Khach du lich dffdng bd hien dang la ngudn khach cd ban cua mdt so ddn vj Iff hanh, trong dd Iffdng khdch du lich Trung Qud'c chie'm ti trong Idn. Hien nay, khach Trung Qud'c nhap canh qua cdc effa khau bien gidi dd't lien thdng qua 4 hinh thffc: Khach sff dung gia'y thdng hdnh bien gidi nhdp canh tham quan du Ijch trong ngdy tai cac huyen, thj bien gidi cua Viet Nam; Khdch nhap canh bang hd
sau, trung binh mdi ngay effa kha'u qud'c te'Mdng Cdi ddn khoang hdn 10.000 khdch Trung Qudc.
Mae dii cd sff tdng tru'dng nhffng du Ijch dffdng bd giffa Viet Nam - Trung Qudc van chffa dat nhif ky vong va tiem nang Idi the sdn cd. Nhin vao thffc te, d nhieu ndi cae tuye'n qud'c Id ke't nd'i den ede dilm, khu, tuye'n du lich vdn chffa hoan chinh, khien viec tie'p cdn edn khd khan, dac biet Id cac die'm du lich d vung cao. Chd't Iffdng cd sd v^t cha't ky thudt du lich phuc vu khach edn ban che, nhff chffa cd chd an nghi hdp ly khi van chuyen du'dng dai; he thd'ng ed sd lifu tru, dich vu cao ca'p, cd sd ha tang d cac tinh vung bien cdn thie'u va yeu, chffa ddp ffng nhu cau eiia khach du Ijch theo loai hinh du lich xe tff lai caravan. Viec ket
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ndi mang kiem sodt, thd'ng ke xud't nhap canh giffa cdc effa khdu va ed quan quan ly xua't nhap canh cdn chifa ddng bd, hen thdng. Cdc tour, tuyen du lich thffdng di theo Id'i mdn, ddn dieu, loai hinh dich vu kern phong phu, thdi gian Iffu tru ngdn, dan de'n hieu qua kinh doanh tha'p.
Tinh trang canh tranh khdng ldnh manh giffa cdc doanh nghiep ddn de'n viec mdt sd' doanh nghiep Iff hdnh cua Viet Nam vd Trung Qud'c thdng dong ha chd't Iffdng dich vu, ep khdch de'n cdc diem mua sam vdi gid cao, thu Idi bd't chinh, gdy bffc xuc ddi vdi khdch du Ijch, lam xd'u hinh anh du lich Viet Nam. Mdt sd' doanh nghiep Iff hdnh Viet Nam cd dd'u hieu hdp phap hda cac chffng tff ke' todn, hd sd doan khach de chd'ng che' vdi cd quan chffc ndng, khdng thdng qua he thd'ng ngan hang dan de'n khd kie'm soat cae va'n de ve tdi chinh, tiem an nhieu rui ro cho eac doanh nghiep eua 2 ben.
Trong dd phai ke de'n tinh trang "gid tour khdng ddng" dang la vd'n de nhffcnhd'i trong hoat ddng Iff hanh thdi gian qua. Ciing vdi dd la cha't lifdng eua hffdng ddn vien cdn han che', da gay anh hu'dng trffc tie'p tdi quyen Idi vd tam ly eua khach du lich.
3. Cac di xuS't nham phat trid'n du lich dffdng bO Vi$t Nam - Trung Qud'c
De' thuc d^y tang trffdng du lieh difdng bd Viet - Trung, tru'dc mdt nganh Du lieh can cd nhffng y tffdng xdy difng san pha'm du lich chung dac sac 1 die'm dd'n 2 qud'c gia. Xay dffng cic tour du Ijch dd vdi di^m dd'n la cac dia danh lien quan de'n cdch mang cua hai nffdc. De' tour du lich ndy hd'p ddn, vide dau tff, bd sung tai lieu, hien vdt, hinh thffc the' hien, thuye't minh can di vao chieu sau, sinh ddng. Hai ben can tao tuye'n dffdng du lich chung, phat trien manh hdn loai hinh du lieh xe tff lai va md rdng bien dp tham quan cho khach du lich vdo Viet Nam bdng gia'y thdng hanh. Nganh Du lieh can kie'n nghi Chinh phu sdm ban hanh cac chinh sach ffu tien khuye'n khich phat trien loai hinh du lieh caravan, trffde mat can sdm ban hanh cac van ban phap quy ve td chffc vd quan ly phffdng tien c<J gidi dffdng bd eua khach qud'c te dffa vao Viet Nam du Ijch. Sdm dffa eac effa khd'u
chinh du dieu kien va ed kha nang ddn khdch thdnh effa khau qud'c te, qua dd nd'i them Id trinh va tao nen eac san pham du lich ddc ddo thu hut khdch vao.
Dd'i vdi ngudn nhan lffc du Ijch, phai ndng cao ndng Iffc eua ddi ngu lam du lieh, trong dd cdng tdc ddo tao cdn chuyen sdu de dpi ngu lam du lich, hffdng ddn vien hie'u sdu van hda truyin thd'ng va Ijch sff cua mdi nu'dc.
Ve cdng tae quang bd, tie'p thj vd nghien cffu thi trffdng khach qud'c te'dffdng bd, ngdnh du Ijch nen cd ke hoach xue tie'n ddng bd dd'i tffdng khach qud'c te' ndi chung va khach Trung Qud'c ndi rieng; xdy dffng vd gidi thieu san phdm eho phii hdp thi trifdng khach; dd'y manh quang bd bang cdc tai lieu, d'n phd'm sff dung ngdn ngff cua dja phffdng tie'p giap dudng bien de' nhffng thdng tin de'ndffdckhdchhdng tiem ndng cung nhif dd'y manh ffng dung internet gidi thieu du lich dffdng bd Viet Nam. De phat huy nhffng tiem ndng, the' manh eua du lieh bien gidi, cdc dia phffdng vung bien cin xdy difng chu'dng trinh phd'i hdp tuyen truyen, quang ba chung ve tiem nang, the manh eua ca vung tai cac thi trffdng du lich trpng die'm.
Cac hang Iff hanh cung nhau xdy dffng tour, tuye'n, chffdng trinh du Ijch ehung de quang bd, chao ban tai hdi nghi, hdi thao, hdi chd du lich Viet - Trung. Ngodi ra, can nghien cffu eae giai phdp ndng cao chd't Iffdng dich vu du lich, xay dffng mdt he thd'ng san pham du Ijch ban dja dae trffng theo the" manh cua tffng dja phffdng.
Mdt trong cae ye'u to' gdp phan day manh boat ddng du Ijch dffdng bd Id sff phd'i hdp lien ngdnh, hoan thien chinh sach vd hanh lang phdp ly.
Trong dd, cac cd quan quan ly du Ijch d cdc dia phffdng ed effa khd'u ddn khach qud'c te' can nghien cffu, de xud't giam va thd'ng nha't cac khoan phi, mffc phi tai effa kha'u qud'c te nhdm giam gia tour du lieh va thuc day Iffdng khach xua't nhdp canh. Nganh Du Ijch vd cac bd, ngdnh lidn quan sdm trinh Chinh phu dff thao Nghi djnh ve td chffc va quan ly phffdng tidn cd gidi dffdng bp eua ngffdi nffdc ngodi mang vdo Viet Nam du Ijch. Nghi dinh nay sau khi ban hanh se tao bffdc dot pha trong phat trien Ioai hinh du hch xe tff lai
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caravan. Ddng thdi can sdm ban hdnh Thdng tff lien tich de trien khai viec ed'p bi^n, hieu eho phffdng tien van chuye'n du khdch va dao tao dpi ngu lai xe. Nganh Du Ijch cung nen chu trong vide da dang hda, cdc phffdng tien van chuydn khdch du lich dffdng bd, chu y dau tff vao san xua't va bd' tri ban hang phu hdp loai hinh du lieh dffdng bd. Cae tinh bien gidi Viet Nam can xdy dffng nhffng khu nghi dffdng, giai tri van minh.
Cdng tac thffc thi phdp ludt cung can dffdc tdng effdng, tim hieu, gidm sat cua cae doan du lichde' thdng bao cho nhau, kip thdi cha'n chinh nhffng sai pham. He thd'ng thdng tin lien lac giffa hai ben can dffdc ke't nd'i thdng sud't, mdt dang nhif
"dffdng ddy ndng" de giai quyd't nhffng vd'n de phat sinh.
De cd difdc nhffng bffdc phat trien ve du lich bidn gidi, cdng tdc phd'i hdp quan ly Iff hdnh ciia ca 2 phia Viet Nam - Trung Qudc cung can dffdc quan tdm. Hai ben can thffdng xuyen td chffc eac cudc hdi dam nham giai quye't cdc va'n d^ phdt sinh tren ITnh vffc du lieh cung nhif ban giai phap phdt trien san phd'm du Ijch. Hang nam to chffc cac hoat ddng Hdi chd thffdng mai qud'c te'Viet - Trung nham thu hut khach du Ijch.
Ve giao thdng van tai, ben canh viec tid'p tue nang ca'p cdc tuye'n qud'c Id dung ed'p ky thuat theo quy hoach, ddng bd vdi mang Iffdi dffdng vdi nffdc ban nhif nhffng thda thudn da ky ke't, chinh quyen dja phffdng vd bd, ngdnh lien quan can xdy difng mdi hodc hodn thien eac doan dffdng nd'i tff qud'c Id de'n cdc khu, diem du lieh. Tai nhffng tuye'n difdng giao thdng ed Iffu lifdng khach qud'c te' thffdng qua lai, nen khan trifdng la'p dat he thd'ng bien bdo, hffdng dan theo tieu chud'n qud'c te' bang hai hoac ba thff tie'ng; tdng effdng ndng cao chd't Iffdng va dieu kien an toan eua phffdng tien van chuye'n. De' tao thudn Idi trong viec tang thdi gian tham quan, mua sam cua khach, cdc ed quan chffc nang nen nghien cffu dieu chinh eho phep tdng them tieu chuan td'c dd d td tai mdt so'
doan dffdng da nang ca'p hoan chinh tff effa kh^u de'n cdc trung tdm du lich. Trdn cdc tuyen qud'c 16 Idn, can ed chinh sach, cd che' thdng thodng hdn mdi goi dau tff xay dffng va kinh doanh cdc die'm dffng chdn, phuc vu khach nghi ngdi, an ud'ng de dap ffng yeu cau van tai trong nffdc va qudc te.
Trong thdi gian tdi, de ngdnh Du Ijch Viet Nam vd Trung Qud'c tie'p tuc phdt trien ben vffng, cac cd quan quan ly du lich va cdng ty Iff hanh cua hai nffdc tie'p tuc khac phuc nhffng khd khdn, han che'nhffng tdn tai, he luy khdng hay nhff viia qua. Hai ben can nghidm tuc tudn thu phdp luat cua ea hai nffdc va hdp tac toan dien tren cdc cap dp nhff giffa Nhd nffdc, dia phffdng vd giffa cac doanh nghiep Iff hanh. Tap trung phdt tridn cac san phd'm du Ijch phii hdp vdi thj hid'u ciia khach 2 ben, can di vdo chieu sdu va ed hidu qua hdn nffa. Cung vdi do, cd quan quan ly du lieh hai nffdc hdp tdc chat che quan ly tour gia re, dam bao chd't lifdng phuc vu td't nhd't cho du khdch, ddng thdi kien quye't xu" ly cdc doanh nghiep vi pham vdi muc tieu giiJ gin mdi trffdng du Ijch eua Trung Qud'c vd Viet Nam ngdy cang phat trien td't dep va ben vffng hdn nffa.
4. Ke't luSn
Du lieh dffdng bd Id ye'u td' tao nen sff d'n dinh v^ ngudn khdch va nhieu tiem nang de du lich Vidt Nam khai thdc vd phat trid'n. Vide cd nhffng chinh sdch ffu tien khuye'n khich cho loai hinhxe du Ijeh tff lai caravan cung vdi viec sdm ban hanh van ban phap quy ve td chffc va quan ly phffdng tien ed gidi dffdng bd cua khdch qudc te' vdo du lich nffdc ta, quan tdm dd'y nhanh tie'n dd dau tif cac tuye'n giao thdng chinh, tang effdng phd'i hdp vdi Trung Qud'c tao thdng thoang ve chu trffdng, chinh sdch thu tue se dap ffng nhu cau du khach qudc te', tao dieu kien eho cdc hang Iff hdnh t^
chffc ddn khach, gdp phan dd'y nhanh sff phat trie'n eua du lieh dffdng bp Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c trong thdi gian tdi, gdp phan phdt trien ngdnh Du Ijch Viet Nam •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Qudc hoi nude CHXHCN Viet Nam (2008). Ludt Giao thong dudng bo.
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2. Bo Giao thdng van tdi (2012), Thdng lUsd23/2012/rT-BGTVT ngdy 29/6/2012 hudng ddn thuc hien Hiep dinh.
Nghi dinh thu vi van tdi dudng bo gida Chinh phu nUdc CHXHCN Viet Nam vd Chinh phu nUdc CHND Trung Hoa.
3. Bo Giao thong van tdi (2011), De dn id chdc hoat dpng van tdi dudng bd giSa Viet Nam vd Trung Qudc (Vdn bdn sd 496 l/BGTVT-HTQT ngdy 17/8/2011.
4. Trdn Thi Lan Huang (2008), Nhdp mdn To chdc vdn tdi dto, NXB Giao thdng vdn tdi, Hd Npi.
Ngay nh|in bai: 20/10/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sii'a chCTa: 30/10/2019 Ngay chS'p nh$n dang bai: 10/11/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
ThS. TRINH THANH THUY
Giang vien Bp mdn Kinh t€' v$n tai va du lich, Khoa V^n tai - Kinh td' Trffdng Dai hpc Giao thdng v^n tai
VIETNAM - CHINA ROAD TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
• MBA. TRINH THANH THUY
Lecturer of Section Of Tourism a n d Transportation Econormics, University Of Transportation a n d Communication
ABSTRACT:
Vietnam tourism in recent years has attracted a large number of international visitors.
However, most international visitors arrived by air, while the proportion of arrivals by land tended to decrease. Especially, the number of Chinese tourists shows signs of dropping significantly after a period of mass increase through border gates. Therefore, this article analyzes the subjective causes of this decline in visitors, thus, providing solutions for both tourism and transport in promoting the development of road tourism by car through border gates between Vietnam and China.
Keywords: Vietnam - China road tourism, border tourism, road transport.
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