Phat trien ndng san hang hoa (y\i€t Nam:
NMn tir ndng san man hang hoa aMoc Ch^u, Son La
Pb^mlUVdnAiih Khoa Kinh l^. Truong Dal hpc Tay Bae
Hiin nay, mil hing hoa q u i cd ngudn gdc xuit xu tai Viit Nam deing din chiim dupe niim tin cua ngudi tiiu dang. Do dp phit tiiin eiy i n q u i Iheo hudng sin xuit hing hda la mpt xu hudng tiim ning cho huyen Mpc Chflu, phti hpp vdi xu thi thj t n - ^ g . Vi$c nghien ciiu bipn phip phit triin sin phim min hing hda d Mpc Chiu s* giiip dua ra nhiing khuyin c i o ddi vdi ehinh quyin dja phuong vi ngudi din, gdp phin ning eao gii trj qui mftn Mpc Chiu, tir dd mang Igi Ihu nhip cao hon eho ngudi hdng min.
1. Gv se iy iuan ve phat trien ndng san hang hoa IVlftNam
NPng sin hing hda l i phin ciia tdng s i n lupng ning nghiip sau khi d i tni di phin dinh cho tieu diing ci nhin vi phin d i md rPng tii sin xuit hong nbng nghiip. Trong ndng nghiip, ndng s i n hing hda
\h mpt bp phin cua tdng s i n phim nPng nghiip, dupe Icldi ra khdi ndng nghiip d i phyc vy cho c i c nginh kinh ti khic tiong sin xuit vi tieu dung. Theo d i e diim sii dyng, ndng sin hing hda dupe phin ra lam ba logi: Hing hda djch vy, hing hda Ueu diing v i hing hPa tu liiu sin xuit. Ndng sin hing hda mang nhung djc diim riing nhu: Tinh mua vy, tinh viing miin, thdi gian sii dyng ngin, ehju i n h hudng Idn eiia diiu kipn ty nhien.
CAc chi tieu dinh gia thyc trgng sin xuat ndng sin hcing hoa
- Diin Uch sin xuit ndng sin hang hda: Diin Uch sin xuit ndng sin hing hda dupe dinh gli qua chi ti^u Diin Uch canh tic ciia timg don vl s i n xuit vi t6ng diin tieh canh tic. Tdng dien Uch s i n xuit ndng sAn hing hda trong mpt viing d quy md Idn va tap tmng se li diiu kiin thuin ipi cho viee dua ra biin phip quy hogch viing chuyen eanh, quy hogch hp thing eo sd hg ting vi djeh vy ky tiiuil, giiip Uiiic diy hogt dpng sin xuit ndng sin hing hda.
- Sin lupng ndng sin hing hda: San lupng ndng sin hing hPa dupe dinh gia qua c i c ehi Ueu: Tong s4n lupng ndng sin cung c i p hong 1 mua vu, thdi gian cung cip, lupng cung c i p d cac thdi ky khac nhau, cAc logi sin phim khic nhau lir ndng san hang hda.
SAn lupng ndng s i n hing hda ty Ii thuin vdi dien tieh canh tic vi phy tiiupe vio ning suit eiy trdng. San lupng ndng san cd sy biin dpng manh hang nim do:
•Hidi tiit, kj' tiiugt chim sdc, dae ti'nh eiy trong...
- Chit lugng ndng sin hang hda: Chit lupng ndng
sin hing hda dupe dinh gii qua cic chi tieu: Dp ddng d i u cua sin phim, tinh an toin vi sinh thyc phim, cic yiu td rieng biet cua timg logi sin phim. Viec d i m b i o chit lupng ndng sin dupe dinh gii qua viic d i p ling cic tieu chuin chit lupng cua nPng sin dd nhu: VietGap, GlobalGap
- Thl trudng tiPu thy ndng sin hing hda: Thj trudng ueu thy mpi logi ndng sin hing hda dupe dinh gii bdi 2 chiiu hudng dd li chiiu rpng (vi mgt phgm vi) vi ehiiu siu (da dgng hda logi hinh sin phim, da dgng hda kenh hing).
2. Phirong phap nghien cihi
Du lieu eiia nghien ciiu niy dupe Iiy ngudn thdng Un tiid e i p va so cip. Trong dd, ngudn tiidng Un Uiii cip tir chinh quyin dja phuong, cic phdng chiic ning lien quan, cic dy an tiiyc hipn tren eiy min d Mpc Chiu, cic lii liiu tham khao lien quan. Trong khi ngudn Uidng tin so cip tiidng qua viic phdng vin linh dgo Phdng Ndng nghiep huyin Mpc Chiu, Trgm khuyin nPng huyin Mpc Chiu, mpt sd hp din la nhung ngudi diu tien trdng va kinh doanh min tgi Mpc Chiu. Tu do dua ra Ueu chi d i chpn vting phdng van, cu thi: Phdng vin 20 hp thu gom vi 106 hp din trdng m i n bing bang hdi.
Vi phuong phip phin tich sd liiu, nghien cuu su dyng phuong phip thdng ke toin hoc, xii IJ sd lieu bing phim m i m Excel.
3. Thirc trang phat trien nong san hang hoa o Mgc Chaui Soii La
Trong nhiing nim qua, \di loi thi phit trien kinh te ndng nghiep, huyin Mpc Chiu (Son La) d i tip tmng phat tiiin ndng sin hang hda, d i e bipt li logi eiy i n qua cd gii tri kinh t i cao nhu min Tam Hoa. Logi eiy ndng nghiip nay dupe trdng tgi Mpe Chiu tir nhimg
_ . . . . , ^ . , HiwM DUDNG ITHAK.O 6 / z o a a i D O
NGHIEN c u u
nim 1978, hiin nay dipn tich m i n d i len tdi hon 2.700 ha, sau nhiiu n i m phat triin, eiy m i n d i thi hidn sy phu hpp vdi diiu kiin thd nhudng vi khf hiu I4I Moc Chiu. Die biet, thu nhip hung binh eua e i c hp trdng m i n tai Mpc Chiu Uieo k^t q u i diiu tra Ii 90,5 hieu ddng/hp/nim va nd diing 0 vj tri quan hpng thii I h o i c tiiii 2 hong e i c loai thu nhip ciia c i c hp din. Diiu dd cho thiy vai hd to Idn eua cay m i n ddi vdi ddi sdng cua gin 25.000 hp gia dinh tai Mpc Chiu (chiim 53%
tdng sd hp gia dinh tgi Mde Chiu).
- Vi dl^n tich: Nim 2019 tdng dien h'ch m i n toin vting Mpc Chiu la hern 2.700 ha, gap 1,3 lin vol n i m 2015 (2.077 ha). Trong giai dogn 2015-2019 diin ti'ch m i n tgi e i c x i vi thj ti-in chu yiu t i p tmng tiong khoing 30-70 ha, nim 2015 cd 21/29 xa v i Uii ti-in, nim 2019 cd 25/29 x i v i tiij ti-in. Dien tich tiin lOOha cd 12/29 x i vi tiij h i n vio n i m 2015 vi d i n n i m 2019 giim xudng edn 8/29 xi vi thj trin. Ben cgnh dd diin Ueh nhung x i cd diPn Uch dudi lOha vin duy hi d khoing 5/29 x i vi thj trin. Diiu nay cho Uiiy vipc phit tiiin m i n d Mpc Chiu cP xu hudng t i p tiling vio nhOng khu vxfc ed nhiiu diiu kiin thuin Igi...
- Vi sin lupng: Nim 2019, sin lupng min hing hda dgt khoing 24.000 tin, gip ddi so vdi sin lupng nim 2015. Sin lupng tmng binh cua 1 hp din Ii 8,9 tan/ha.
So sinh vi sin lugng vi ning suit min Mpc Chiu vdi 5 viing hdng min Idn hong c i nude, vdi sin lupng gip 3- 14 lin c i c khu vyc khic va dien tieh gip tir 3-24 lin eho Uiiy Mpe Chiu l i vung min Idn nhit tiong c i nude. Vdi ning suit cao hon c i c vung khic tir 1,3 — 1,7 lin, diin ti'ch eao hen 2,5 — 14,3 lin d i lam eho sin lupng min MPc Chiu cao hon hin cic vting min khic.
- Vi chit lupng: Th| tiin Ndng trudng Mpc Chiu cd chit lupng tdt nhit, trong dd m i n Tiiu khu Cd Dd dupe c i ndng d i n va thu gom dinh gii ed chit lugrng tdt nhit hong toin viing Mpe Chiu, tiip dd la Tiiu khu Bin On, tiiu khu Chiing Ve, tiiu khu Chiing Di vi tiiu khu 82. Tiiu khu Sao Dd dupe rai nhiiu hp ndng dan dinh gii li viing ed chit lugng min tdt nhit 0 Mpc Chiu nhung c i c thu gom tiii Igi dinh gia m i n d viing niy khdng eao. Nguyen nhin cd the dupe ly giii bdi Uiu khu Sao Dd hudc diy l i ncri diu Uen hdng man nen dupe nhiiu ngudi biit d i n vdi chit lupng m i n rit tdt, nhung hipn nay sau nhiiu n i m phit triin c i c vudn m i n d i bj gii e6i....
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- V* lh| truemg: Hoal dOng kinh doanh m$n tsi M«c Chau bat dau phai tnfo manh tir nam 2006 vdi si;
tham gia cua nhi^u thu gom trong va ngoai tinh, nam 2007 thl tiudng Tmng Qu«c bit dau nhap man xanh Id MOc Chau da lam cho th) tniong In* nin sdi dl>ng hon.
Vl^c mua ban phy thuOc rat nhiiu vao m6i quan h{, cac giao d(ch dmjrc ti& hanh liSt d i u trudic mCla man va chu yiu la bang thda thuan mi$ng, gia m j n duijrc xac dinh dua liin chat lu(;ng va thai di^m cua mOa thu hoach. Gia man dao dOng W lO.OOOd — 60.000d/kg. Th| trudng tieu thg chi'nh cua man MOc Chau la: Miin Nam (80% s6 thu gom tra iin cd ban man vao th| tmdng nay), Ha NOi (60%), Tmng Qudc (35%), Thanh Hda (25%), Nam D|nh (25%), Thai Binh (20%), Nghd An (15%), Thanh Phd Son U (15%), Vinh Phuc (10%), Bdc Ninh (10%) va Bae Giang (10%)...
4. Be xuat giai phap phat trien man hang h6a 6 Mpc Chau
Trong nhung nam qua, thl trudng hang hda ndng san tinh Sen La ndi chung va th! trudng man MOc Chau ndi rieng bude Aiu cd sy phat tri^n manh. Tuy nhlfin, thyc li eho thiy Aiit nay v4n thlSu Unh 6n d|nh, kit cau ha tang d muc thip, djch vy h6 ttd hoat dOng san xuat mdi hinh thanh dd v^y cdn rat nhiiu trd ngai va khd khan cho viie phat triin man hang hda d MOc Chau. Vi$c phat triin khdng theo quy hoach da lam cho cay man MOc Chau gap phai nhiiu vin d i khd khan nhu: Chit ludng man tdan vdng khOng ddng diu, thiiu thj trudng tiiu thy, gia li] thu du<)rc Id qui man thap va thiiu on dinh. Td vin d i dd, tac gia da d i xuit cae giai phap sau nhim phat triin man hang hda d MOc Chau:
Thu nhat, quy hoach vdng chuyen canh min, vi$e nay se gidp hinh thanh mOI vdng nguyen lieu chit lugmg cao, tap tmng ngudn lye d i dng dyng Uin bO khoa hoe ky thujl nang cao chit luong man MOc Chau va Uiyc hiin cae chiin luoc phat triin
Thd hai, qyy hoaeh h i thdng dich vy h6 Uo nhy Dleh vy cyng c i p diu vao cho qua trinh san xuSt dich vy van chuyin, d|ch vu c h i biin. NOi dung quy hoach nay c4n gan vd, quy hoach vung chuyen canh mjn va quy hoach h i Uidng co sd ha t4ng sao cho cd sy ddna bO, thdng nhat dam bao pha huy hieu qua cao nhit.
Thd ba, nang cao chit luong gidng cho man Mde Chau: Phyc .rang gidng m ^ Tam Hoa'da b" m S i h S bdi qua Uinh Cham sdc khong dung quy trinh va tin cdng bdi e i e loai sau binh lam giam ^ „ , ^ 'Z min.Nghiin cdu c i c gidng man uim nano nh - MOc Chau td cac gidng man Uong nudcTa a u d ^ ! ? Nghien edu da eho Uiiy vung MOc Chau cd dii,, 1 1 khi hau va Uid nhudng phu hop vdi cay man do vav fi Uid nghiim c i e gidng min mdi cd Unh kha Uii « '^
Thu tu. phd biin ky thuat cham sdc
phdng tni sau.
binh va thu hai min, gdp phin nang cao nat^ ;i'
