Quan ly xa hoi bang dao diic va phap luat fr Viet Nam Men nay
Vii M^nh Quan (Thich M i n h K h o n g ) ' ' Giao hQi Phat giao ViSt Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 13 thSng 02 nSm 2019. Chip nhan dSng ngay 14 thing 3 nam 2019.
Tom tit: Quan ly xa hpi (QLXH) cd thi bing dao due, bing thdi quen va bing phap luat. Khi QLXH bing dao diic, ngudi quan ly phai sft dung bi?n phap thuyit phuc; cdn khi QLXH bang phap luat, ngirdi quan ly phai sii dung bi?n phap cudng bftc. Mdi each QLXH nay deu cSn thiet. Tren thirc te, hau het cac nudc su dung ket hpp QLXH bang dao due va QLXH bing phap luat. Ddi vdi xa hoi va con ngudi Viet Nam hi^n nay, ngudi quan ly cin coi trpng hon den each QLXH bing dao due, vi con ngudi Viet Nam cd truyen thing trpng tinh hem ly.
Tir khoa: Dao dftc, phap lu^t, quan ly xa h^i.
Phan loai nganh: Hanh chinh hpc
Abstract: Social management can be performed with ethics, with habits and with law. When it is performed with ethics, the measure used by tbe person who performs management is persuasion;
and when it is law, the measure is coercion. Both ofthe ways are necessary. In fact, most countries combine them in performing social management. For the Vietnamese people and society today, those who perform social management need to pay more attention to the former way, because the Vietnamese traditionally attach more importance to emotions than reasoning.
Keywords: Ethics, law, social management.
Subject classification: Public administration
1. Mff dau
Quan ly xa hpi la hoat dpng khdng the thieu cua mpi xa hdi. Bdi IS ndu m5i ngudi tu do hanh ddng theo y thich cua minh thi xa hdi
se hon loan. QLXH la hoat ddng nham lam cho mpi ngudi phai tuan thu cac quy dinh chung, qua dd bao dam trat ty xa hpi. Moi xa hdi cd mdt each quan Iy xa hpi rieng.
Cach QLXH trong xa hpi cdng san nguyen
thuy la quan ly bang dao dftc va thdi quen ma khdng cdn den phap luat. Trong cac xa hpi ma quyin tu hfm ve tu lieu san xuat va tu lieu tieu dung cua cac ca nhan dupc thfta nhan thi mdi quan he gifta ngudi va ngudi cd tinh phftc tap hon. Trong xa hdi nay, ngoai viec quan ly bang dao due va thdi quen, cdn cd quan Iy bang phap Iuat. Bai viit nay phan tich tinh chat cua QLXH bang dao dftc va QLXH bang phap Iuat, sir can thiit cua viec kit hop QLXH bang dao due va QLXH bang phap Iuat d Viet Nam hien nay.
2. Tinh chat ciia quan Iy xa hpi bang phap luat va quan ly xa hpi bang dao due Trong boat ddng QLXH, phap luat la cdng cu quan trpng va hiiu hieu. So vol cac cdng cu khac (nhu dao dftc, thdi quen), phap luat cd uu the rieng, vi nd cd tinh xac dinh chat cbe ve ndi dung, hinh thftc, trinh tu tbii tuc ban hanh va thuc hien, tinh dam bao bang sftc manh cudng che cua nha nudc. Nhd cd phap Iuat, cac hanh vi xam hai trat tu, an toan xa hdi dugc ban che va tftng budc bi Ioai bd khdi ddi sdng xa hdi. Bang phap luat, nha nudc cd the budc cac ca nhan phai tuan thu cac quy dinh chung. Sd dT nha nudc cd thi lam dugc nhu vay la vi mpi ngudi diu sg bi trftng phat, tran ap vdi cac hinh thftc tft thEp den cao, trong dd hinh thuc cao nhat la tft hinh. Nhd cd phap luat, nha nudc cd co sd kiera tra, giam sat cac hoat ddng cua mpi ngudi, td chuc trong xa hpi. Phap luat la co sd d i nha nudc quy dinh chftc nang, nhiem vu, ca ciu td chuc
va phuang phap boat ddng cua rapi nguai, ke ca nhftng ngudi lam trong bp may nha nudc. Cung nhd cd phap luat ma bp may nha nudc hoat ddng nhip nhang, ddng bd, cd hieu Iuc, hieu qua, do dd hien tugng long quyen, lam quyen, thd o, vd trach nhiem bi ban chi va loai trft. Phap luat cdn la cdng cu hiiu hieu de bao ve va bao dam cac quyen tu do dan chu, quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan, la co sd de thiet lap mdi quan he ngoai giao vdi cac qudc gia khac nhau tren t h i gidi. Chung nao ma con ngudi cdn sp bi trftng phat, tran ap, thi chftng do viec QLXH bSng phap luat cdn cd tac dung. Ddi vol viec QLXH bang phap luat, diiu quan trpng khdng phai la hinh thftc xft phat nang hay nhe ddi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap lufit, ma la phap luat cd ro rang hay khdng, mpi ngudi cd dupc biet rd nhiing viec dugc lam va khdng dugc lam hay khdng, mpi ngudi cd dupc biet rd mftc hinh phat ddi vdi tung hanh vi vi pham phap luat hay khdng, nhan vien nha nudc cd ndi di ddi vdi Iam hay khdng, quy djnh phap Iuat da ban hanh cd dugc thuc thi nghiem tuc va cdng bang tft nhan vien nha nudc hay khdng, cd trudng hgp ngoai le do than quen hoac do hdi Id hay khdng. N i u ai vi pham phap Iuat d i u biit rang minh chic chin se bi trftng phat thi se khdng cd ai dam vi pham phap Iuat. Nhiing ngudi dam vi pham phap Iuat la nhung ngudi nghT ring, vi pham phap Iuat cd t h i khdng bi trftng phat. Vj vay, neu chung ta Iam cho mpi ngudi deu nghi rang vi pham phap luat chic chan se bi trftng phat, thi se khdng co ai dam vi pham phap Iuat.
Dao dftc ciing la cdng cu quan trpng trong hoat dpng QLXH. Dao due la san
U 6
Vu Manh Quan (Thich Minh Khdng) phim cua xa hdi Ioai ngudi, dugc hinh
thanh, phat triin va tdn tai cftng vdi su phat triin cua xa hdi loai ngudi. Dao due ddng vai trd quan trpng khac nhu dieu chinh hanh vi Clia con ngudi, hudng con ngudi vao viec tao dung xa hpi ngay mpt tot dep hon. Cac chuin muc dao due la nhftng yeu cau, ddi hdi cua cdng ddng xa hdi ddi vdi hanh vi cua mdi ca nhan trong xa hdi. Con ngudi song trong xa hpi du d cuong vi nao, trong dieu kien hoan canh nao cung phai y thftc dugc ban than minh, y thftc dugc nghia vu, bdn phan ciia minh ddi vdi ngudi khac va ddi vdi xa hpi. Khi y thftc dugc nghTa vu, bdn phan cua mmh ddi vdi ngudi khac va ddi vdi xa hdi, moi ngudi se hanh ddng tu giac theo chuan muc dao dftc. Dao dftc cdn bao gdm thai dp, tinh cam, su danh gia cua con ngudi ve nhung hanh vi cua cac thanh vien trong xa h6i. Mpt hanh vi nao do cd the dugc cpng dong khen hay che, dugc coi la uu diem hay khuyet didm, dugc danh gia la thien hay ac, that hay gia, tdt hay xau. Su danh gia nay dugc bieu hien tap trung nhat thanh du Iuan xa hpi. Ben canh su danh gia tft phia cpng ddng xa hdi thi chinh ban than cac thanh vien ciing tu danh gia ve hanh vi cua minh vi mdi ngudi it nhieu deu cd luong tam. Xuit phat tu nhan thftc va luong tam ma mdi ca nhan nhan thay minh cd thanh than hay bi day dftt, dau khd; tft dd ma hinh thanh cam xiic, tinh cam trong mdi ngudi. Tft nhan thftc va luong tam, ngudi ta thuang cam vdi nhiing nan nhan cua cai ac;
khinh bi, cdng phin trudc nhijng ke gay nen tpi ac; vui mftng, phan khdi khi dera lai hanh phuc cho mpi ngudi; khinh bi hanh vi bat nhan cua ngudi khac va cua chinh mmh.
Nhd cd dao dftc mdi ngftdi deu ty xac
dinh dupc vi tri, vai trd cua rainh trong xa hdi; cd nhung hanh vi, xft su cho phu hpp vdi chuan rauc chung cua xa hdi; dara bao hai hda Igi ich ca nhan trong radi quan he vdi Igi ich cua cdng ddng. Dao dftc cd vai trd rat quan trpng ddi vdi viec duy tri trat tu xa hdi. Trong xa hdi nguyen thuy chua cd he thing quy pham phap luat, d dd dao dftc la cdng cu quan trpng bac nhat de gift trat ty xa hdi.
Trong xa hdi cd giai cap, de gift trat tu xa hdi, ngoai dao dftc cdn cd phap luat. Tuy nhien, trong hoat ddng QLXH, dao dftc cd vai trd quan trpng hon phap luat. Bdi vi, QLXH bang phap Iuat lam cho rapi ngudi sg hai ma thuc hien quy dinh chung, cdn QLXH bing dao due iam cho rapi ngudi ty giac ma thyc hien quy dinh chung; ai it nhieu ciing deu cd lucmg tam va tft dd it nhieu ciing mudn ty giac thuc hien quy dinh chung; nhung khdng phai ai ciing sg chet, cung sg bi trftng phat va tran ap; ddi vdi nhftng ngudi khdng sg chit, khdng sg bi trung phat va tran ap, thi viec QLXH bang phap luat la vd tac dung. QLXH bing dao dftc la giao due dao due cho mpi ngudi. Khi con ngudi cd y thuc dao due thi xa hdi van cd trat tu du nha nudc khdng cin dung bien phap tning phat va tran ap. Trong hoat dpng quan ly nha nudc, nhieu van de chi cd dao dftc mdi can thiep hieu qua. Trong mdt sd trudng hgp niu nha nudc chi iiy phap luat di diiu chinh thi se khdng mang lai hieu qua nhu mong mudn. Dao dftc cdn cd vai trd bd sung, thay thi cho phap luat, nhit la trong nhung trudng hgp phap luat chua day du, nhiiu quan he xa hdi chua dupc phap luat diiu chinh. Khi dd, de bao ve Igi ich cua nha nudc, cua td chuc va ca nhan, nha
chftc trach phai QLXH bang dao dftc, phai giao due dao dftc cho mpi ngudi, phai khoi day luong tara trong mdi ngudi.
3. Ket hop quan ly xa hdi bang dao diic va quan ly xa hgi bang p h a p iuat d Viet Nam
QLXH bing phap luat d Viet Nam hien nay cd lien quan mat thiet den chu truong xay dung mdt nha nudc phap quyen cua dan, do dan va vi dan, tat ca quyen va Igi ich hgp phap deu thupc ve nhan dan, xay dyng rapt bd raay nha nudc phuc vu nhan dan, bao dam quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan. Hien phap nam 1999 quy dinh ring, Nha nudc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam la Nha nudc phap quyen xa hpi chu nghTa cua nhan dan, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan; tat ca quyen Iuc nha nudc thudc ve nhan dan. Ndi dung chu yeu Clia nhiera vu xay dyng nha nudc phap quyen la QLXH bang phap luat; cho phep mpi ngudi dupc lam nhiing viec ma phap Iuat khdng cam; trftng phat nghiera minh va cdng bang nhirng hanh vi vi pham phap luat cua mpi ngudi (khdng trft rapt ngudi nao, du ngudi vi pham dd d cuong vi nao, cd chftc danh nao). Nhu vay, each QLXH bang phap luat d Viet Nara da dupc ghi nhan va ngay cang hoan thien.
Tuy nhien, ngay trong qua trinh xay dung nha nudc phap quyen phai tinh den cac dac diera kinh te, van hda cua dat nudc va phu hgp xu the phat trien cua thdi dai.
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, khi xay dung nha nudc phap quyin, chftng ta can tinh den cac yeu
td truyen thdng van hda dan tpc, trinh dp dan tri, trinh dp phat triin kinh t i - xa hdi cua Viet Nam. Nha nudc phap quyen raa chung ta can xay dung phai la mpt nha nudc vua cd d i y du nhiing dac diem cua nha nudc phap quyen da dugc nhan loai ghi nhan, vfta cd nhftng dac diem cua truyen thing van hda Viet Nam. Nha nudc phap quyin Viet Nam phai tiip thu nhung gia trj nhu: phap luat la tdi cao, khdng cd ai dung tren phap Iuat, khdng cd td chftc nao dftng tren phap Iuat, quyin con ngudi dugc thfta nhan va tdn trpng, mpi ngudi deu dugc lam nhiing viec ma phap luat khdng cam; nhan vien nha nudc thyc hien phap luElt phai nghiem minh; mpi ngudi vi pham phap Iuat deu bi trimg tri theo dftng quy djnh ghi trong phap luat (khdng nang hon va ciing khdng nhe hon).
Tren thuc te, phap luat tdn tai khdng tach rdi vdi dao dftc; vi phap Iuat cung la dao dftc, phap Iuat la dao dftc tdi thieu. Vi du,
"khdng an cap" la mdt quy dinh phap luat;
dd cung la mpt quy dinh dao dftc. Phap Iuat va dao dftc tdn tai trong mdi quan he hiiu CO, gin bd, bd sung lin nhau. Xay dung nha nudc phap quyen d nudc nao ciong c i n kit hgp hai hda phap luat va dao dftc d i nang cao hieu qua QLXH. C i n dya tren n i n tang cac gia tri dao due, phap Iuat thi chiing ta mdi cd the tac ddng tich cyc vao cac thanh vien trong xa hdi, mdi xay dyng dugc con ngudi cd van hda pbap ly cao, cd phim chit dao dftc, cd y thftc chip hanh phap luat. Ddi vdi con ngudi Viet Nam, QLXH bing dao dftc can dugc coi trpng hon, vi con ngudi Vipt Nam cd truyin thing duy tinh chu khdng duy ly. Khi ndi ring "phap h a t la
118
Vii Manh Quan (Thich Minh Khdng) dao dftc tdi thiiu", chung ta can hieu rang
phap luat phu hpp vdi dao dftc. Nhung tren thuc ti, khdng phai bao gid mpi phap luat Cling phu hgp vdi dao dftc. Trong nhirng tmdng hgp phap luat khdng phu hgp vdi dao dftc, ngudi Viet Nam do thdi quen sdng duy tmh chu khdng duy Iy nen thudng bit chip phap luat de theo dao ditc. Chang ban, hp cd thi vi tinh (vi dao due) ma chin bd thanh mudi (dieu nay trai vdi phap luat vi theo pbap luat, chin la chin, raudi la mudi, chin khdng the la mudi); hp cd the trpng Ie lang (dao dftc) hon phep vua (phap Iuat).
Thyc tien Viet Nam may chuc nam phat triin kinh te thi trudng vua qua cho thay rang, ddi sdng vat chat tdt hon nhung ddi song dao dftc Iai kem di. Nhiing hien tugng vi pham phap Iuat va dao dftc d mftc nghiem trpng ngay nay nhieu hem so vdi may chuc nam trudc. Vi sao? Cac nha khoa hpc, cac nha lanh dao cao cap cua Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nara can phai tra ldi rd rang va chinh xac cau hdi nay. Bdi vi cd tra ldi diing cau hdi dd, tftc la chi ra dung nguyen nhan ciia hien tupng suy thoai dao dftc dang bao dpng, tbi chung ta mdi cd giai phap khac phuc hieu qua.
Mpt nguyen nhan cua hien tugng suy thoai dao due dang bao ddng d Viet Nam hien nay chu yeu la do chung ta budng Idng viec giao due dao dftc, chft khdng phai chu yeu la do chftng ta budng ldng ky cuong phep nudc. Xuat phat tft thyc tiin Viet Nam hien nay, chftng ta can ket hgp phap luat va dao dftc trong QLXH theo hudng tang cudng viec giao due dao due. Neu guong ciia can bd, dang vien cua Dang va Nha nudc la mdt hinh thftc giao due dao due quan trpng can dugc tang cudng hon nua.
Khi xay dyng phap luat, chung ta cin phai xuat phat tft ftuyen thing dao dftc ciia con ngudi Viet Nam. Khi thyc hien phap Iuat chung ta phai dara bao tinh minh bach, cdng bang, vfta tranh sy long quyin, Iam quyin, tiiy tien trong boat dpng ap dyng phap luat, nhung lai phai khai day va phat huy dugc cac gia tri dao dftc truyin thing cua con ngudi Viet Nam (nhu "thuong ngudi nhu the thuong than", "bSu ai thuang lay bi cimg, tuy rang khac gidng nhung chung mpt gian", trpng tinh, trpng nghia, v.v..). Khi xay dung va thyc thi phap luat, chftng ta can xem quy dinh phap luat cd trai vdi nhiing gia tri dao due tdt dep cua dan tpc hay khdng. Phap luat khi da ban hanh thi cftng nhac, cdn dao dftc thi mera deo.
Xft ly dung phap Iuat thi de hem xft Iy dung dao due; vi phap luat da dupc ghi thanh van ban, ai cung dpc dupe, biet dugc; cdn dao dftc thi tdn tai trong luong tam cua mdi ngudi. Di tang cudng viec giao due dao dftc cho mpi ngudi Viet Nam, ke ca cho nhftng ngudi d chftc quyin cao nhit, thi cin phat huy vai trd cua mpi td chftc xa hdi, trong dd cd cac td chftc tdn giao hpp phap. Bdi vi, tren thyc ti, cac tdn giao hop phap d Viet Nam da va dang tich cyc thyc hien viec giao due dao due cho cac tin do cua rainh.
4. Ket luan
Dao dftc cd tac ddng manh me den viec hinh thanh cac quy dinh trong phap Iuat.
Dao dftc la mdi trudng cho sy phat sinh, tdn tai va phat triin cua phap luat, la chat lieu lam nen cac quy dinh cua phap luat. Bat ky
rapt he thdng phap luat nao bao gid cung ra ddi, tdn tai va phat trien tren mdt nen tang dao dftc nhat dinh. Nhftng quan diem, tu tudng, chuan myc dao due ddng vai trd quan trpng va la tien de cho viec xay dung cac quy dinh cu the cua phap luat. Trong bat ky xa hdi nao cftng tdn tai nhiing quan niem, quan diem va cac quy tac dao due nbat dinh. Dao dftc hinh thanh tft trong cupc sdng hang ngay ciia con ngudi, tren co sd thfta nhan ctia cdng ddng. Khi chung ta thfta nhan rapt quan niem dao due nao dd, thi chung ta se thyc hien nd rapt each ty giac bang luong tara va tinh cam cua minh.
Chinh vi vay, phap luat phai dugc xay dyng tren nen tang dao dftc. Neu phap luat khdng dupc xay dyng tren co sd dao dftc, khdng phu hpp vdi dao dftc xa hdi, thi phap Iuat se rat khd di vao ddi sdng. O Viet Nam, vai trd ciia phap luat va dao due ddi vdi QLXH khdng phai bao gid cftng dugc mpi ngudi nhan thftc rapt each dung dan va day dd. Trudc day khi nhan thftc ve phap Iuat cd hai khuynh hudng hoac qua de eao phap luat, coi phap luat la cdng cy van nang de QLXH, hoac coi nhe vai trd cua phap luat. Hai khuynh hudng dd deu sai Iam vi khdng thay duge sy can thiit phai phdi hpp phap Iuat va dao due trong
QLXH. Trong diiu kien Viet Nam hien nay, di QLXH cd hieu qua thi cin ket hpp ca each QLXH bing phap Iuat vdi each QLXH bing dao dftc, nhung trong dd phai coi trpng hon each QLXH bing dao dftc.
Tai lieu tham khao
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[2] Hoang Thj Kim Qu6 (1999), "Mpt s6 suy nghT ve moi quan he giQa phap luat vh dao due trong h^ th6ng di6u chinh xa hoi". Tap chi Nhd nu&c vd Phdp ludt, so 7.
[3] Ho^ng Thi Kim Qui (2002), "Vin di kit hop quan ly xa hpi bing phap iuat vdi giao d\ic va nang cao dao diic o nu6c ta hien nay". Tap chi Triet hgc, so 12.
[4] Trin HSu Thinh (2008), Co sa ly lugn vd thuc tiin xdy dung Nhd nu&c phdp quyin xd hgi chii nghia cua nhdn ddn. dg nhdn ddn, vi nhdn ddn, Nxb Ly lu^n Chinh trj, Ha Noi.
[5] Vien TriSt hoc (2009), Mdy vdn di dgo due trong diiu ki^n kinh te thi tru&ng & nu&c ta hi4n nay, Nxb Chinh trj qu6c gia, Hi Npi.
