Khoa hpc Glao duo -
QUAN U GIAO DUC DAC BIET CT VIET NAM - THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
NGUYINTHIYIN PHUONG Triftmg fi^i hgc Sir ph^m Ha N6i
G ilo due die biet (GDDB) la mdt bd phln khdng the thieu trong he thong giao due cua Viet Nam, dupe thUe hien ngay tU nhiJng nIm dau dat nudc dupc hda binh, thdng nhat. He thdng quIn li G[>DBdnUdetada hinh thanh tU trung Udngden ele CO sd giao due trong he thdng gilo due quoc dan tU nIm 2002, dUpc the hien bang so do dudi dly:
Bp GD&OT BanchiflgoGDTKT
vS TECHCKK Bp
Sit GD&DT Ban chi dao GD TKT
v^ TECHCKK sa
Trung tam ho trCT phSt tnen GD hoa nh^p
cap tinh
Trung tSm hfl tro phdt trien GD hoa nh$p
ciip huy^n
He thong cac trUdng mam non vh pho thong
Sadd: Hi thdng qudn li ngdnh dgc vi GDDB
* GDTKT: Gilo due tre khuylt tat
*TECHCKK:Trl em ed holn eInh khd khan Tri em cd hoan d n h die bilt vdn da dang trong d c die diem ve ddi sdng vat chat v l tam li nen d n cd nhUng deh tilp can giao due khie nhau. Trong nhUng nam qua, Chfnh phu Viet Nam da ehi dao triln khai nhieu loai hinh trudng, Ic^ cung nhude phUdng thij"c gilo due khie nhau nham dim bio eho t r i em cd holn d n h die biet dUde bao ve, ehim sdc v l gilo due
1. Cac loai hinh trUcmg, Idp day tr^ em co hoan cdnh dac biet
a) TrUdng, Idp bdn tru ddn nudi tgixa, liin xd Nhl trUdng hole chinh quyin ^ a phucmg xly dUng nha d eho tre d cac vung xa die bilt khd khan hoae khong den dUpc Idp hpc hIng ngly.Tre d tap
trung, song khie vdi ele trudng ndi trU II hang tuan d c em cd the ve nha, tutue lUdng thuc, thue ph^m va elc dieu kien song v l hpe tap khie. Hinh thCfc nly ehu ylu dupe I p dung cho d c vising dan toe thleu sd, noi tre va gia dinh t r i d xa trUdng hpc
b)Ldpghep
Ldp ghep II Idp ed tre eua mot hole nhieu khol Idp duge kit hpp lai vdi nhau. Ldp ghep thudng hinh thInh nham cli tien khi nang tiep cIn 6 nhCfng khu vUe ed mat dp din euthap. Do 66, %6 tre qui thap d d c Idp cd the tao thanh mdt I6p/
cap hpc day du.
e) Ldp cdm bdn
LI ele Idp hoae cum Idp hpc tai d c thdn, bin, duoc thanh lap dUa tren ed sd mot trUdng chfnh de tao dieu kien cho t r i tdi trudng thuan Ipi han v^
khoing dch va dilu kien giao thdng.
d) Trudng ddn toe noi tru
He thong d c trudng din toe ndi trii gdm:
-TrUdng dan toe npi tru d p trung UPng va dU bj dai hpe;
- TrUdng dan tde npi tru cap tinh;
-Trudng din toe npi trCi eSp huyen;
-Trudng bin tru cum xl.
e) Ldp hoc linh hogt, Idp hgc tinh thuang LI loai hinh Idp hpe dupc to chufe vdi sU linh hoat ve thdi gian, dia diem, chUdng trinh day hpc, ngudi hpe v l ngudi day. Loai Idp hpc nay ed hieu qui khdng nhUng ddi vdi d e t r i em din toe thieu sd, vung slu, vung xa, ml cdn doi vdi t r i em lang thang, tre em Iao ddng sdm, t r i em di cU tu do,...
f) TrUdng, Idp chuyen biet
La loai hinh trudng, Idp ehi dinh cho mot d6i tupng, mot loai cd holn d n h die biet (thudng la dinh eho doi tuang tre khuylt t i t nhU trudng day tre diic, trudng day tre mu, trudng day t r i chIm phIt trien tri tue...).
g) Trudng, Idp hoi nhap
La loai hinh trudng, Idp ma t r i em ed hoan dnh dac biet hpe cd Idp hpe rieng nIm trong trudng
30 KHGD so 69, thdng 6-2011
pho thdng, t r i chi tham gia vIo ele hoat ddng hpe tap trung vdi Idp hpc binh thudng khae khi t r i cd khi nang. Thdng thudng, tre chi cd the tham gia hpc eung nhCfng t r i khae d mot hay mdt sd mdn hpc, gid hpc cu the nao dd ma thdi.
h) Ldp hod nhap
LI loai hinh trudng, Idp m l tre em ed holn d n h die bilt hpe ehung vdi mpi tre khie trong trudng, Idp. Tuy nhiln, giao vien phli thuc hien hang loat d c dieu chinh trong gilo due va day hpc cho phu hdp vdi khi nlng, nhu d u cua tre ve muc tiiu, ndi dung, phUPng phap, phUdng tien, danh gia kit qui gilo due va d c dilu chinh khie ve mdi trudng Idp hpc, su hpp tic, ho trp Ian nhau trong tap the Idp hpc, nha trudng,...
2. Cac phucmg thuTc GDOB d Viet Nam
2.1. Gido due chuyen biet
Moi dang t r i khuyet tat dUdc day trong nhuhg ldp hpe, nhCfng trUdng hpe rieng biet, ddd t r i dUpc day theo chUdng trinh rieng, bang nhCfng phUdng phap rieng phu hpp vdi dang tat cCia minh v l gan nhu holn toan tich biet vdi he thdng gilo due quoc din.
Gilo due chuyen bi§t nham din d c muc tieu ea bin sau:
a) IVIue tieu nhdn dgo
Tre em ed holn d n h dac biet la doi tUpng dupc trp giup cua ele tam Idng hlo tim, td thien; la doi tupng can nhan dUpc tinh yeu thUPng cUa cong ddng va xa hdi.
b) Muc tieu chdm sdc, giao due
Tre em cd hoan d n h dac biet II doi tupng eua qui trinh phuc hdi chij'e nlng v l gilo due, trong do muc tieu phue hdi chdc nlng la mue tiiu cuoi cung.
Tuy thudc vao quan diem eCia d c chuyen nganh khie nhau, ngUcri ta chia tre em cd holn d n h die biet thanh d c dang, d c mUc dp nang, nhe khae nhau de cd the tien hanh phue hdi chUe nlng va giao due sao cho phu hdp v l cd hieu qua.
e) Mue tiiu gidm sdt, qudn li
Danh cho nhCfng ddi tUdng cd hoan d n h die biet ma khi nang hdi nhIp, hda nhap la khd thUc hien dupc vdi tri.
2.2. Gido due hdi nhap
Gilo due hdi nhap, v l ban chat van dua vIo Phuong thCfc y te - Phuang thdc phue hoi chUc ndng ddnh cho tri khuyettdt. Ching han, t r i khilm thfnh
Khoa hpc Giao due
do khilm khuyltthinh lUc, khdng cd khi nlng nIm bat nhUng kT nlng, nhat II khi nang giao tiep bang ngdn ngCf ndi mdt each day du 6i tu ell thien eude sdng cua mlnh; tre khiem thj do khi nlng thj lUe kIm hole mu, hoan toln khd khan trong tiep nhin thdng tin bang thj gile; t r i cham phIt triln tri tue khd khan trong nhan thdc v l kilm solt hinh vi... Vi vay, nhCfng t r i nay d n dupc phan loai qua d e trie nghilm ve y t l , tim li, trf tue,... va dupc xep vao cac nhdm, mde dp tat khae nhau. Tre dupe tien hinh phue hdi ehde nang de cd the tiep can su phat triln nhu t r i khae trong elc trudng, trung tam chuyen biet hole dupc hpc tai d e Idp chuyen biet trong trudng phd thdng. Sau khi xet thay cd su phat trien gan vdi tre khie, tre duge dUa vIo hpc trong trudng pho thdng d mdt sd tilt hpc hole tham gia vao mot sd elc hoat ddng cung t r i khae. Cd 4 mUe dp hpl nhap: Hdi nhap v l the chat, hdi nhap v l chUe nang, hdi nhap x l hdi, hoi nhap hoan toln.
2.3. Gido due hod nhap
Gilo due hoi nhap dupe hilu la giao due cho tat d mpi tre em, xay dung trudng giao dijc hoi nhap khdng ehi II phuong hudng holn thien nha trudng theo eae gil trj hoa nhap ml cdn nham xly dung d c mdi quan he hpp tie v l ell thien tdt hon mdi trudng day va hpe hoa nhap.
Nguyin If cCia gilo due hoi nhap II thda nhan tfnh da dang, nhan thCfe sU khae biet glCfa mpi d nhin II binh thudng. Mdi trudng hpe tap phli thich nghi vdi nhu d u c l nhin eua tUng tri, ehU khdng bat budc tre phli chju sUchi phdi ciia d c gia thuyet san ed trong npi dung, tien dp va tfnh chat cua qui trinh hpe tap.
Gilo due hoi nhap II gilo due mpi t r i em trong Idp hpc binh thudng cCia trudng pho thdng. Glao due hoa nhap la ho trp mpi t r i em, trong dd cd tre em ed hoan d n h die biet, cd hdi binh dang tiep nhan djch vu giao due vdi nhCfng ho trd can thiet trong Idp hpc, phu hpp tai trUdng pho thdng, ndi t r i sinh sdng, nham ehul'n bj trd thInh nhCfng thInh vien day dii cua x l hdi.
Giao due hoa nhap ed nhCfng die trUng ed bin:
-I- Gilo due eho mpi doi tUpng tre em, khdng phan biet gidi tinh, din tde, tdn giao, dieu kiln kinh te, thanh phan xa hdi;
+Tre di hpc d cdsdgiao ductal ndi tre dang sinh sdng;
-I- Khdng dinh dong mpi tre, moi tre la khie nhau;
KHGD so 69, thdng 6 - 2011 31
K h o a hpc G i a o d u e •
+ D i l u chinh phu hop vdi k h i n l n g v l nhu cau eija t r i v l mue tieu, npi dung, phUPng p h I p , d i n h g i l k i t qua glao due.
3 . ThUc t r a n g t r e e m co h o a n cdnh dac b i e t
Theo sd lieu cua Bp Lao ddng -Thuong binh va X I hdi (2005), Viet Nam ed 2.777.210 tre em ed h o l n e I n h d i e b i l t , chlem k h o i n g 3% d i n so va chlem 9,2% dan sd trong dp tuoi, trong d o :
- T r i em mo cdi khdng ndi nUdng tUa, t r i em bj bd rdi: 320.000;
- T r i em khuyet tat, t i n tat: 1.200.000;
- T r i em nhiem HIV/AIDS: 6.630;
- Tre em lang thang: 22.500;
-Tre em bj x l m hai tinh due: 19.000;
- T r i em nghien ma tuy; 1.800;
-Tre em vi pham p h I p l u l t : 13.800;
Tre em dan toe it ngUdi song d elc vung sau, xa:
929.700;
- Sd cdn lai la tre em p h l i l l m v i l e n l n g nhpe, nguy hiem, t i l p xue vdi chat dde hai; t r i em p h l i l l m v i l e xa gia dinh.Trong do:
- Tre dang sinh hoat, hpc tap trong c l e trudng glao dudng: 2.203;
- T r i hien dang d trong cac trung tam nudi dudng, cham sdc va giao due (tre mo edi, tre bj bd rpi, t r i dudng pho, tre k h u y l t tat, tre em lam t r l i p h I p luat, t r i em mai dam, t r i em I n h hudng v l nhiem HIV/AIDS, lien quan d i n ma tuy): 25.000;
- Gan 300.000 tre khuyet tat dang theo hpc h o i nhap tai d e ed sd giao due mam non v l pho thdng;
- Cd 373 trung tam x l hdi b i o trp, cham sdc va g i l o due tre em cd hoan d n h d i e biet, trong d d 4 0 % e l e CO sd nay I I do nha nude q u I n li.
- Cd 47/63 tinh thanh ed hoat ddng cham sdc thay the eho 43,337 tre.
4 . T h u c t r a n g G D D B drViet N a m Ben canh mdt sd thanh tuu nhl't dinh n h u huy d d n g duge m d t sd lupng tre cd nhu d u d i e biet ra Idp, quy m d d I o tao va boi dUdng dpi ngtJ ngay mdt tang, chuong trinh giao due dupe x l y dUng, dau t u ea sd vat chat n g l y mdt tang ... v i l e thUe hien GDDB d Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua van tdn t a i n h O h g h a n c h e :
-\- Nhan thdc cua xa hdi ndi chung v l cOa nglnh giao due ndi rieng ve GI5DB chUa day dCi. Mac du nen kinh t l - xa hoi cCia nude ta p h I t trien on dinh trong mdt thdi gian d l i , nhung su dau t u c h o GDDB trong thdi gian qua mcri ddng lai d mde dp nhSt dinh va khdng d d n g deu;
-I- Cham doi mdi tU duy g i l o due dan den he t h d n g giao due d i p Cfng khdng kip thdi vdi elc yeu cau mdi eua xa hdi, cCia gia dinh va nhu eau hpc t i p cua tre cd nhu cau d i e b i l t ;
+ Cd che q u I n If g i l o due cdn nhieu bat cIp, su phan d p q u I n li g i l o due chua rd r i n g v l du manh, nhan thUc va n l n g lUc q u I n li, chi dao GDDB d c l e dja phUdng va e l c cd sd g i l o due cdn nhilu han e h i ;
+ Co che phdi h o p giCfa ele ban n g l n h cac d p cdn y l u va thieu d d n g bp dan d i n v i l e chua phat huy dupe silc manh va vai trd eua tiing thanh vien eung n h u cCia toan bd he thong xa hpl trong vi$c thuc h i i n GDDB.
5. Kinh n g h i e m q u 6 c t ^ v e q u d n li GDDB Mot trong nhCfng quoc gia chuing tdi dl sau nghien cUu v l q u I n li GDDB I I Israel.Tim hieu ve he thdng GDDB eua quoc gia n l y eho ehijng tdi nhieu kinh nghiem d l nghien edu he t h d n g GDDB dViet Nam. Cu the:
Q u I n li GDDB d Israel la mot he t h d n g dupe b i t dau t d v i l e bo nhiem mot hdi d d n g lam n h i l m vy lien quan d i n tre cd nhu d u d i e biet. Bd trudng I I ngUdi cd quyen lua chpn d c thanh vien cua hpl dong.
Hpl ddng n l y ed 7 thanh vien, g d m : Mdt dai dien cua edquan giao due dia phuong; hai thanh tra cOa bp g i l o due va van hoa; mot n h l t i m li g i l o due;
mot b l e sT chuyen nganh nhl khoa; mdt nha hoat ddng xa hpl; mot dai dien eija eha me t r i cd nhu d u d i e b i l t . Hdi d d n g se quyet djnh t r i cd nhu d u dae biet dupc p h I p lam hhOng gi trong ITnh vUe GDDB va quyen Idi ct!ia t r i trong v i l e n g h i i n cUu ve GDDB;
Mae dau vay, bp trUdng se la ngUcft" quyet dinh nhCfng t r d d p ma t r i dUpc n h i n t r I n cd sd quyet dinh eua hdi dong; bd trudng b d g i l o due eung vdi bp trudng t l i chinh se q u y l t dinh n g I n sIch h I n g n I m eho viec m d rdng sd lUong quyen d i n h cho GDDB.
CU ba n I m m d t ian, ngudi dCfng dau eua trung t i m n g h i i n ctfu GDDB se dua d c van de cija t r i cd
3 2 K H G D s o 6 9 , thdng 6 - 2 0 1 1
- K h o a hoc G i a o d u e nhu eau d i e biet dugc n g h i i n edu tai trung t i m ra
xem xet lai trudc hdi ddng.
Ngoai ra, bd trudng bp glao due ehi djnh thanh lap hdi d o n g khang cao bao g o m 7 thanh vien:
NgUdi dUng dau bp glao due va van hoa tai quan;
nha t a m If giao due thupe bd g i l o due va van hoa tai quan; thanh tra glao due d i e biet; n h l hoat d d n g xa hpl; m d t chuyen gia y te; eha me tre cd nhu cau d i e biet do bp trudng trUe tiep quyet djnh; mot vj dai dien cho t o chdc edng cong. Chu tich hoi dong cd quyen trieu tap d e thanh vien eua hpl dong.
Hdi d d n g khang d o ed eae quyen dam dUdng viec khang d o va thay doi q u y l t dinh eua hdi d d n g ra q u y l t dinh l i l n quan den tre ed nhu d u dac biet;
dUa van de ra trUde hpl d d n g ra quyet ^ n h de xem xet sau sac hdn; hdi d o n g k h i n g d o se dua ra y kien t r o n g vdng 20 ngay ke khi dua ra quyet djnh khang d o , t r d khi cd li do dac biet thi t h d i gian dupe keo dal h o n . Q u y l t djnh cCia hdi dong nay mdi la q u y l t djnh cudi cung danh cho t r i cd nhu eau d i e biet.
Sau khi ed q u y l t djnh cudi cung nay tre se dupc hudng chUdng trinh GDDB phi!j hpp nhat vdi tre tai d c c d s d giao due.
Vlec thUc hien quyet dinh cUa hdi ddng se dupe trao cho cd sd g i l o due, ddng dau la h i l u trUdng.
Hieu trudng cung hdi d d n g giao due nha trUdng xem xet v i l e chuyen giao quyen nay den tUng giao v i i n . Can cU v I o e l c t h d n g tin ve tre, d c yeu cau m l c d s d giao diJC p h l i dap Cfng, g i l o vien se thiet k e v i thUc hien ehUdng trinh giao due phu hpp nhat vdi moi t r i ve mpi p h u o n g dien. Viec thuc hien chuong trlnh dupe t h u d n g xuyen kiem tra, d i n h gia bdi cac cap. Thdng tin t h u dUpc t d qua trinh kiem tra, d i n h g i l giup c d s d g i a o d u c d i e u chinh ndi d u n g chUdng trlnh, phUdng phap, phUdng t i l n , hinh thCfc to chUe g i l o d u e . . . vdi tUng tre de cung cap cho eae c h l u nhuhg dieu k i l n p h I t trien thuan Ipi nhat.
6 . Gidi p h a p p h a t t r i e n G D D B ilVi^t N a m Tren cd sd n g h i i n edu thUe tien q u I n li GDDB d V i i t Nam va m d hinh quan li GDDB d Israel, chung tdi cd m o t sd di xuat sau:
a) Day manh edng tac t u y l n truyen v l GDDB, n l n g cao nhan thufc cho mpi tang Idp dan cUtrong xa hpl;
b) P h I t trien nguon nhan liic cd chat lUpng eho GDDB: Can b d n g h i i n edu, g i l n g v i i n , g i l o vien.
can bd quan li glao due ele cap, d n bd edng ddng, eha me tre cd nhu eau dac biet;
c) Chi dao v l giam sat ho trp viee d i l u chinh chuang trinh, doi mdi phuong p h I p , mdi trUdng day hpe v l d i n h gia k i t qua g i l o due, nang eao chat lupng GDDB tai d c trudng hpe;
d) PhIt trien he thdng djch vu v l d i m b i o eung d p day du d c djch vu ho trp GDDB;
e) Hinh thanh he thdng ele trung t i m ho trp phat trien GDDB;
f) Hoan thien he thdng va doi mdi ca che quan li GDOB, ehu trpng tfnh hieu luc, hieu q u i cCia he thdng q u I n li;
g) Tang cudng su phdi hop lien nganh, su tham gia cua edng ddng, gia dinh trong GDDB;
h) D i m b i o ngan sleh n h l nude eho GDDB dong, thdi day manh hpp t i e quoc t l trong GDDB.
TAI L l f U T H A M KHAO 1. Bp G i l o due va Dao tao, Quy dinh ve gido due hod nhap ddnh cho ngUdi tdn tdt, khuyet tdt ban h i n h kem theo Q u y l t djnh sd 23/QD-BGDDT ngay 22 t h i n g 05 n I m 2006 eua Bp trUdng Bp Giao due v l O l o tao.
2. Chinh phu nUdc Cong hoa XHCN Viet Nam (2003), Kehogeh hdnh dgng quoc gia eho mgi ngudi (GDCMN) 2003-2015, H I Npi.
3. Nguyen Xuan H l l (2009), Gido trinh qudn li trUdng ldp dgy tre ed nhu edu dae biet, NXB Giao diJC, HaNpi.
4. Quoc Hoi nude CHXHCN Viet Nam (2010), Lucit so 51/2010/QH12 ban hdnh Luat ngUdi khuyet tdt ngay 17 thdng 6 nam 2010
5. Luat Gido due dgc biet cua Israel,] 988 6. Dr Y. Shabat va N. Indyk Klein, "Semina for Vietnamese Educators on Special Education 09- 03-2010", Trung tam Ofri thupe to chUc Mashav, Jerusalem, Israel.
7. Israel information center, "Facfs about Issrael", Printed byKeter press, Jerusalem, Israel, 2008.
SUMMARY
Based on the study of special education management in Vietnam and Israeli special education model, the author proposes some measures for developing special education in Vietnam.
K H G D so 6 9 , thang 6 - 2 0 1 1 33
