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THI NGHIEIM KY THUAT L A M PHAN COMPOST CHO TRONG NGO TREN ©AT DOC CUA NGU'6l RAGLAY,
VU'ON QUOC GIA NUI CHUA, TINH NINH THUAN
LU'ONG D i r c THIEN, LE THJ H 6 N G TRAM, NGUYEN THI PHI/ONG THAO Vien Sinh hoc Nhi^l ddi.
Vien Hdn lam Khoa hgc vd Cong nghe Viet Nam
Trong nhiJng nam g i n day tinh trang xdi mdn va riia trdi chat dinh dudng tren l i y dSt dde ciia ngudi Raglay tai V u d n Qude gia ( V Q G ) N i i i Chiia ngay cang gia tang do ky thuat canh tac lac h i l l , thieu ben vQ-ng. Cac lo^ii phan bdn hiru ca cd tac dung cai tao va lam giau dinh duang cho dat khdng dugc sir dyng, do dd dat bj bac mau, nang suat cay trong, dae biet la cay ngd, giam di rd ret. Trong khi do nguon phu pham ndng nghiep sau thu hoach nhu loi hkp ngd, than ngd, vd dau,.., lai duge xir ly bang each dem dot gay d nhiem moi trudng va anh hudng d6n sire khoe cdng ddng. Thu nhap tir hoat dgng nuang ray giam dan den tinh trang cdng ddng Raglay cai noi them nuang ray m d i , tim cac nguon sinh ke khac thay the nhu chat ciii hlim than, khai thae can kiet cac nguon lam san ngoai gd gay anh hudng nghiem trgng len da dang sinh hpc ciia VQG Niii Chiia (Bao cao danh gia PRA ciia V Q G Niii Chua, 2008)
Ung diing phan bdn hu"u ca lam giau dinh dudng cho dat, bao ve mdi trudng sinh thai nhd giam phat thai ra mdi trirdng la mot phuang phap tot dugc irng dung nhieu trong canh tac nong nghi?p ben vu'ng. Day la phuang phap dan gian, de lam, nguon nguyen lieu tan dung tir phu pham ndng nghiep sau thu hoach (nlur loi bap ngd, than ngd, dau,.,.) hay rac thai sinh lio^t huu CO cd san tai dja phuong.
L PHU"0>JG PHAP NGHIEN CUtl 1. Vat lieu
Phan compost theo 2 each ii yem khi va hieu khi dugc lam ngay tai ray duge chgn de bon thir nghiem theo ly le khdi lugng nguyen vat lieu nhu sau: Cd tuoi, eac cay phan xanh. than ngd sau thu liogch (65%); la dao khd, c6 khd (20%); than chudi, la ehudi, day dau do (10%); phan heo (5%), 2. Cong thirc bo t r i t h i nghiem tren ray t r o n g ngd
Moi d i h i i nghiem dugc chia lam 2 d nhd de bdn thir nghiem 2 loai phan hieu khi (ii ndi) va phan yem khi (ii cliim), mdi 6 trong 50 cay. Trong mdi d bdn phan lai dugc chia doi thanh 2 d nho, moi d nhd 25 cay de bdn phan theo 2 each: Caeh 1: Tra ngd theo each truyen thdng (gieo 4 hgt/lo tra), sau 3 tuan lam ed cho cay ddng thdi bdn phan compost bang each vun quanh goc.
Cach 2: Cudc hd sau 10cm, bd phan compost va hat gidng (4 hat/hd) sau dd lap dat. Tao 1 d khdng bdn phan (25 cay) va trdng theo each truyen thdng de ddi chieu so sanh vdi cac d bon phan khae. Trong mdi d thi nghiem lay ngau nhien 10 cay de theo doi eac chi tieu ve sinh trudng va phat trien nhu: Chieu cao cay, tde do ra la. Theo ddi tat ca cac cay tren d thi nghiem de danh gia cac chi tieu nhu: Thdi gian hoan thanh cac giai doan sinh trudng, phat trien... Thi nghiem dirge lap lai tren cac d canh tac nam thir 2 va nam thir 3; rieng tren d canh tac nam thir nhat chi bdn phan ii chim. N h u vay thi nghiem bao gdm eac cong thirc: Bdn phan li liieu khi Ihco each 1 ( U N I ) ; bdn phan ii hieu khi theo each 2 ( U N 2 ) ; bdn plian li y6m khi theo each 1 (UCl); bdn phan ii yem khi theo each 2 (UC2); khdng bdn phan ( K B ) ,
1615
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Chiing tdi da ap dung phuang phap nghien ciru so sanh chieu cao, tde dp ra la, cac yeu to hinh thanh san lugng b5p nhu chi6u cao ddng bap, chieu cao cudi ciing, san lugng khd theo
"Quy dinh khao nghiem, cdng nhan va dat ten phan bdn mdi" cua Bg Ndng nghi?p va PTNT dl danh gia tae dung ciia timg loai phan compost va vdi tirng each bdn khae nhau tren cay ngd.
II. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU
1. Sir thoai hda dat khi canh tac khong sir dung phan bdn
Cgng ddng Raglay sdng xung quanh viing dem VQG Niii Chua trudc day canh tae theo phuang thuc luan canh hoac bd hda, canh tac tir 2-3 nam se chuyen sang cae loai cay trdng khac hoac bd hoang tir 1-2 nam de dat cd the phuc hdi dinh dudng. Tuy nhien, trong nhung nam gan day, do sue ep ve dan sd, dien tich dat canh tae ngay cang bj thu hep nen dat dugc canh tae lau hon dan den dinh dudng dat bi thoai hda, nang suat giam siit nghiem trgng, sau 4-5 nam dat khong the canh tac dugc nua, ngudi dan bat huge khai pha ray mdi de dam bao nhu cau luong thuc.
Hinh 1. Chieu cao cdy ngd qua cdc nam canh tac
Bieu do trong hinh 1 the hien sir phat trien eua chieu eao cay qua cae nam canh tac cho thay s\r thoai hoa khien dinh dudng dat giiJa nam 1 va nam 2 da ed sir khae biet nhieu. Chieu cao cay sau 50 ngay d nam canh tac thu 1 eao ban nam canh tac thii" 2 la 10,45cm. Den nam canh tac thii:
3 su phat trien chieu cao cay giam dang ke, sau 50 ngay chieu eao cay tren d canh tac n5m thur 3 thap han so vdi nam thir 1 va nam thu: 2 lan lugt la 54,33em va 43,88cm. Tde dg ra la nam canh tae thu 3 cung cham ban dang ke so vdi nam canh tae thir 1 va nam canh tac thd 2, 12n lugt la 2,35 la va 1,72 la (bang 2), anh hudng rat Idn den su quang hgp cua eay.
Bieu dd trong hinh 2 cho thay, nang suat b^p ngd d cae nam canh tac sau giam dang kk, cir qua 1 nam san lugng lai giam han 50%. Nguyen nhan la do chieu eao cay va tde do ra la d cac nam canh tac sau giam. Dieu do anh hudng rSt Idn den thu nhap va nhu ciiu luang thirc cua ngudi dan nen nhu cau khai pha ray mdi la rat Idn.
3000 2000 1000 0
. ^
Naml Nam 2 Nam 3
Hinh 2. Ndng suat hap ngd qua cdc nam canh tac (kg bdp kho/sdo Nam Bg I. OOOm^)
HQl NGHI KHOA HOC T O A N Q U 6 C V £ SINH THAI VA TAl NGUYEN SINH V A l LAN THO" 5 2. Nghien cii-u ve tang trirdng chieu cao cay
Chieu cao cay la mgt trong nhurng chi tieu quan trgng giiip danh gia dat tdt hay \ku, kha nSng cho nang suat cao hay thip. Trong cac giai doan khac nhau thi muc do tang trudng chieu cao cay khac nhau. Ket qua thi nghiem cho thay, vdi ciing mgt dieu kien ngoai canh va mat do trong, mdi phuang thirc bdn khac nhau l^i cho chieu cao cay khac nhau.
Hinh 3. Chieu cao cdy ngd sau 20 ngdy
Khi cay ngd duge 20 ngay da ed the thay TO tae dgng ciia phan compost den chieu cao cay (hinh 3), Vdi cac d dugc bdn theo each cd cude bd chieu cao cay vugt trdi so vdi eac d khdng bon. Cu the la ngd trong d sir dung phan u ndi bdn theo phuang phap cudc hd tren d5t d n3m canh tac thii 2 cao ban so vdi d khdng bdn phan d nam canh tae thir hai la 10,47em va cao han so vdi d khdng bdn phan d nam canh tac thu 3 la 16,76cm. Ddi vdi phan u ehim bdn theo phuoiig phap cudc hd, tren dat canh tac nam thir 3 d dugc bdn cung cho sir phat trien chieu cao tdt han so vdi d khdng bdn phan la 7,33cm.
20 ngay 30 ngay 40 ngay 50 ngay -*— U noi 1
K 0 chim 2
•*— U noi 2 - - - K h o n g bon
Hinh 4. Toe dg phdi trien chieu cao cdy ngd tren ddi canh tac nam thir 2 Hinh 4 cho thay sir phat trien ciia cay ngd tren dkt a nam canh tae thir 2, klii sir dung phan ii ii6i neu bdn phan b5ng each cuoe hd (each 2) cao hon rat nhieu so vdi each vun quanh gdc (each 1), sail 50 ngay chieu cao ngd d d sir dung each bon 2 eao han d d sir dung each bdn 1 la 25,2em.
Doi vdi phan u ehim thi each bdn 2 ciing eao ban each bdn 1 la 10,52cm. DiSu nay eho thay
HQl NGH! KHOA HQC T O A N Q U 6 C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y E N SINH VAT L A N THO 5
viec cuoe hd bdn Idt ngay tir dau da giup cay ngd hap thu chat dinh dudng tot hon viec bdn sau khi cay da nay m4m.
Kit qua thuc nghiem tren dat d nam canh tac thii 3 cho thay viec bdn lot khi bit dau gieo hat da giiip cho cay ngd phat trien chieu cao tdt han (bang 1), cu the chieu cao bdn phan ii ndi theo each 2 eao han each 1 la 42,9cm; chi6u cao bdn phan u ehim theo each 2 cao han each 1 la 2,4cm.
? ' Bang theo ddi chieu cao trung binh cay ngd theo thdi gian (cm) 6 thi> nghi?m
N1-UC1 N1-UC2 N1-KB N2-UN1 N2-UN2 N2-UC1 N2-UC2 N2-KB N3-UN1 N3-UN2 N3-UC1 N3-UC2 N3-KB
Thoi gian sinh trirang 20 ngay
62.60 67,33 62,03 51,93 74,87 51,60 63,63 64,40 45,40 68,03 50,57 58,60 51,27
30 ngay 112,43 111,43 108,20 94,58 125,07 87,10 98,13 107,47 78,97 95,03 83,23 82,40 79,20
40 ngay 162,23 168.88 154,27 143,12 172,60 126,40 141,03 150,50 106.33 135.33 116,27 118,20 115,60
50 ngay 193,47 187.35 188,00 179,03 204,23 153,45 163,97 177,55 116.72 159,62 136,37 138.77 133,67
Chi^u cao cudi cung 195,77 195.48 198,60 190,35 206,05 157,75 163,17 179,52 109,37 158,97 138,63 147,77 130.63
Chilu cao dong bip 98,47 86,73 95,30 94,57 102.05 70.98 75.43 85.57 51.63 79.00 61.87 59.27 61.37 Chi chii: N1-N3-S6 nSm dat da dugc trong ngd.
3. Nghien cuu ve dong thai ra la
Ciing vdi sir tang trudng ehiSu cao eay la su phat triln ve sd la cay ngd, luc cay d^t dg cao t6i da cung la lue dat sd la tdi da. La la ea quan thuc hien quang hgp va la nai tich luj chat hfiu CO cho cay. Tde dg ra la ngd tren d dat canh tac nam 2 dugc the hien tren hinh 5.
Tde do ra la va nang suat tren dit cd thdi gian canh tac khac nhau dugc trinh bay tai bang 2.
Tren dat canh tac nam 2 va sau 50 ngay, d bdn phan u ndi theo each 2 cd tde dg ra la nhanh hon each 1 la 1,71 la, trong khi d bdn phan u chim theo each 2 cd toe do ra la nhanh ban so vdi each 1 la 0,67 la. Tren dat eaiih tac nam 3 va sau 50 ngay, tde dg ra la ciia d bdn phan ii noi theo each 2 nhanh han d bdn phan theo each 1 la 1,98 la; d bdn phan ii chim theo each 2 nhanh han so vdi theo each 1 la 0,43 la. Tir nhu'ng ket qua tren cho thky viec bdn Idt phan khi bat dau gieo h?t giiip cho tde do ra la cua cay nhanh hem.
HQI NGH! KHOA HOC TOAN QUOC V£ SINH THAI VA TAI NGUYEN SINH VAT LAN THU 5
16 -1 14 l ? i 10
8 i
4 2 0
•
, ^ - ^ ,-- , f---
L B
20 ngay 30 ngay 40 ngay U Rdi 1 -D - U noi 2 A U chim 1 A U chim 2
— - —
50 ngay X Khong bon
Hinh 5. Toe do ra Id 6 tren ddi canh tac nam 2
Bang theo doi toe do trung binh ra la cay ngd theo thdi gian va nang suat trung binh 6 thi> nghi|m
N1-UC1 N1-UC2 N1-KB N2-UN1 N2-UN2 N2-UC1 N2-UC2 N2-KB N3-UN1 N3-UN2 N3-UC1 N3-UC2 N3-KB
The*! gian sinh triFO-ng 20 ngay
6,90 7.40 6 67 6.20 7.13 6 30 6.80 6 87 5.73 6,73 5.93 6.23 6.10
30 ngay 8.50 9.33 8.53 7.57 8.93 7.57 8 20 8.33 7.20 7.70 7 20 7.17 7.27
40 ngay 11.40 11.25 10.67 10.68 12.13 10 07 10.50 10.70 9.50 10 87
9.80 9.90 9.47
50 ngay 14 13 14.08 13.95 13 02 14 73 12.73 13.40 13.32 11.22 13.20 12.20 12.63 11,60
Nang s u i t kho (kg)
1.4 1.8 0.7 0.8 0 9 0.4 0 8 0.7 0 7 0 7 1.5 2 1.8 Chi chu: N-S6 nSm canh tac tr6ng ngo.
4. Chieu cao cay cuoi cung ciia cay ngd
Duge tinh tir gdc cay den diem phan nhanh dau tien ciia bong cd. Chi tieu nay phan anh qua trinh sinh trudng, phat trien cua cay tdt hay xku.
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N a m ! NSin3
[DTJnoi 1 • U noi 2 DV chim 1 O U chim 2 • Khong bon Hinh 6. Chieu cao cuoi ciing ciia cdy (cm)
Ket qua thdng ke chieu eao cudi ciing eiia eay ngd cho thay, tren dat canh tac nam thii 1 viec bdn phan khdng anh hudng den chieu cao cay, do la miia canh tac diu tien nen dinh dudng trong dat chua bi anh hudng, cay phat trien tot. Ddi vdi cac d tren dat canh tae nam thu 2 va nam thii 3 chieu cao cay cudi cung cua cac d bdn phan li ndi va u chim theo each bdn thir 2 dIu cho ket qua eao han so vdi cac d bdn theo each 1 va d khdng bdn.
5. Chieu cao dong bap
Duge tinh tir mgt dat den vi tri ddng bap tren cung. Chieu eao ddng bap ed mdi tuong quan ty le thuan vdi chieu eao eay. Chieu eao ddng bap la yeu td het sue quan trgng, anh hudng Uvc tiep den nang suat cua cay ngd. BSp ddng d vj tri qua thap hoac qua cao dIu anh hudng tryc tiep den nang suat. Neu vj tri ddng bap qua eao thi la ddng bip nhd va eay de bj do gay, ngoai ra ^ h hudng den qua trinh thu phan, tich luy chat khd vao hat lam hat khdng dugc chac may, bap be.
NIU qua thap bap bi che khuat de bi sau due than due bip pha hoai, khd khan trong qua trinh thg phan, sd lugng hat phan tiep xuc vdi rau it dan dan den sd hat tren bap nhd.
Ket qua chieu cao ddng bap van cho thay phan ii ndi bdn theo each 2 cd chieu cao vugt trgi so vdi cac d thi nghi?m trong ciing mgt dieu kien. Tren dat canh tae nam thir 2, chieu eao ddng bap trong d bdn phan u ndi theo each 2 cao nhit: 102,05cm, cao hem d bdn phan li ndi theo each 1 tdi 7,48cm va cao han d khdng bdn 16,48cm. Tren dat canh tac nam thir 3, chieu eao ddng bap trong d bdn phan u ndi theo each 2 cao nhat: 79cm, cao han d bdn phan ii ndi theo each 1 (27,37cm) va cao ban d khdng bdn phan (17,63cm).
6. Nang suat ngd
Hinh 7 eho thay each bdn thii 2 eiia cae loai phan cho kit qua tot va vugt trgi so vdi cac kieu bdn khac. Cu the, tren dat canh tac nam thu nhit, bdn phan u chim theo each bdn 2 nSng suit cao hon bdn theo each 1 la 540kg/sao, cao han nang suSt khdng bdn phan la 1.200kg/sao.
Tren dat canh tae nam thir 2, khi bdn phan u noi theo each 2 nang suat cao ban so vd) each 1 la 800kg/sao va cao han so vdi d khdng bdn phan la 1.440kg/sao. Trudng hgp dat canh tac nSm thu 3, bdn phan li ndi theo each 2 cho nang suat cao hem so vdi each 1 la 580kg/sao, cao hem so vdi d khong bdn phan la 335kg/sao.
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Nam 2 Nam 3
EDUndil a U n o i l DUcfuml DUchimZ •Khongb6n Hinh 7. Ndng suat ngd (kg hat kho/sao) III. KET LUAN
Phucmg thirc sir dung dkt de trdng trgt qua nhilu nam nhimg khdng cung cap dinh dudng cho dat dan den nang suat sut giam dang kl theo thdi gian. Dieu dd dan den nhu cSu khai pha rirng lam ray mdi de trdng trgt anh hudng khdng nhd den nguon tai nguyen rirng. Viec bdn phan compost da cd tac dgng Idn den sy sinh trudng va phat trien trong giai doan dau cua cay ngd. Cach bdn phan theo phuang phap bdn Idt ngay tir khi mdi gieo hat giiip cho cay hap thu dinh dudng tot han n€n chieu eao cay phat trien tdt han va toe dg ra la nhanh han. Cac chi tieu hinh thanh san lugng nhu chieu cao cudi ciing, chieu cao ddng bap va nang suat ngd da cho thay vi^c bdn phan compost da giup cho san lugng ngd tang dang ke, gdp phan lam tSng thu nhap ciia ngudi ndng dan va tang gia trj dinh dudng cho dat, giiip giam bdt tinh trgng khai ph^ rirng lam ray mdi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. B9 Nong nghiep vJ Phit triSn nSng thon, 2007. Quy djnh khao nghi?m, cong nhan va dat ten phan b6n mdi-Ban h^nh kem theo QuySt dinh s6 37/2007/QD-BNN ngiy 24 thang 4 nam 2007 ciia Bo trudng Bgi Nong nghiep \h Ph^t trien nfing th6n.
2. VU6TI QUOC gia Nui Chua, 2008. Bao cao danh gia PRA
3. Duong Due Hieu, Le Cong Nhat Phuong, Vd Thj Kieu Thanh, Le Thj Anh Hong, Triin Quang Vinh, Phiing Huy Huan, 2012. San xu3t phan hChJ co sinh hgc tir phe pham mat cua sau thu hogch nam v^ chat ihai chan nu6i. Tap chi Sinh hpc-Tuyln tap c^c cong trinh khoa hoc Vien Sinh htpc Nhiet doi 9/2012,
4. Nguyen Thj Phu-ong Thao, Le Thj Hong Tram, Luong Due Thipn, Andrew Bcncdic Wyatt, NguyJn Xuan Vinh, 2012. Djnh hudng phat Iriin b^n vung canh t^c tren dkt d6c tai Vudn Quoc gia Niii Chiia va Vudn Qu6c gia Phudc Binh, tinh Ninh Thuan.
5. Phgm Bach Vi^t, 2005. Dac diem dieu ki^n ty nhien trong de tai cap trung tam: "Dieu tra nghien cufu tong hgp tai nguyen thien nhien va sinh thai kho ban Khu Bao ton thien nhien Nui Chiia, tinh Ninh Thu^n. Vi?n Sinh hpc Nhiet ddi,
6. http://thuvienbrvt.coni.vn/pages/San-pham-thong-tin-ct,aspx?pg - San-pham-thong-tin & par = 10 &
cat = 12 & id = 173 (ngay Iruy cap: 2/2012).
7. hltp://giacaphe.com/1702/xu-ly-vo-ca-phe-lam-phan-sinh-hoc/(ngay truy cap: 2/2012) 8. http://fTs.speri.org/upload/medias/rile_1318355578,pdf(ngay truy cap: 3/2012).
•>. htlp://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/(ngay truycap:3'20l2).
HQl NGHI KHOA HQC T O A N Q U O C V £ SINH T H A I V A T A I N G U Y E N SINH VAT L A N THt> 5 COMPOST APPLICATION IN CORN PRODUCTION ON STEEP SLOPING SITES OF RAGLAY PEOPLE, NUI CHUA NATIONAL PARK, NINH THUAN PROVINCE
LUONG DUC THIEN, LE THI HONG TRAM, NGUYEN THI PHUONG THAO SUMMARY
Agricultural production without fertilizer on the steep sloping sites of Raglay people in Nui Chua National Park is short-term due to loosing nutnents through erosion. This leads to reclamation of new forest areas The expenment with two types of bio-fertilizers (anaerobic and aerobic composting) made from harvesting crop residues and available scrubs has a positive impact on the growth, development and production of corn. Especially effective is the anaerobic method of composting and the underground application of the compost