NGHIEN CUU
KESESSCH.
Nghien cuu img dung nhan dang b^ng song v6 tuyen (RFID) trong quan tri kho hang cua cac doanh nghiep
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Khoa He thong thong tin kinh te va Thuong mai dien tu, Truong E i hoc Thuong mai
Cdng nghd RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) la cdng nghd nhan dgng ddi tugng bang sdng vd tuydn, eho phdp nhan biet cac dd'i tuong thdng qua he thdng thu phat sdng, tfl dd cd the giam sat, quan ly hoae luu vdt ddi tugng. Quan tri chudi cung flng la mdt trong nhting van dd ma cac doanh nghiep deu rdt quan tam. Thyc te eho thdy sy thanh cdng cua doanh nghiep hong kinh doanh phy thudc rdt Idn vao khd nang qudn ly chudi cung flng cua hg. Trong hoat ddng quan tri ehuoi cung ting thi qudn tri kho cd y nghia vd cflng quan trgng. Viec flng dyng edng nghe, dac biet Id cdng nghe nhan dgng bdng sdng vd tuydn (RFID) Id mdt trong nhting cdeh iam hieu qua nhdt dd cd thd nang eao hidu qud cho cdng tdc qudn tri kho hang cfla cac doanh nghiep.
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Cdng nghd nhan dgng bang sdng vd tuydn (RFID - Radio Frequency Identification) Id cdng nghe xac nhan, theo ddi dd'i tugng bang sdng vd tuydn va luu thdng tin hong mdt the (tag). Bd dgc qudt dti lieu the va gfli thdng tin den co sd du lieu luu trit dii lidu cfla the.
Do quy trinh cung flng hang hda ludn di qua kho hdng tdng (kho phdn phdi). Theo quy trinh qudn ly hang tdn kho (nhap hang -> hdng tdn kho -> luan chuydn hang hda trong nha kho -> chuydn ddi trang Uidi luu kho -> xudt kho), nha qudn Iy phdi tbeo ddi hang ton kho vd ddm bao rang cac san phdm dugc sap xdp, bdc dd va chuydn di mdt cdeh hgp ly va hieu qua.
Vdi mdt kho hang duge quan ly tu ddng, cdng nghd da phdn ndo giflp nhd quan Iy va nhan vien qudn Iy hang ton kho thdng qua cac nghidp vu kho nhu tidp nhan hang, luu kho, bdc dd, bdc xdp vd van chuyen.
Tuy nhidn, khi flng dyng RFID, hoat ddng ndy cdn dem lgi nhieu lgi ich khac, nhu:
- Dap ling nhanh chdng dat hang cfla khach hang.
- Gidm so sudt xudt nhap nhdm hdng nhd tinh chinh xdc cfla RFID.
- Giam thdi gian thao tac vd nhap sd lidu tgi kho.
- He thdng RFID giup nha qudn ly biet dugc hang hdt ban va xdc dinh chinh xdc, nhanh chdng vi tri cua timg sdn phdm de gidm thdi gian tim kiem vd lay nham sdn phdm.
- Ndm rd tdn kho, tudi hang tdn kho quydt dinh kinh doanh phu hgp.
- Quan ly dugc Hch trinh cfla sdn phdm trong qud trinh sdn xuat hogc van chuyen.
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- Vdi su tieh hgp va hd hg chat chd trong he thdng quan ly nghidp vu, RFID cho phep giam cdc thao tdc nhap sd lieu, hgn chd td'i da nham lan hong cac boat ddng nghiep vu.
2. ling dung ciing nghe nhan dang bang song vd tuyen troiig quan trj hho hang cua doanh nghiep
Quy trinh eung flng hdng hda ludn di qua kho hang tdng (kho phan phd'i). Theo quy trinh qudn ly hang tdn kho (nhap hdng-> hang tdn kho-> luan chuydn hang hda trong nhd kho -> chuyen ddi trgng thdi luu kho -
> xudt kho), nha quan ly phai theo ddi hang tdn kho va ddm bdo rang edc sdn phdm duge sdp xep, bdc dd va chuydn di mdt each hgp ly va hidu qua.
Vdi mdt kho hdng dugc quan ly tu ddng, cdng nghd da phdn nao giflp nha quan ly va nhan vien qudn ly' hang tdn kho thdng qua cac nghidp vu kho nhu tidp nhgn hang, luu kho, bdc dd, bde xdp vd van chuyen.
Tuy nhidn, khi flng dung RFID, hogt ddng nay cdn dem lgi nhidu lgi ich khdc. Vdi sy tich hgp va hd trg chat che hong hd thdng quan ly nghiep vy, RFID cho phdp gidm cdc thao tdc nhap sd' lieu, hgn chd tdi da nhdm Idn trong cac hoat ddng nghidp vu.
2.1, ting dung cdng nghd RFID trong quan hi du trii hang hda
Do RFID cd tinh nhan dien duy nhdt, ndn tdt cd hang hda trong kho (chdt lugng, mauma, vi tri...) deu dugc nhan bidt bdi he thdng thu sdng radio. Hd thdng ndy dugc kdt nd'i vdi he thd'ng thdng tin kho hang.
Chinh vi vay chi cdn mdt nhan vien quan tri tren may thdng qua thdng tin md he thd'ng RFID cung cap:
- Cd thd kiem kd toan bd hang hda hong kho, tham
chi bidt chinh xde vl hi efla hdng hda do md khdng phdi vdo kho
- Cd thd Uiao tdc nhanh chdng vd chinh xdc han trong \adc Idp sd tiiu mua, tidu thy, tdn kho dd theo ddi sd lugng, chflng Idgi hang hong kho
- Cd the nhanh chdng bidt Id hang ndo da qud hgn khdng dugc bay bdn nfla, chflng loai hang hda ndo dang hflt khdch Udu dflng cdn mua tiiem.
2.2. Ung dung cong nghd RFID trong quan tri hdng nhap kho
Chi cdn mdt tiiidt hi thu sdng kdt ndi vdi hd tiling thdng Un khd hang tiii ta cd thd quan ]f toan bd hdng hda dugc nhap vdo kho:
Chi cdn mdt nhan vidn qudn tri kho trdn mdy tinh cd the thuc hien dugc tat cd cdc cdng vide nhu:
- Thdng ke sd hdng hda vao kho (thdng tin sd lugng hdng hda do RFID cung cdp)
- Phan loai hdng hda (thdng tin logi hdng hda do RFID cung cdp)
- Xep hang vao vi tri sdn phdm cflng logi (thdng tin cho xe nang vj tri xdp hdng)
- Thdi gian dugc rut ngdn rdt nhidu so vdi cdc phuang phdp kidm kd trudc
2.3. Ung dung cdng ngh^ RFID trong quan tri hang xudt kho
Ddi vdi cdc doanh nghidp, qudn tri hdng xudt kho rdt quan trgng. Nd thudng tdn nhan edng va thdi gian kidm hang. Chi cdn mdt sai sdt vd Id hang (sd lugng, ngudi nhan) cd thd gay tdn thdt rdt Idn cho doanh nghidp. Ong dung RFID Id mdt gidi phdp giflp qud trinh nay trd ndn don gian va chinh xac, tidt kidm nhan luc va thdi giein cho doanh nghiep
Khi ap dung RFID nhan vidn quan tri kho hang cd thd de dang qudn ly vide xudt hang cfla cdng ty
- Khi Udn hanh xudt hang, hd thdng se nhan bidt vi til, sd lugng, chdt lugng cfla Id hang ma khdng sg bi nhdm Idn
- Nhan vidn qudn Iy kho sd xdc djnh chinh xdc dugc Id hdng can chuydn vd eho chuydn Idn xe
- Hang hda sau khi Idn xe, hd thdng sd kidm tra mdt Idn nua xem da ddy dfl ehua va chuydn thdng tin nay cho khach hdng
2.4. Ung dung cdng nghd RFID trong qudn tri kho hang dien hi
Cd the md td cu thd vd flng dung RFID trong tflng hogt ddng qudn ly kho hdng didn tu, Idy didn hinh la kho hang cd tich hgp phdn mdm qudn ly kho hang (WMS)nhusau:
i) Thidt kd kho: Chflc nang thidt kd kho hang (warehouse design) eho phdp nha quan ly tuy chinh quy hinh Idm vide dd ddm bdo hdng hda trong kho dugc phdn bd theo vj tri vd thfl tu mdt cdeh hop ly nhkm giflp cho quy trinh nhdp-xudt hdng hda dugc
didn ra tiiuan Igi. Thdng qua RFID, phan mem kho cd khd nang tinh toan va thidt lap ra cdc ngan ke (slotting bin) hgp ly dd tdi da hda khdng gian nha kho cung nhu sdp xdp hgp Iy nhting loai hang tdn kho bien ddi theo mua vu.
ii) Nhaip kho va luu kho: Khi hang hda dugc nhap vao kho, phdn mem quan Iy kho tien hdnh luu kho theo quy tdc da dinh sdn dd phue vy cho cdng viee xuat hang ve sau dugc thuan tien. Khi vao kho thanh pham, cac san phdm da dugc gdn thd RFID, d cdng tae nhap kho nay nhan vidn ddy sdn pham qua cfla kho (hoae vi tri) dugc lap dat Uiidt bi dgc RFID. Khi san phdm di qua, ddu dgc thd RFID se dgc tat ca cac thd RFID dugc gdn hen san phdm ngay cd khi khdng nhin thdy chflng. Dfl lieu dgc dugc se tmydn thang ddn phdn mem sever dd dd'i chidu, sd sdnh sd lugng nhap kho hoae tao phidu nhap kho mdi vdi cde thdng tin can qudn ly khde. Ke tu luc nay san phdm dugc quan \f thdng qua the RFID duge gan tren sdn phdm.Cac phan mem tidn tidn cung cdp tinh nang nhan dien san phdm bang gigng ndi (picking-to- voice), hoae dnh sdng (picking-to-light) dd ho trg edc nhd kho quy md Idn, phflc tap vd tinh vi.
' iii) Theo ddi hang tdn kho vd kidm tra ngudn gde san phdm: Khi san phdm da dugc xudt cho khach hdng, trong trudng hgp san pham bi ldi hay cd vdn dd gi ma doanh nghidp edn bidt san phdm ndy dugc sdn xudt khi nao, da xudt cho ai,...tiii cd thd vdo he thdng de tmy tim thdng tin ve sdn phdm ndy thdng qua RFID dugc gdn trdn sdn phdm. Viec tim kidm thdng tin dugc thye hien vdi ddu dgc RFID hoae bdng each nhap tay ma sd cua san pham nay vao md-dun tmy tim ngudn gde, tat ca cae tiidng tin lidn quan ddn sdn pham nay sd dugc hien thi giflp doanh nghiep cd nhting thdng tin chinh xac ve san phdm va dua ra dugc phuang an giai quydt van dd mdt each td'i uu.
Hau hdt cdc phan mdm quan ly kho hdng ddu cung cap tinh nang theo ddi hdng tdn kho (inventory track- ing) tidn tien, chang hgn nhu ty dgng nhan didn vd tiiu thdp du lidu hdng hda (AIDC), may qudt ma vgch, hoae RFID de dam bao hang tdn kho dugc nhan dien mdt each chinh xac va dd dang xac dinh vi hi khi thdi diem xudt chuydn hdng hda den.
iv) Bdc dd: Mdt phan mem quan Iy kho thudng cung cap cho nhd quan ly nhidu phuong dn bdc dd va bdc xdp (Pick-and-Pack) mdt cdeh linh hogt nhu bdc dd theo khu vyc (zone picking), theo dgt (wave pick- ing) va theo Id (batch picking) nhdm da dgng va tiiuan tidn hdn cho ngudi lao ddng. Ngoai ra, vide quy hogch hang hda theo Id ket hgp vdi cdc ldi di xen ke se giflp cdng nhdn gidm quang dudng di chuyen xudng tdi thieu vd nhanh chdng hodn thanh cdng vide.
Loi ich cfla flng dyng RFID de thay nhdt Id hong kidm kd: tang lugt van chuyen, nhgn, cung cdp cd nang sudt, giam gid cho viec lao ddng chdn tay qudt md vach d tflng thflng hdng , xep hdng vd sy thdt thodt
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NGHliN CUU J
kiem ke. Bd dgc RFID dugc edi Ifle chdt hdng d cac thdy khu vyc kho cdn phai cai thi^n. Vi du, phan mem cfla bdn tdu cd thd phdt hidn the hdng hda hogc cac
tfli qua cde cua. Bd dgc gfli mOt Idnh ddn the RFID dd phat edc nhan dgng, thu thap thdng tin nay va ehuydn tiep ddn mdy Unh. Mdy Unh ghi co sd dfl lidu kiem kd dua vdo hdng hda dd Id nhgp hay xudt. Ndu he thd'ng sfl dyng the thdng minh thi may Unh cd Uid ghi ngay giao/nhan va thdi gian tren thd.
cd thd ty ddng phan tich chu ky vdng quay hang hda, qua dd nhan bidt dugc tJ suat quay vdng cao hay thdp de didu chinh ve mflc do hgp 1^.
3. Ket luan
Lgi ich cfla cdng nghd nh$n dgng bdng sdng vd tuydn (RFID) so vdi cac be thdng nhgn dang khdc Id Thd RFID la cdng nghe hdp dan giflp cho cac nha kha nang dgc dfl lieu tfl xa, bd nhd ehfla nhidu thdng ban id didn tfl don gian hda viee kiem ke hdng hda, tdi tin hon, thdng tin sdn pham cd Uid sua ddi vd c§p nhat thieu hda kho hdng vd han chd mdt mat trong qua mdt cdeh nhanh chdng, dugc luu lai ddm bdo ti'nh trinh bdn hang. Tfl dd, dem lai hidu qua kinh td cho chinh xdc. Trong khi cdc ma vgch vd hao ddi dfl lieu cdc doanh nghidp, ngudi tidu dung se cd them nhidu dien tfl EDI gifla cdc mdy tinh ludn gSp phdi mdt sd sy lya chon va gia ca thdp hon. hgn che: cdc ma vgch thdng thudng dugc ddu dgc v) van chuydn: Quy trinh xudt kho:nhan vidn ddy Quet qua va phai dugc dgc lidn tyc, cac ma vgch san phdm qua cfla kho (ho^c vi tri) dugc Idp dgt thidt
bi dgc RFID. Khi sdn phdm di qua, ddu dgc tiid RFID se dgc tdt ca cac thd RFID dugc gdn hdn san phdm ngay cd khi khdng nhin thdy chung. Dfl lidu dgc dugc se tmydn thdng ddn phdn mdm sever dd ddi chidu, so sdnh sd lugng xudt kho cd chinh xac hay khdng hoae tao phieu xudt kho mdi vdi cdc thdng tin cdn quan ly khac.Khi nha quan Iy kho xdc nhgn don dat hang, phdn mem quan ly kho tu ddng xudt ra van don dd gfli cho bdn van chuydn, in ra danh saeh hang hda cdn chudn hi cflng nhu hda don tgm tinh dd bdn dat hang xdc nhan don dat hang. Mdt s6 he thdng tham chi cho phep in ra hudng dan sfl dyng, Idp rap ndu cdn thidt...Khi cdc mat hang da duge ddng thung, phdn mdm kho cd thd gui thdng bdo giao hang trudc (ASN) cho cdc kho bdng khac hong hd thdng bidt va dflng Igi cdng tdc chudn bi giao hang.
vi) Qudn ly nhdn lyc: Module qudn ly nhan Iuc cung giflp cac nha qudn ly gidm sdt vd ddnh hidu sudt lam viec cfla ngudi lao ddng. Bdng chi sd do ludng hidu sudt cdng vide (KPIs) giflp nhd qudn ly giflp nhd qudn Iy de dang ddnh gid hidu sudt cdng viec cua ngudi lao dgng dang thyc hien d trdn hay dudi tieu chudn.
vii) Quan ly bdn bai: Qudn ly bdn bai (yard & dock management) giflp nhd qudn ly sdp xdp kho bai, phan luong xe van tai den va di vd dd dang tim thdy nhflng 16 hang chinh xdc cdn van chuydn. Mdt sd phdn mdm cung cdp cho nhd qudn ly tinh nang chuydn hdng thdng sudt (cross-docking), nhd dd, hdng hda vfla
dugc bdc dd xudng tu xe tdi dd'n ddng thdi dugc chat Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh.
khdng thd thay ddi mdt khi da dugc in vd dd bi hdng.
Trong khi dd, vide sfl dung cdng nghd RFID khdng cdn nhin thdy ddi tugng vdn cd thd djnh danh duge ddi tucmg, cd dd bdn cao, vide tmy cdp khdng cdn tidp xuc. Cdng nghd ndy cd thd cap nhat thdng tin hdng hda hong kho lidn tyc, hdnh dugc viec thdt thoat hang hda, thdng bao thudng xuydn nhting mat hdng tdn khd lau ngay, dam bdo nhanh tien dO cung cdu, bat kip thi trudng, nang cao kha nang canh tranh vdi cae ddanh nghidp khdc.
Qudn tri kho hdng Id mdt cdng vide rdt quan trgng d6i vol cdc doanh nghiep. Viee qudn ly khd bdng cdeh ghi chdp sd lieu thu cdng la rdt vdt va va tieu tdn then gian, nhidu khi ddn ddn sai sdt hay mdt mat sd sach.
Viec tmg dyng cdng nghd trong cdng tdc qudn tri kho sd giup cde doanh nghiep hinh thdnh mdt quy tiinh quan Iy kho hidu qud, qua dd nang cao hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Le Duy Hai (2014), Phat tridn flng dung trao ddi du lieu dien tfl trong cdng tdc qudn tri kho cua cdc doanh nghiep tren dia ban Ha Ndi va cdc tinh lan cdn. Luan van thac sy, Dgi hgc Thuong mai.
Nguydn Van Hiep (2014), Giao tnnh Cdng nghd nhan dang bang sdng vd tuyen, Nha xudt bdn Dai hgc xdp ngay len xe khdc, qua dd giflp doanh nghidp eat
giam chi phi luu hang tdn kho va td'i uu hda hidu qud giao hdng.
viii) Quy hinh kidm kho va bao cdo Trong cdng tde kidm kho, chi cdn ngudi qudn ly vdo phdn mdm cd the
Nguyen Thanh Thfly (2012), Cfng dung cdng nghd RFID trong quan ly logistics cdng va kha nang phdt tridn img dung tai cdc cdng Vidt Nam, Tmng tam ddo tao Logistics, Dgi hgc Hang Hai.
Vfl Thi Thfly Hdng (2014), Nghien cflu kha nang bidt dugc sd lugng tdn kho va vl tri chinh xac cfla timg ^ g (jy^g ^^^^ ^g^^ RFID (nhan dang bdng sdng tdn sdn phdm. Lflc dd se xuat ra bdo cdo hodc cap nhdt y^ tuydn) trong tiiuong mgi didn tfl, Dai hgc Thuong lgi sd lieu tfieo ydu cau cfla nhd qudn ly.Tinh nang bdo j^^j
cdo tien tidn trong phan mem giup cdc nha qudn ly phdn tich hidu sudt tdng thd cdc boat dgng kho va tim md
