^ ^ _
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO/riCH HOP Gin V€ TINH Vfl GPS/PPK GOP PHflN NANG CAO HIEU QUA KY THUAT VA KINH TE CONG TACi
DO VE BAN DO MO LO THIEN KHAI THAC XUONG SAU
GS.TS. V 6 CHI M?
Ph§n hgi Trac dja md Viet Nam ThS. NGUY§N QUOC LONG, ThS. VO NGOC D O N G
Trwdng Dai hoc Md-Dia chit
1. T i n g quan
Trong cdc ndi dung cdng tde md If thien, do ve chi tilt thanh Ifp ban d l Id edng dogn chilm nhilu thdi gian nhit, chilm khii luyng Idn nhit vd thyc hifn thudng xuyen nhit trong cde hogt ddng trie dja d md. Hifn nay, qud trinh do ve chi tilt md If thifn phai trai qua ba cOng doan:
• Cdng dogn 1 - Thdnh Ifp mgng ludi khing ' c h l trfn be mft md;
• Cdng dogn 2 - Xdy dyng ludi khing chl do ve;
• Cdng dogn 3 - Do v§ chi tilt,
Theo truyin thing, ludi khing c h l trfn b l mft md duyc thdnh lgp theo phuang phdp ludi tam gidc xult phdt td cdc dilm cua ludi khing chl elp eao. Ludi duyc tang day theo hai hof c ba d p cho din khi mdt dg dilm trfn b l mgt md vua du cho cdng tdc thdnh lgp ludi khing c h l do ve trong mo If thifn. Trong nhdng nam g i n day, ludi khong chl vCing md dd duyc thdnh Ifp bing cdng nghf GPS, tuy da giam khdi luyng Idn ve thdi gian vd cdng sdc so vdi ludi tam gidc, mgt dO dilm trfn todn khu vyc cQng thua ban nhung yeu cau nglm thOng d l phye vg cho cfng tdc thdnh Ifp ludi khong c h l do ve trong long md vdn can s l luyng dilm phdn b l du tren b l mat. Trong tru'dng hyp mo lg thidn ngay cdng xulng sdu, khoang cdch td d\km khing c h l do ve din difm khing c h l cdng Idn, kha ndng nglm thong d i n ede dilm ngdy edng khdthl yeu elu ndy edng d p thilt ban.
O cde md lg thifn Vift Nam, eae phuang phdp truyin thing pho biln d f thdnh Ifp mgng ludi diem khing ehe do ve trong Idng moong bao gim: giao hfi thufn, giao hfi nghjeh... G i n day, cdc mdy todn dgc difn td da duyc dng dgng d l xdy dyng ludi khing c h l do ve bing so dd giao hfi gdc- cgnh. So vdi cdc phuang phdp do gdc truyin
CONGNGHltP MO. $ 6 4 - 2 0 1 5
7 mo
tbic thing, cOng nghf ndy cho phep ndng cao df ciiinh xdc xdc dinh tga d f diem, da giam khd nhilu cong sdc va thdi gian. Tuy the hifn duyc nhilu uu d i ^ ddy van Id mft cOng dogn khOng the thilu trong ddy chuyen cdng nghe do ve truyin thing.
Ld cOng dogn cuoi cua ddy chuyin cdng ngti^
do ve md lg thifn, do ve cht tilt Id nfi dung chilm nhilu khii luyng nhit trong eOng tdc do ve a R' phye vg cho cdng tdc thing ke khdi luyng dat bi vd khodng san, kilm ke k l hogeh san xult, i^.
nhft hifn trgng cac cdng trydng khai thdc, theo dft I n dinh bd mo... Hifn nay, do ve bing todn i39C difn td Id phuang phdp chinh duoc sd dung trong md lg thien. So vdi cdc thilt bj quang hgc, mSy todn dge dif rt td dd cho phep ndng cao d$ clitr^
xde do ve, giam nhilu cdng sdc vd thdi gian. Tuy thilt bj do dgc ngogi nghifp vd tinh todn hifn d^i han nhung ban chit van la cdng nghf todn cl^c, nghTa Id d l do ve bing eOng nghf ndy, bit Mc phai ton tgi hai cdng dogn trudc dd, tdc Id ^|£lFi Ifp lydi khdng c h l co sd vd ludi khing chl dpp.
Td phdn tich tren ddy, cho thiy rang: edng do ve truyin thong phai trai qua nhilu giai dogp vdi khii luyng cdng vifc ldn, dilu ndy ldm giamjii$u qua cdng tdc do ve d md, tang khii luyng vd giS thdnh cdc san phim trac dja ban d l md If tiiiSn, dgc bift doi vdl cdc mo lg thifn cO d f sdu Idn.
Trong nhdng nam g i n day, cong nghf GPS 33 dyyc dng dgng rgng rdi trong cdng tac trie dja;^
md trong dd, cd phuong phdp do ve md If thp bang GPS dfng x d ly sau (GPS/PPK). Nhilu ""' qua nghifn cdu I;? thuylt vd thyc nghifm d cdc If thifn Vift Nam d i u khing djnh yu (Sfm noi cua phuang phdp GPS/PPK so vdi cdc phm phdp truyin thing [2,3]. Phuong phdp GPS/PJ logi bd hodn todn hai cdng dogn 1 vd cdng do^ii
KHDA HOC VA CONG NGHE M O
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von cli^Sm nliilg cong syc, ttifri gian vd l(inti pill lan. Gan ddy, phyang plidp GPS/PPK da flyac .nghien cyg ttiyc nghiem thdnh cdng trong cdng tdc
|ao ve thanh lap ban m mo lo thidn Viet Nam. Khi tidn hdnh (Jo ve trong mo lo thien co do sdg lan IQeo Nai, Coc Sag, Ha Tg...), co mOt sd nggyen hhan cd the Idm giam dp chinh xdc cdc tri do jBPS/GNSS, trong dd cd [3]:
I • Sy che Chan cga cac tdng md lam giam s6 Wang vd tinh quan sat dyp'c vd qua do lam giam t<ha nang nhan tin hidg cga mdy thg;
•:• Sy phan b6 dd hinh ve tinh (PDOP) lihong thgan lai.
, Cung vi cdc ly do tren, do chinh xac xdc dinh do
"cao bi giam 2*3 ldn so vai tpa dp mdt bang. MJt khdc, tsi cdc didm (hoac l<hu vyc) I<h6ng cd du s6 lypng vp tinh hoac sy phan bo b6 d6 hinh vd tinh i(PDOP) khong thudn lai, thyd'ng phai do bd sung
|b5ng cdc phyang phap trgyen th6ng. Gia vd tinh la
^iai phdp dd khac phuc cdc hipn typng tren, c6 y jnghTa quan trpng trpng tryang hpp mo lo thien khai thdc xgdng sag.
I 2. Nguyen ly tio^t dong cua gia v^ tinti
! Gia v$ tinh (Psegdo-satellite, PS) Id mdt thidt bi cd Ithd tao song va phdt tin hi^u tren nhieu tiln s6 gidng
|nhy GLONASS. Zimmermann vd cpng sy [7] d§ d§
jxgat che tjo cdc gia ve tinh c6 the t^o vd phdt tin hidg ven nam tdn so. Gia ve tinh la thiet bj hS tn? cho cong lac dinh vi V0 tinh trong cac tryang hpp didg kidn do 'khd khan, ntiidg chyd-ng ngai vdt, s6 iypng ve tinh it 5va dd hinh PDOP khdng thgan Ipi. Khdng nhO'ng thd, 'gia vd tinh cdn dypc dp dgng trong cdc khdng gian fkhep kin (Indoor) nhy trong md ham 16, trong cdng Itrinh dyo'ng him... Hien nay, da so cdc gia ve tinh c6 hhe t^o va thyd'ng phat tin hi^g gi6ng nhy tin hidu
|GPS trdn tin s6 L, (1575,42 MHz) vd L2 (1227, 6 'MHz). Cd t h l hilg gia ve tinh nhy m^t vp tinh GPS bo 'sgng cd t h l phat cOng tin hipg vd trdn cfing mdt tdn Isd, ca khoang cdch gia va pha sdng tai dig cd t h l tao ira ty thidt bi gia ve tinh [4]. Nhy v^y, chi can cai tien Iphdn mdm nhdng (Finnware) trong mdy thg la cd t h l ibat dypc cdc tin hipg ctia ca v§ tinh GPS vd gia vd itinh PS [1], [6J. Phyang trinh xdc dinh khoang each Icua gia vp tinh cd dang:
R = V(XR -Xps)^ +(YR -Yps)' +(ZR -Zpsf (2) + cA.+i,rap+5
D l dang nhan thiy: so vd'i R trong GPS, trong cong thyc trdn khdng co li„, tCrc Id khdng co sd hieg chtnh dO t r i cua tin hieg khi di qga tang didn li, mjt anh hyang kha Id'n ddi vd'i k i t qga do GPS.
Gia v0 tinh Id cdng nghd md'i, hi^n v l n dang dypc tiep tgc nghidn cyg cac giai phdp d l hodn thipn vd •
ndng cao hidg qga trong cdc ndi dgng tich hpp vd'i tin hi#g GNSS. (Snh vi trong cdc dilu kipn khd khan nhyng ddi hoi dO chinh xdc cao.
Co ba giai phap do gia vi tinh:
• Tich hpp GPS/GNSS vd gia ve tinh;
•> Dinh vi gia vp tinh;
•> Tfch hpp GPS/GNSS, gia vd tinh vd hd thdng dinh vi quan tinh (INS).
Hidn nay, co nhilu hdng san xult cdc thilt bi gia vp tinh, mdt trong cdc san pham dypc sii dung pho bien la gia vd tinh IN200D cua hang Integri Nagtics (H.I).
H. 1. Cic thiit bi diin tCr cau hlnh gii vi Hnh IN200D 3. Kdt hp'p gia ve tinh va GPS/PPK trong md Id thien
D0 chinh xdc cga cdng tdc do dgc vd tho'i diem do thg^in Ipi phg thgpc rat nhilg vdo s6 lypng vp tinh va d l hinh phdn b l cga chiing, cdc y l u td k l trdn Id ham cga tho'i gian vd vj tri dilm qgan sat.
Trong cdng nghp GPS, vi tri dilm quan trie trdn mdt d i t dypc xac djnh bing phyang phdp giao hpi cgnh khdng gian dya vap tog dd theo lich vp tinh (Ephemeris) vd canh do dypc tCr vd tinh tdi diem qgan trie. Nhy vdy, ngodi cdc ,y|g t l nOi sinh cOa ban thdn h$ thong, do chinh xdc dinh vi tgydt d l i se phg thgdc vdo 2 y l g to:
•:• BO chinh xdc do khoang cdch, dypc bilg diln bd'i phyang sai ari
*> Dgng hinh hpc cOa d l hinh giao h$i (cudng do do hinh).
Nig coi gid trj ts, la da bilt thi do chinh xdc dinh vi phg thgOc nhilg vdo cydng dO do hinh. Phuang dn tich hpp GPS vd gia vp tinh id giai phdp tang cydng chit lypng tri do GPS trong trydng hpp so vp tinh khdng gian (Space-born Satellite) it hogc sy phan b l d l hinh vp tinh khdng thgdn Ipi va chinh Id trydng,hpp thudng xay ra trong cdc md lp thidn dac bidt cdc md lp thien khai thdc xging sag (H.2).
Cac tin hi0g phat di tCf gia v$ tinh cd y nghTa quan trpng trong vipc ho trp tdng cydng do cdc trj do GPS khi khdng du s l v§ tinh, giSm h$ so PDOP, ndng cao dO chinh xdc, d$ tin c^y cOa k i t qga do.
CONG NGHIlP M i , Sif « • 2115
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE MO
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Problem). Ban chat cua v l n de g i n xa Id: ith khoang cd(^ gida gia v f tlnh vd cdc mdy thu GP;thay d i l , cOng sudt tin hifu cung thay dil [^
Khoang each qua gdn se gay nhiiu mdy thu ^ hifn tuyng giao thoa tin hifu; nguyc lai, khofl cdch qua xa se lam cho tin hifu ylu khfng duyc mdy thu. Tuy nhien, gdn day, cdc gia vfi da dp dgng phuang an phat tin hifu dudi xung vdi chu ky ngdn c l djnh (Fixed Cyde Rafe dd khdc phuc duyc vdn d l ndy.
H.2. Sy tich hgp tin hieu vg tinh GPS vd gia ve tinh PS trong md lg thien Khi dng dgng gia vf tinh edn luu y cdc sai s l sau:
*:* Sai s6 da dudng dan: sai sd da dudng dan cua gia v f tinh cd dac difm rifng so vdi da dudng dan cua tin hieu GPS, eae tin hieu gia vf tinh khdng nhung phan xg td cdc dli tuyng trong khu vye do vd cdn phan xg td ehinh mdy thu. Mat khdc, gdc ngudng giua mdy thu vd gia v f tinh rdt nho nen anh hudng eua da dudng dan dli vdi khoang cdch gia vd pha sOng tai Id khd Idn. Trong trudng hyp may thu va gia vf tinh diu co dinh (do tlnh) thi gid trj sai s l da dudng ddn duyc coi Id mdt hdng sd. Bilt duyc ddc tinh sai s l da dudng dan cua gia vf tinh trong mdi tru'dng tlnh, cd t h l df dang tim cdch hieu chinh vd khdc phgc;
<* Sai sd tdng d l i luu: mgt uu dilm ndi bat cua gia vf tinh Id ede tin hifu khdng bj anh hudng eua ting cnfn ly, nhung van edn anh hudng eua tdng dli luu. Cdc md hinh tieu chudn hieu chTnh do trf trong tdng dli lyu dli vdi GPS eua Hopfield liodc Saastamoinen khdng dng dgng duyc eho gia vf tinh bdi vi thdng s l cdc md hinh ndy duyc tinh todn cho tin hifu GPS td 20 000 km, trong khi tin hif u cua gia vf tinh chi cd do cao trong khoang vdi tram met. Sai sd tdng d l i luu doi vdi gia ve tinh phg thudc chu ylu vdo dilu kifn khi quyln vd thdi tilt trong khu vyc do. Nfu hieu khoang cdch gida gia vf tinh din hai mdy thu khdng Idn, sai sd tdng dli luu se duyc giam thilu rdt nhilu; ^
<• Sai s l vj tri eua gia v f tinh: khdc vdi GPS - cdc vf tinh chuyin dfng tren quy dao - gia vf tinh duyc ddt e l djnh tgi mgt dilm, vi vdy, sai sd vi tri dilm gia ve tinh duoc eoi Id mft hdng s l . Sai s l vj t i eua gia vf tinh cd the lam anh hudng dang ke din trj do pha. tuy vdy, sal sd ndy chung chi ndm trong khoang vdi cen-ti-met;
• Vife b l tri d l hinh tich hyp gia vf tinh vd GPS thieh hyp se nang eao dg chinh xdc xac efinh toa do dilm (H.3). Vifc chgn vj tri gia v f tinh hyp ly Id vdn d l quan trgng vi lien quan d i n mgt vdn d l trong cdng nghf ndy dd Id bdi todn g i n xa (Near-Far
CONG NGHIEP MO. sti 4 - 2 0 1 5
H.3. Do hinh tich hop gia ve tinh va GPS 4. K f t Iuan
*> Khi dng dgng cong nghe do chi tilt banggj vf tinh vd GPS/PPK, cho phep ta sd dgng trgm b4 c l dinh ndm trong ranh gidl md vdi khoang cac khoang td 5 km (dli vdi mdy mdt tan sl) din 101 (ddi vdi may hai t i n sl), do vfy, khong cdn pha ^ dyng mgng ludi khing c h l ca sd day dae tren t mat md md ehi can xdy dyng mft s l dilm a 'A' thufn lyi, tham chi eO t h l bO trf tram base chur>g d nhilu md gdn nhau trong cung khu vyc; 1
• Vifc dng dyng cOng nghf gia ve tinh i GPS/PPK d l do ve md If thien se khdng ddi h xdy dyng dilm khong c h l do ve. Oay la edng ff"
ddi hdi phai cd mgt t f p hyp dilm tren b l mfl trong dilu kifn khai thdc xulng sau, tdm n!_
thOng hgn chl, nhllu khi khong thyc hifn dyyt^
<• Tich hyp gia ve tinh vd GPSfl'PK. cOng t do ve chi Bit chilm thdi gian it hon so vdl phiroi phap todn dac difn td. Tgi mdi fram dgng. thdi gl thu tin hifu trong khoang 15-20 gidy [2,3], nha han nhilu so vdi thao tac dgc so theo guang o may todn dgc difn tu;
• Su dgng cdng nghf GPS ddng do chi tilt|
If thifn se thay dOI todn bg chu frinh truyen ttioi Ben cgnh uu dilm v l giam kinh phi, eOng sdc. V rOt ngdn ihdi gian do ve ngogi nghifp fren ciB frudng gop phan bao v f sdc khoe vd an toan t can bf frdc dja mo.n
KHOA HOC V i CONB N G H | MO TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. BSng Nam Chinh, Bo Ngpc Dydng. Binh vi le tinh. NXB Khoa hpc vd KJ thgat. Hd Npi. 2014
2. Vd Chi l^y. Banh gia kha nang Crng dgng :dng nghp GPS dpng trong md Id thien Vidt Nam, rap chi Cdng nghiep IVld. Sd 3. Ha Ndi- 2009.
3. Vd Chi My, Pham Hdng Tdi. Nghien cyg yng Jgng cdng nghd GPS dpng trong md Id thidn khai
;hdc xgIng sag, bao cdo d l tai NCKH Vinacomin, Hd NOi. 2014.
4. Jonathan IVI. Stone, Edv^ard A. Le IVIaster,
=rof. J. David Powell. GPS Psegdo-satellite fransceivers-and their Applications. Internal Paper, Stanford University. 2009.
5. Barltrop K., Stafford J., EIrod B. Local DGPS Ivith psegdo-satellite augmentation and mpiementation considerations for I.AAS. US nstitgte of navigation GPS 2000, Kansas City, i/lissouri. 2006.
6. Wang J., Rizos C. et al. Integration of GNSS md Pseudo-satellite: New concepts for precise lositioning, School of Sgn/eying and Spatigl nformation System, University of New Sogth /Vales, Sydney. 2005.
7. Zimmerman K.R., Cohen C.I., et al. Moiti-
freqgency pseudo-saetellite -for instantaineous carrier ambiguity resolgtion, US Institgte of Navigation GPS-2000, Salt Lake City. 2008.
Ngwm bien tap: V6 Trgng Hung
So far, GPS technology has been applied successfully in open-pit mines.
Thank reduction of many stages, the GPS/PPK method has demonstrated imposing advantages including its accuracy and economic effect. However, the accuracy, availability and reliability of positioning results is very dependent on both the number and geometric distribution of satellites being tracked. In deep open pit mines, sufficient number of "visible" satellite can not be guaranteed everywhere. The paper presents the method of integration of pseudo-satellite and GPS/PPK for improving technical and economical effects of surveying works in deep open-pit mines.
I VAN DE QUY HOACH...
Cnip theo trang 33;
(Trong dd: a, - Hp s l chiit khag thdi gian t tyffng f>ng vdi ti sgat chiit khig r da chpn: ai=1/(1+r)'.
I Chi phi d l thai dypc hgch tpan vdo gid thdnh pan phim cQa ti>ng ndm, qg;?, thdng trong qgd trinh san xgIt Dc dd ti sgIt chiit khau cd t h l lya chon f d lai vay ngdn hgn (lai suit tran 0,85 %/thdng).
j Nhu vdy, toi uu hod qgd trinh do thai xdt d i n y l g t i thdi gian, khi da xdc djnh dypc chi phi t l i yg fheo cdo phyyng an d tCrng giai doan cd t h l trinh bdy nhy sag:
I 2 = 2 f — ' < E 3 ' l - * ' " ' " *•*' ITrong dd: Zk - Chi phi d l thai d cdc giai dogn cua
*yng phyong dn; T - S l thdng trong giai dogn k;
' Tat- Ting hp so chiit khIg 6 giai dogn k: J^X^'ETT^ •
!,t; 1-1 t=i(1+w Khi bdi todn t l i yg thoa mdn dieg ki^n trdn ddy
\h\ se lya chpn dypc phypng dn t l i yg qgy hogch 'dl thdi. So d l hinh khii khi giai bai todn t l i yg v^n tai xem H.2.a
TAI L I | U THAIU K H A O
1. Qgy hogch cdng tdc thdm dd, khai thdc, c h l bien vd sy dgng qggng apatit'din nam 2020 cd xdt den ndm 2030. Cdng ty C l phin Tu vln B i u t y vd Xay dyng Md. 2014. BO Cdng Thyong.
2. Dy dn dau tar xdy dyng cdng trinh cai tgo khai thdc qudng apatit khai trydng Ngdi Bgm-BIng Hl-COng ty TNHH MTV Apatit Vipt Nam. Cdng ty Co phin Ty v l n B i g ty vd Xdy dyng Md. 2011,
3. Qgy hogch phdt triln kinh t l xa hpi cua tinh Ldo Cai.
Ngtrdi bien t$p: Vo Trgng Hung
In the future, with the source apatite grade I depleted, Vietnam Apatite Company will have to improve yields apatite grade ll in the deep mining at Coc, Ngoi Oum-Dong Hd mining group. Hence mine tailings will be issues that need special attention. This paper proposes an orientation to gradually overcome difficulties on the work of the mine waste dump.
CANGNBHIEP MO, $64-2015