D I E N D A N D O A N H N G H I E P
H O A T 9 0 N G X U A T K H A U 0 N G H E A N :
• • • MUOI NAM NHIN Ml
• H6 Thj Thanh Van
ghe An la tinh c6 dien tich Ion nhat trong ei nuoe (gin 16,5 ngan km2), dan si tren 2,919 tri$u
ngudi (nam 2009), dirng thir 4 sau thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, Ha N$i, Thanh Hoa. Dja hinh phuc tap: miin Tay la trung du miin nui, miin Dong la dong bing ven bien, vung bien ring voi bo bien dai 82km, lai nim tren cie tuyen giao thing Bac - Nam (duong 1A), Ding - Tay (duong 7), eing sing, eing bien, vi thf Nghe An e6 khi nang khai thie cie sin pham xuat khau voi tiim ning lin. Nim 2009, Nghi An dat gia tri xuat khau 103,9 tri$u USD, trong di ei 11 mat hing xuat khau chinh, thj truong xuat khau di mo ring t i i 60 quoe gia vi linh thi. Nhin lai muoi nim qua (2000-2009), xuat khau Nghi An di e6 nhirng thinh tun ding ki. Tuy nhiin quy mi gii trj xuat khau eon qui nhi, ehira in djnh, thicTu bin virng, ehira ei eie sin pham mui nhon ei gii trj kinh te vi him luong ky thuat eao, thieu tinh dpt phi... Oi eung l i van di dat ra eho chien luoe xuat khau cua tinh.
1. Hoat ddng xuat khau Nghe An trong tong the hoat dong xuat khau cua ca nu'dc
Quy md tri gia xuat khau cua
Nghe An cdn nhd, chiem 0,18- 0,29% tri gia xuat khiu ca nude, trong khi dd dan sd chiem 3,4%, lam cho chi sd gia tri xuat
khau/ngudi cua tinh thap, chi bang 54% cua ca nude. Rieng nam 2009, tri gia xuk khiu chiem ti le thap nhat trong mudi nam qua Bang 1: So sanh t r j gia xuat khau cua Viet Nam va cua Nghe A n
giai doan 2000-2009 (*)
Nam
Viet Nam Nghe A n
Nam K i m ngach xuat khau (trieu USD)
K i m ngach xuat khau (trieu USD)
% so vdi ca nu'dc
2000 14482,7 23,0(18,3) 0,21
2003 20149,3 58,8 (55,5) 0,29
2004 26485,0 54,5 (51,0) 0,21
2005 32447,1 86,6 (79,8) 0,27
2007 48651,4 114,4(110,7) 0,24
2009 57096,3 103,9 (99,9) 0,18
(Phan trong ( ) la xuat khdu true tiep)
Vi tdc do tdng trudng:
Theo tinh toan tir bang 1, toe do tang truong ciia tri gia xuat khau Viet Nam nam 2009 so voi nam 2000 la 3,94 lan, trong khi con so nay d Nghe An la 4,52 lan. Day chinh la su no lire ciia nganh ngoai thuong Nghe A n .
Ve co cdu cdc mat hang xuat khau: Co cau cac nhom hang xuat khau ciia Viet Nam nhu sau: nhom cong nghiep nhe, tieu thii cong nghiep chiem ti trong cao nhat, nam 2009 la 42,8% va co xu huong tang; tiep do la nhdm cdng nghiep nang, khoang san, nam 2009 la 29,4% va cd xu hudng giam; nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san chiem ti trong thap, nam 2009 la 23,2% va cd xu hudng on dinh, da trd thanh nguyen lieu cua nganh cdng nghiep che bien de xuat khau; vang phi tien te chiem ti trong thap nhat, nam 2009 la 4,6% va cd xu hudng tang.
Trong khi do, co c i u cac nhdm hang xuat khau cua Nghe A n chiem t i trong cao nhat la nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san va cd xu hudng tang;
tiep den la nhdm cdng nghiep nhe va tieu thu cdng nghiep va cd xu hudng giam; nhdm cdng nghiep nang, khoang san chiem t i trong thap nhat va cd xu hudng tang. Co cau nay cd the phu hop vdi nhung l g i the hien tai cua tinh, nhung ve mat lau dai cung can dieu chinh de tao sir ben vung, bdi vi co cau nay tuong tu nhu cua ca nude each day 10-15 nam.
Ve cdc mat hang xuat khdu chinh: Viet Nam cd 30 mat hang xuat khau chinh, trong do cd nhirng mat hang tuong tu nhu Nghe An: lac nhan, che, ca phe, thuy san, khoang san, gao, dudng, hang det kim, san pham bang gd. Day la mdt thuan lgi ldn trong hop tac hoat ddng xuat khau.
2. Hoat dong xuat khau tinh N g h i A n nam 2000-2009
Trong nhung nam dau the ky, cung vdi sir ddi mdi cua nen kinh te dSt nude, kinh te tinh Nghe An da cd nhung budc tang trudng dang ke. dac biet la trong ITnh vuc ve hoat dong xuat khau. Tinh hinh hoat ddng kinh te xuat khau cua Nghe An trong nhung nam tu 2000-2009 dugc the hien d mot sd van de sau:
2.1. Kim ngach xuat khau vd tdc dp tang trudng
Nam 2008 dugc xem la nam dat trj gia xuat khau cao nhat trong 10 nam qua (dat 135,3 trieu dd la), gia tri xuat khau tang 5,9 lan so vdi nam 2000, trong dd xuat khau true tiep chiem tren 90%, chi dudi 10%
xuat khau uy thac nen hieu qua xuat khau tuong ddi cao. Rieng nam 2009, do khung hoang kinh te toan cau nen gia trj va ti trong xuat khau Nghe An giam.
San xult hang det kim xuat khlu tai Nghe An
D I E N D A N D O A N H N G H I E P
Bang 2: T6c do tang trirdng, t i le xuat khau so v o i GDP
va binh quan t r j gia xuSt kMu/ngirdi cua Nghe A n giai doan 2000-2009 (*)
Nam 2000 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009
Tdc do tang trudng (%) 14,0 -7,3 59,0 16,1 -9,2 Xuat khau/GDP (%) 4,1 7,98 5,8 7,97 7,98 6,00 Gia tri xuat khau/ngudi
(USD/ ngudi) 7,9 - - 28,6 36,9 35,6
Tdc dp tang trudng xuat khau Nghe An khdng on dinh, nam 2004 tang trudng am do djch SARS, nam 2005 tang vupt bac nhd tang sd lupng, gia tri cac mat hang xuat khau ndng san, cdng nghiep nhe va them cac mat hang tieu thu cdng nghiep, cdng nghiep nang va khoang san. Rieng nam 2009, gia tri va tdc dp tang
trudng xuat khau Nghe An (dat -9,2%) thap so vdi ca nude (dat -9%) do khung hoang kinh te toan cau.
Ti le giua gia tri xuat khau va tdng san pham qudc npi (GDP) cua Nghe A n tang cham, khdng on dinh, nam 2000 la 4,1%, nam' 2007 la 7,98%, nam 2009 giam chi cdn 6%. T i le so sanh nay la
mdt trong nhung yeu td the hien "he sd md cua nen kinh te" cua tinh, cho thay nen kinh te Nghe A n dang dan hdi nhap vao nen kinh te thi trudng cua the gidi, nhung mdc dp hpi nhap dang cdn thap so vdi cac dia phuong khac trong ca nude.
2.2. Ca cdu cdc nhdm hang xuat khau
Bang 3: Co cau cac nhdm hang xuat khau cua Nghe A n giai doan 2000-2009 (*)
Nam T r j gia Nhom ndng lam thuy san
Nhom cdng nghiep nang va khoang san
Nhom cong nghiep nhe va tieu thu cdng
nghiep
2000 Trieu USD 11,1 2,0 9,9
2000
% 48,3 8,7 43,0
2005 Trieu USD 46,6 11,2 28,8
2005
% 53,8 12,9 33,3
2007 Trieu USD 60,7 15,1 38,6
2007
% 53,0 13,3 33,7
2009 Trieu USD 60,0 17,5 26,4
2009
% 57,7 16,9 25,4
Trong co cau cac nhdm hang xuat khau cua Nghe An, chiem ti trong cao nhat la nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san (nam 2009 la 57,7%) va cd xu hudng tang; tiep den la nhdm cdng nghiep nhe va tieu thu cdng nghiep (nam 2009 la 25.4%) nhung cd xu hudng
giam; nhdm cdng nghiep nang, khoang san chiem t i trong thap nh4t (nam 2009 la 16,9%), cd xu hudng tang. Dieu do chung to the manh xuat khau cua Nghe An van la san pham khu vyc 1 va khoang san, nen kinh te cua tinh van la san xuit ndng lam ngu nghiep va khai thac
ngudn tai nguyen (khoang san, rung) san cd, van thieu cac san pham thdng qua che bien hoac cd ham lupng ky thuat cao.
2.3. Mot sd mat hang xuat -khau chinh
Nghe An cd khoang 43 mat hang xuat khau, trong dd cd 34 mat hang xuat khau true tiep, 9
mat hang xuat khau uy thac, so mat hang xuat khau chinh khong nhieu, co mat hang co 1 san pham, co mat hang co nhieu san pham (hang det may, go...)- So hang xuat khau cd tu nhieu ngudn: san xuat trong tinh, thu gom tu cac tinh ban, tu nude ban Lao. Hien nay Nghe An da cd su thay ddi trong co cau kinh te va kinh doanh xuat khau nen cac mat hang duoc da dang hda, danh muc cac mat hang xuat khau
Nam T r i gia
Sdluong: 7 2000 Ten mat h;
chinh Sd luong: 12
2005 Jen mat chinh
Sd luong: 11 2009 Ten mat h
chinh
Sd lieu bang 4 cho thay sir dung vung cua 11 mat hang tren thi trudng, mot sd cang ngay cang tang nhu tinh bdt san. khoang san, da trang, gao te. che, nhung can nhin nhan lai tinh hieu qua, tinh ben vung cua mat hang tinh bdt san, khoang san. da trang: ben canh
chinh trong 10 nam tang hon 1,5 lan.
Nam 2000, Nghe A n mdi cd 7 mat hang xuat khau chinh, trong do cd 5 mat hang nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san, 2 mat hang cdng nghiep. Nam 2005 cd 12 mat hang xuat khau chinh, trong dd cd 7 mat hang nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san (them 2 mat hang la tinh bdt san, nhua thdng), 3 mat hang nhdm cdng nghiep nhe, tieu thu cdng nghiep (them 2 mat
do mdt sd mat hang chinh cd tinh ben vung lai gap nguy ca giam nhu thuy san ddng lanh, hang thu cdng my nghe, hang det kim, san pham gd.
Xet ve tri gia xuat khau:
nam 2000 cac mat hang xuat khau chinh chi dat tren 11 trieu USD, chiem g i n 50% gia tri
hang la san pham bang gd, hang thu cdng my nghe. mat vi the mat hang dudng kinh), 2 mat hang cdng nghiep nang va khoang san (da vdi trang.
khoang san). Den nam 2009 cd 11 mat hang xuat khau chinh, trong do nhdm ndng - lam - thuy san cdn 6 mat hang (nhua thdng mat di vi the), nhdm cdng nghiep nhe, tieu thu cdng nghiep cd 3 mat hang, nhdm cdng nghiep nang va khoang san cd 2 mat hang.
Nhom cong nghiep nhe va
tieu thu cdng nghiep
2 Dudng kinh, quan
ao det kim 3
Duong kinh, quan ao det kim, san pham bang gd 3
Dudng kinh, quan ao det kim, san pham bang gd
xuat khau; den nam 2009 cac mat hang xuat khau chinh dat gan 66 trieu USD, chiem 63,5% gia tri xuat khau.
2.4. Thi tmffng xuat khau Hien nay cac doanh nghiep tren dia ban tinh da xuat khau den khoang 60 nude va vung lanh thd. Ngoai thj trudng Bang 4: Cac mat hang xuat khau chinh (*)
Nhom ndng lam thuy san
Nhom cdng nghiep nang va
khoang san 0 am Lac nhan, thuy san,
che, gao te, ca phe hat
ang
Lac nhan, thuy san, che, ca phe hat, gao te, tinh bdt san, nhua thdng
Da vdi trang, khoang san
ang Lac nhan, thuy san, che, ca phe hat, gao te, tinh bdt san
Da vdi trang, khoang san
D I E N D A N D O A N H N G H I E P
truyen thong la chau A, cac doanh nghiep Nghe A n da tham nhap vao thi trudng khac nhu Nhat Ban, My, EU... hoc tap duoc kinh nghiem giao dich tren thuong trudng qudc te, nhung phan ldn deu qua ban hang trung gian nude ngoai.
Thi trudng cac nude Ddng A u cu nay dang duoc cac doanh nghiep khai thdng trd lai, nhat la thi trudng Nga, Ucraina, Rumani, Hunggari... song cdn
phat trien. Cac mat hang chu yeu ma cac doanh nghiep Nghe An xuit sang thi trudng cac nude nay bao gdm: lac nhan, virng, gao te, tinh bdt san, hai san, vat lieu xay dung, thiec thdi, san pham gd, khoang san cac loai, che bup khd, hang thd cdng my nghe...
+ Thi trudng Trung Qudc:
la thi trudng hang dau cua cac doanh nghiep tren dia ban Nghe An, vdi cac mat hang
+ Thi trudng cac nude
Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine: la thi
trudng ldn tieu thu lac nhan, thiec thdi, dam go..., ddng thdi cung la thi trudng xuat khau lao ddng chinh cua tinh.
Ngoai ra cdn cd cac thi trudng khac nhu Thai Lan, Nhat Ban, Dai Loan...
- 777/ trudng cdc nude chau My (ddc biet la thi trudng Hoa Ky)
La mdt thi trudng mdi cua Nghe A n nhung cung la thi trudng khat khe, phuc tap, ddi hdi chat luong san pham xuat khau cao. Hang nam, Nghe An da xuat khau sang Hoa Ky cac mat hang nhu bat Ida ga, bdt giay, nude dua cd dac...
- Thi trudng cdc nude chau Au
La thi trudng tieu thu khdi luong hang hda tuong ddi ldn dang duoc chu y phuc hdi, gia ca cao nhung yeu cau het sue khat khe ve chat luong, ve sinh mdi trudng, mau ma, kinh doanh bai ban hien dai. Cac mat hang thi trudng nay cd nhu cau ma Nghe An cd the cung cap bao gdm det may, che, ca phe, hai san, hang thu cdng my nghe, bat lua ga, nude dua cd dac...
- Thi trudng chau Phi, Tdy A va Nam A
Thi trudng nay tuy mdi me ddi vdi Nghe A n nhung cd nhieu hua hen v i tuong ddi de tinh, cd nhu cau cao ddi vdi nhieu loai san pham hang hoa ma Nghe A n cd the cung cap nhu che, nhua thdng, det may, qua trung gian, thi phan cdn
nhd.
- Thi trudng cdc nude chau A
Day la thi trudng chiem ti trong cao nhat trong tri gia xuat khau cua Nghe An, gan 70% tri gia, trong dd Trung Qudc va ASEAN chiem ti le cao hon ca. Nhung loi the gan gui ve mat dia ly cung nhu nhieu thuan loi ve hop tac thuong mai ndi khdi da tao dieu kien cho thi trudng nay
Khai thac da trdng tai Quy Hop xuat khau gdm: tinh bdt san, cao su, thuy san, san pham gd, gao, ca phe...
+ Thi trudng Lao: Nghe A n cd 419km dudng bien gidi vdi Lao va 2 cua khau Nam Can, Thanh Thuy, la dieu kien thuan loi de md rong thuong mai vdi Lao vdi mot sd san pham nhu thuy san, gao, lac, hang det kim... Thdng qua thi trudng Lao, cac doanh nghiep Nghe An cd co hdi tiep can vdi thi trudng Thai Lan, Myanma.
hang thu cong my nghe, gao te... Trong thai gian tai, can no lire tiep can va tham nhap thi truong nay bang cac san pham co lgi the, trudc mat co the thong qua cong ty cua nude thu ba.
3. Ket luan
Nhirng nam dau the ky X X I , Nghe An cd nhung cd gang ve tdc do tang trudng xuat khau, da dang hda cac san pham, md rdng thi trudng xuat khau...
nhung quy md xuat khau cdn be nhd (dan sd chiem 3,4%
trong khi do gia tri xuat khau chi chiem gan 0,3% cua ca nude), san pham xuat khau cd tinh canh tranh thap, chu yeu xuat khau thd hoac gia cdng, chua cd thuong hieu, thi trudng xuat khau chua on djnh, chua thiet lap dugc quan he ben vung vdi ban hang. V i vay, de nang cao hoat ddng kinh te xuat khau, tinh can cd nhieu giai phap, trong dd can tap trung vao mdt sd giai phap sau:
- Xac djnh mat hang xuat khau chu luc de dau tu nham nang cao tinh canh tranh, xay dung thuong hieu: Can xac dinh mat hang chu luc dugc san xuat tren dia ban cua tinh, ngoai cac san pham mang lai
gia tri kinh te cao, cdn cd nhung san pham mang tinh khac biet, tinh ban dia cao.
Cac mat hang do la: tinh bdt san, lac nhan, dua cd dac, gd dam, da trang. Lac nhan, gd dam cd tinh ben vung cao v i : lac nhan la san pham cd tinh ban dia, chat lupng tdt, phu hop vdi dac diem dat dai, khi hau Nghe An, nhat la vung dat cat pha (chua cd cay nao hieu qua hon lac), tan dung ngudn lao ddng ndng dan ldn, thi trudng tieu thu rdng, on dinh;
gd dam la san pham tu cac loai cay trdng phu xanh dat trdng ddi trpc nhu keo, tram, bach dan cd gia tri xuat khau qua so che va gia tri ve bao ve mdi trudng; day la nhung loai cay xda ddi giam ngheo. Tinh bdt san, dua cd dac cd gia tri xuat khau cao nhung cd nguy ca lam cho dat bac mau nhanh, xdi mdn rua trdi manh khi thu hoach, d nhiem mdi trudng noi so che, cho nen can nghien cuu tinh toan hieu qua cd quy hoach hop ly. Da trang la khoang san quy hiem va cd gia tri cao cua Viet Nam, chi cd d Nghe An vdi chat lugng tdt, khdng nen xuat khau thd gay lang phi ma can san xuat cac san pham nghe thuat tu da
trang dh xuat khau. Ngoai ra can nghien cuu dau tu vao mdt sd mat hang mdi nhu cam.
khoai so, la nhung san pham cao cap cd gia tri cua Nghe An, mac dau chua cd mat trong hang xuat khau chinh, nhung hien nay cac san pham nay dang cd nhu cau tieu thu ldn tren thi trudng. Dac biet la cam da dugc trao van bang Chi d i n dja ly "Vinh" thang 11/2010 vua qua, la ca hdi de cam trd thanh mdt mat hang xuat khau chu luc.
- Xac dinh thi trudng xuat khau trong diem: Vdi khoang 60 qudc gia va lanh thd dupe giao dich xuat khau, nhung can xac dinh cac thi trudng trong diem de uu tien dau tu nghien cuu, tiep thi... Cac thi trudng do la: thi trudng chau A va mdt sd nude Ddng Au, la nhung thi trudng truyen thdng chiem ti trong cao trong xuat khau, on dinh, it phuc tap, thuan lgi cho cac mat hang xuat khau chu luc cua Nghe An. Ngoai ra can tiep can nghien cuu cac thj trudng mdi nhu Nhat Ban, An Dp, chau Phi la nhung thi trudng ddng dan cu va Nghe An cd nhung mat hang ban dia cd the xuat khau dugc./.
(*) Nguon: Nien giam thdng ke Viet Nam, Nghe An nam 2009 Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nien giam thdng ke 2009, Cue th6ng ke Nghe An 2010, 2. Nien giam thdng ke 2009, Cue thong ke Viet Nam 2010.
3. So Cong thuong tinh Nghe An. Bao cao tdng hap kit qua thuc hien vi hoat ddng thuang mai cdc nam 2000, 2005, 2007, 2009 tren dia ban tinh Nghe An.
4. So Cong thuong tinh Nghe An, Di an phdt triinxudt khdu tren dia ban Nghe An thdi ki 2006-2010.
5. Tap chi Kinh te vd Du bdo, Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, S6 14/2009.
