EducationalSci., 2016. Vol. 6 1 , No. 3, pp. 121-130 This paper is available online at hup //stdb.hnue edu.vn
Y NGHIA CUA TUNG BO MON VA SU LIEN THONG GIUA CAC Bp MON TRONG KHU VUC NGON N G O HOC ANH V6l CAC BO MON KHAC
TRONG CHUONG TRINH CUT NHAN SU PHAM TIENG ANH
T r a n X u a n D i e p
Khoa Tieng Anh, Trifdng Dai hge Stf phgm Hd Noi
Tom tat. Bai viet la mgi cong irinh nghien crfu trie! li nam drfbi lflng bo mon irong khu vrfc ngon ngfl hoc Anh va tfnh lien ihong gifla cac bo mon nay vbi cac khu vrfc khac trong chrfdng trinh Cfl nhan Srf pham Tieng Anh (CNSPTA). Drfa iren nhflng If ihuyel Ngbn ngfl hoc, Tdm If hgc giao due (Educalional Psychology) va srf mo la chuan ddu ra trong chrfdng irinh CNST'TA ma cir the la chrfdng Irinh hien dang drfdc sfl dung lai Irrfbng Dai hoc Srf pham Ha Ngi. cong trinh nghien cflu nay brfdc dau xem xel cu the y nghTa va noi dung ciia lflng bp mon trong 4 khu vrfc va linh hen Ihong gifla cac bo mbn va cac khu vrfc db.
Tit khda: Y nghTa, ben thong, cac bo mon tieng Anh, Chrfdng irinh Srf pham Tieng Anh.
1. Mb dau
Ban ve Chrfdng trinh dao tao Sfl pham tieng Anh ( C T S F T A ) vdn khdng phai la mdt van de mdi, ke ea trong va ngoai nfldc. Tren the gidi, ban ve tfnh cdp thiei. ndi dung, cung nhtf cdi thien ndi dung cua C T S P T A da cd n h i l u cdng trinh nhfl cua Fradd & Lee [ I ], Graves [2]; Richards [3];
Roberts [4]; Johnson [5]; Kiely & Askham [6]; Johnston & Goettsch [7]; v.v.. Nhin chung, cdc cdng trinh nay mdi d e c a p den Chrfdng Irinh Srf pham tieng Anh vdi tfl cdch la ngdn ngfl thfl hai, chfla ndi rd viec dao tao ay trong mgt bdi canh tieng Anh la mot ngoai ngfl. ma cu the Id tieng Anh Id mdt ngoai ngfl trong bbi cdnh Viet Nam. Gan day, ft nhieu eac edng trinh nghien cflu cd de cap den vifc xem tieng Anh nhfl la mdt ngoai ngfl trong C T S P T A [8] Tuy vay, day la mdt cdng frinh so sanh gifla C T S P T A d mdt irflbng dai hoc b Viel Nam va C T S P T A d mdt trrfdng dai hoc d Australia. D o dd, k i t qua nghien eflu la sfl tflbng dong vd di biet gifla 2 chfldng trinh ndi tren Nhflng edng trinh rieng biel, lap trung vao ndi dung, y nghTa eu the cua tflng bd mdn trong khu vflc ngdn ngfl hgc t i i n g Anh va srf lien thdng gifla nhflng bg mdn dd vdi ciic bd mbn khdc trong loan bd CTSI^TA d Viel N a m gan nhfl chfla cd. Hdn nfla, Cren thflc t l d Viet N a m . hau h i t cac chrfdng trinh dao tao cfl nhdn Ci Viet N a m , ma cu the 1d Chrfdng trinh Cfl nhdn Sfl pham Tieng Anh (CNSPTA) deu dfldc soan thao dfla tren mdt khung chfldng trinh dd dflbc Bd Giao due & D a o lao dinh dang sdn. C h o nen, se chang eb gl dang ban vi cac cd sb dao lao, du ed sfl khdc nhau khdng ddng ke, deu tuan thu djnh d a n g nbi tren. Tuy nhien, hau het cdc chflbng trinh loai ndy deu khdng de cdp rd ldi mflc can thiel srf lien thdng gifla cdc bd mdn trong chrfdng trinh. Ddng thbi, sau khi drfbc tha'm
Ngaynhanbai: 15/12/201."i Ngay nhan dang: 10/3/2016 Lien he: Tran Xuan Diep. e-mail: [email protected]
Tran Xuan Diep
djnh va thdng qua, khdng phdi ai thrfc hifn chrfdng trinh eung hie'u thau ddo drfdc y do hay srf lien Chdng gifla cae bg mdn trong cac chfldng trinh db. Tham cbf, ngay cd mdt .so chfldng Irinh mdi dfldc dfla ra va sfl dung cung dtfdc cac tac gia sogn theo mdt dmh dang cd san, do la cac chtfdng trinh cung Ioai cd trtfdc vdi mdt so sfla ddi ehu quan ndo dd. Hbn nfla, ngay ca khi da dtfdc Chdng qua roi. khdng phdi moi tdc gia va moi gido vien thrfc hien chrfdng trinh deu hdi Idng vbi chtfdng Crinh hien cb. Nguyen nhdn chinh Id vi tudn thu djnh dang (quy djnh vl khung cd sdn va y itfdng chi dao cua cd sd ddo tao) ma nhflng ngflbi soan thdo phai chju sfl chi phdi cua cac che djnh do cd che tao nen (structural constraints).
La mdt trong nhflng tde gia ddng thdi lai Id mgt trong nhflng ngrfbi da nhieu lan tham gia hdi dong tbdm dinh chrfdng trinh efl nhan lieng Anh vd CNSPTA, ngrfbi viet bdi nay xin ban tbi sfl lien thdng cua gifla cdc bd mdn tieng Anh ciia chfldng trinh Idai nay, vdi dan chflng chu ylu tdy tfl chrfdng Irinh CNSPTA hien dang drfdc sfl dung tai khoa Tieng Anh thude DHSPHN. De lam rd srf lien Ihdng nay, edng trinh se xem xet mgt cdch khdi qudt ndi dung, muc dieh ciia iflng khu vrfc, ctia tflng bd mbn trong chfldng trinb. Dong thdi, cdng irinh cbn de xudt, d mflc dd nhdt djnh, nhflng gdi y vl nhflng y tfldng chuyen mdn nhdm lien ldi mbt chrfbng trinh hodn thien hbn.
2. Noi dung nghien CIJ'U
Cung vdi cde bg mdn khdc thudc khu vrfc Khdi kiin tliite ehung va Khdi kien thdc chung Clia nhdm ngdnh cua chfldng trinh CNSPTA, cdc bd mdn tieng Anh .se gdp phan tao nen Chuan dau ra Cren cdc mat phdm cbdt, kiin thife. kindng, thdi dg. va khd ndng dam nhiem cdc vj ttf viec Iam sau khi tot nghiep Cdng trinh chi dflng lai b vife xem xet eac bd mdn tieng Anh - cdc hgc phan thudc muc V. (Kboi kien thflc ehuyen nganh) trong chfldng trinh nbi tren.
Trong todn bd Khdi kien thiic chuyin ngdnh (tieng Anh), smh vien phdi hgc 102 tfn chi, trong dd cd 82 tin ehi bdt bude va 20 tfn chl tfl chgn. 102 tfn cbi ndy dflbc ehia khdng diu cho cdc khu vflc chuyen sau:
I. Pbat trie'n kT ndng ngdn ngfl Anh (English-Language Skills Development) 39 ifn chl gom 33 tin chi bdt bude (BB) va 6 tin ehi ttf chon (TC).
2 Lf luan va phfldng phdp gidng day lieng Anh (English-Language Methodology): 26 tfn chl gdm 23 tin chl BB va 3 tfn chi TC.
3. Ngbn ngfl hpc Anh (English Linguistics): 23 ifn ehi gom 16 tin chl BB va 7 ifn chl TC.
4. Vdn hda - Vdn minh Anh - My (Anglophone Culture and Civilization): 8 tin chi gom 4 li'nchiBBva4tinchiTC.
5. Hgc phan 8: Phat trien ndng lflc lfl boi dfldng cua gido vien (3 tin chi) va Phal trien kT nang hgc theo dtf dn - Bai tap Idn (3tin ehi),
2.1. Ve khu vtfc PMt trien kindng ngon ngUAnh
Ve mat thbi Iflbng, thdng ke Iren da cho thay rd ngay thien hfldng eua chfldng trinh Id Phdt trii'n kindng ngdn ngff Anb. Uu tien sau dd la ddnh cho ddo tgo nghe stf pham: Li lugn vd phUOng phdp dgy tiing Anh. Tiep theo, ve Chbi Itfdng Id Ngon ngiC hgc Anh, sau dd Id Vdn hda - Vdn minh Anh - My. va cuoi cung la 2 hgc phdn b hgc phan 8 (hay mdn''). Chung tdi van chrfa rb 2 hgc phan nay nen xep vdo khu vflc ndo!
Can cfl vao Chudn ddu ra cb ghi trong Chudng trinh thi vifc phan bd nghieng ve Phdl frien kindng ngon ngif Anh Id dung ddn La gido vien tieng Anh (dau ra) thi cdi dau tien can phdi cd la ndng iflc ngdn ngfl du tdt Ndng tflc ngdn ngfl Anh khdng nhflng Id mot phrfdng tien (dung de day)
ma cdn la mau hinh vl ngdn ngfl cho ngflbi hpc [9], va la muc dfch (cai cudi cung can dat dfldc) trong nghl day tieng Anh. Nang Iflc ndy chi'nh la kha ndng sfl dung 4 ki ndng ngdn ngfl Anh (Ndi, Nghe, Dgc, va Viet). Hdn nfla, nang Iflc ngdn ngfl ddu vao cua sinh vien la rat thap [10] Mac du da cd sfl chu trgng vao phdl trie'n ki ndng ngdn ngfl nhrf vay nhflng, nhfl thfle te dd ehi rd. theo kit qua khao sat chinh thflc cua De dn ngoai ngfl 2020, ti le phdn trdm giao vien hien dang tham gia giang day d eac cap hoc phd thbng Viet Nam dat yeu cdu ve ndng Itfc ngdn ngfl Anh Id rat thap. Do vay, ve ca Ii Iuan lan thflc lien, chrfdng trinh nhdn manh vao phdt trien kT ndng ngdn ngfl la dung dan.
2.2. Ve khu vtfc Li iuan vd phiidng phdp day tiing Anh
Ddy la khu vflc thfl hai drfdc rfu tien ve thbi Ifldng. Cung giong nhfl giao vien day cac ehuyen nganh khoa hgc khac, giao vien tieng Anh trflbc het phdi dii tot vl chuyen mon (nang Iflc tieng Anh) nhflng sau dd can phai du tot ve cdch day. Do vdy, viec rfu tien thfl hai vl ihbi Irfbng cho khu vflc nay la rat thda dang. Tuy nhien, "cdch day" b day bao ham khbng phdi chf Id nhflng thu thudt hay phfldng phdp hie'u theo nghTa hep ma eao hdn, li Iuan vl phrfdng phdp gidng day tieng Anh nbi chung (trong tieng Anh Chudt ngfl Teaching Methodology - meCbod+o+logy cd nghia Id ngdnh hgc hay nghien cflu ve cdch dgy).
Quan he gifla hai khu vflc nay Id quan he qua Iai. Neu ndng Ifle lilng Anh khdng lot thi cung khdng the hpc va sau nay Id day tot drfdc Ngrfdc Iai, neu sinh vien hoc tdt khu vrfc nay eung se gdp phan lang crfdng nang tflc ngdn ngfl .Anh
2.3. Ve khu vtfc Ngon ngii hoc Anh
Hay het eac cdng trinb nghien cflu vl CTSPTA da cb iren Ihl gibi (dd neu tren) deu thong nhat d sfl can thiet phdi cb plidn tieh ve ngdn ngif (language analysis). Day chi'nh la khu vflc cac bdmdn/Vgon ngff hpc Anh. Ndi mdt each gidn dbn, deed mdt hf thbng If luan va phrfdng phap tot can phai cd khu vflc thfl 3: Ngdn ngff hpc Anh. Cu the, theo Richards [II] thi If ludn vf day tieng Anh (English-Language Methodology) dflbc xdy dflng tren 2 cd sd:
Methodology
Language Description (Sir md la ngdn ngiJ) Methods of Learning (Cdch hgc) Cach hgc thugc khu vflc Tdm li boc gido due (Educational Psychology) cdn srf md la ngdn ngfl trong trflbng hdp nay chi'nh la nhiem vu cua cac phdn nganh Ngdn ngu hpc Anh. Ljeh sfl day ngdn ngfl (trong do cd ngoai ngfl) da chi rd, tflng (he) phfldng phap (hieu theo nghia rdng) ra dbi deu la kel qua cua sfl ket hdp cua tflng giai doan phal irien cua ngdn ngfl hoe va tflng giai doan phat ttien cua tdm li hgc (dp dung vao giao due). Chdng han, ihbi dal cua Phuang phdp iruc tiip (Direct Method) Id thdi dai cua Cdu tnic ludn (Structuralism) irong ngbn ngfl hoe va Hdnh vi ludn (Behaviorism) trong tdm li hgc. Nhfl vay khi ban den li luan vd phrfdng phdp day tieng Anh ttong irrfdng hbp nay thi khu vtfc 2, li ludn vd phflbng phdp day tieng Anh chi td khdu trflc tilp hay "cdi nggn" cua van dl, edn mdt frong nhflng "edi goc" ciia vdn de cbfnh lai la khu vrfc 3 nay.
Ngdn ngfl hgc Id nganh hoe/ nghien eflu ve ngdn ngfl. Song nghien cflu ngdn ngfl Iai cd nhieu each phan djnh. Mdt trong nhifng cdch phdn dinh phd bien la cdp dbi lap gifla "djnh chuan"
(prescriptive) va "md td" (descriptive). Tren mdt binh dien khdc, ngflbi ta cd the phdn djnh gifla 123
Tran Xuan Diep
"dai cflbng" (general - nhflng van dl chung cua mgi ngon ngfl ) va "ddc thu" (particular - nhflng van dl cfla mdt ngdn ngfl eu the) [12]. Do vay, khu vflc Ngbn ngfl boc Anh co the ggi mdt cdch khai qudt nhat Id khu vflc Md td ngdn ngff Anh (English Descriptive Linguistics hay viet tdt la English Linguistics do ndi nghien cflu ngdn ngfl ngay nay Id chu ylu ndi tbi Ngon ngit hpc md id (Descriptive IJnguisties).
Tuy vdy, Iren binh dien thdi gian. ngay ca Nge'm ngft heic md td, ban than nd, cung trdi qua mdt tich sfl ddi lau lien tfl Ngdn ngif hgc vi md- MicrolingulMics (trrfde thdp ki 1960) -den Ngon ngd hpe vf md - MacroMnguislies (sau thdp kl 1960 cho den nay) [13] Bdi bdo ciia tde gia nay cung dan Iai y kien cua James (Sdd) ve nhflng srf khdc nhau cd ban gifla 2 drfbng hrfdng nghien cflu ndi tren. Ngdn ngfl hoc vi md xem ngdn ngfl la mdt mdi c6 che khep kin (self-contained) tgo san ra edu. Quan tam cua ngdn ngfl hgc vi md Id mb ta mgt hf thdng thuan tiiy hinh thflc (formal system), khdng he tfnh din nhflng yeu td phi ngdn nhfl muc dfch giao tiep hay ngfl eanh ma trong thflc te dnh hfldng ldi mflc quyet dinh cac hinh thflc ngdn ngfl (vl mdt ngfl am, ngfl phdp va ttt vflng) dfldc sfl dung (Sdd). Ngbn ngfl hpc vT md, tuy ra dbi mugn hdn, nhflng, nbi mdt each khai quat nhdl, xem ngdn ngfl khdng phai chl dflng lai d mdt he thdng khep kin. mdt he thong hinh thfle thuan tuy ma la mgt he thdng md (vi y tfldng cua con ngfldi la khdng cd gidi han). mdt he thdng ngfl nghTa dflbc hifn thrfc hda qua nhflng hinh thflc cu the mang tfnh bien ehflng. Vl bdn chat, thay vao viec md la ban than binh thflc ngdn ngfl (ngbn ngfl hpe vi md). ngdn ngfl hoc vT md lay Irgng tdm nghien cflu Id cdch thfle eon ngrfdi sfl dung ngdn ngfl de giao tiep. Ndi ngan ggn, vdi ngdn ngfl hge vT md drfdng hrfdng nghien eflu ngdn ngfl chuyen tfl hinh thfle ngdn ngfl sang giao tiep (communication) bang ngon ngfl. Ve phrfdng phap, neu nhrf mgt ddc trrfng cua ngdn ngfl hoc vi md Id linh phi ngfl canh hda (decontextualization) ddi vbi each thu Chap dfl lieu thi ngdn ngfl hpc vT md ehu trrfdng lien luc nghien cflu ngdn ngfl trqng ngfl cdnh. Nbi mgt each cu the va gidn ddn, ngdn ngfl hgc vT md Iudn ddt cac cdu bdi nhfl ai (Who), veh ai (To whom), ve' e-di gi (About what), d ddu (Where), khi ndo (When), nhu Ibi ndo (How), vd lai .sao (Why) trong viec nghien eflu dfl lieu ngdn ngfl [ 14]. Cung can phai nhdn manh rdng, dieu dang ban chl la drfbng hfldng nghien cflu ndi chung chfl khdng phai mdt phdn nganh ngdn ngfl hpc cu the. Do dd, theo drfdng hfldng nay la sfl ra ddi va phat trie'n hiJng hau cua cac (phdn) nganh ngdn ngfl hoc. trong dd nghien cflu ngdn ngfl hgc trd tbanh mgt nghien cflu Men nganh, long ghep ve phflbng phap vd ket qua vbi cac ngdnh khoa hgc khac nhfl sfl hgc. dan tdc hgc, nhan chung hgc. nghien cflu vdn hda - van hoc v.v., Ngdn ngfl hgc vi md hay nghien cflu ngdn ngfl theo dfldng htfdng giao tiep phai ke den eac (phdn) nganh nhrf"
Ngdn ngfl hgc Tdm li, Ngbn ngfl hgc Xa hdi. Ngfl dung hgc, Phrfdng phdp Dan tpc hpc. Phan tich Hdi thoai, Phdn tfch Dien ngdn v v...
Vdi nhflng If do dd trinh bdy, de hodn thanh vai trd Id cd sd eho li luan va phrfdng phap dgy tieng Anh dong ihdi gdp phan ndng cao y thflc vl sfl dung ngdn ngfl Anh. khu vrfc Ngdn ngfl hpc Anh trong chfldng trinh hifn cd, mdt edch khai qudt nhat irong pham vi thdi Irfdng cho phep, da de cap den viec md la ngdn ngfl tbeo ca 2 dflbng hfldng cd ban nay dd la di tfl dtfdng htfdng vi md den dflbng hfldng vT md:
1. Ngff phdp hoc Tieng Anh (English Grammar),
2. Tit vifng ~ Ngff ngbia hgc Tiing Anh (English Lexico-Semantics).
3. Ngff dm -Am vi hpe Tieng Anh (English Phonetics and Phonology);
4. Ngff dung hoc Tieng Anh (English Pragmatics);
5. Ngdn ngff hoc Tdm li Tiing Anh (Engli-sh Psychol.inguislics);
6. Ngim ngff hpc Xd lun Tiing Anh (English SoeioLinguislics);
7. Phdn fich Dien ngim Tiing Anh (English Discouse Analysis).
Vi tri cua 3 mdn ebn lai: Li thuyet giao tiep. Phuang phdp nghien cifu khoa hoc, Dieh ndm d dau trong dfldng htfdng ndy?
Cung can phdi Itfu y rdng, kiln thflc (Chomsky's compelenee ) vc ngbn ngfl cb the tilp thu dfldc theo con drfbng quy nap (inductive) trong qua trinh Phdl frien cdc kJ ndng nge'm ngif (khu vflc I) nhflng chi den giai doan nay ngrfdi hoc mdi dtfdc cung ed eac kien thflc ay mdt Iheo con dflbng dien djch (deductive).
Cdc bd mdn cd so thfl ttf I , 2., va 3. dflde dfla vdo chfldng trinh la drfa tren trilt li rdng:
vifc md ta ngdn ngfl theo toi iruyen thong (hinh thflc) la md ta Cren 3 binb difn: quy ludt (rules) chi phoi eua ngdn ngfl (thuat ngfl ngfl phdp cd the hieu Id: ngfl (ngdn ngfl) + phdp (luat/ quy Iudt), vat chat kiln tao ngdn ngfl (tfl va nghTa cua tfl), va dm thanh cua ngdn ngfl Trdt tfl nay cd Che hodn dd'i, chang ban, am ihanh - lfl - tudt Tuy nhien do thien hflbng nghien cflu ngdn ngfl can vd hien dgi nen ngay nay ngrfbi ta ngay mdt it quan lam din hinh ihfle thudn tiiy va thien vl sfl kit hdp nghien eflu hinh thflc vbi nghien cflu ndi dung cua hinh thflc dd - nghTa. Do vdy tfl vflng hgc va ngfl nghTa hgc, tuy vdn ndm trong khudn kho eua ngdn ngfl hgc vi md, diu dl cap den tfl, nhflng lien kit vbi nhau va dfldc xep vdo eiing mdt bd mdn - hinh thflc va ndi dung nghTa cua tfl. Trfdng trf nhrf vay, am thanh cua ngdn ngfl ed the dflde xem xet theo cd 2 gbc do ngfl dm hoc (thien vl ngdn ngfl hgc vi md) va dm vj hgc (tbien ve ngdn ngfl hgc vT mo). Theo drfbng hfldng giao tilp Ihi dm thanb cfla ngdn ngfl chi ed the xem xet drfdi gde db dm vi hoc.
Nhfl da neu tren, qud trinh phdt trien cua ngdn ngfl hoe Id mdi qud trinh di tfl ngdn ngfl hgc vi md den ngdn ngfl hgc vT mb. Ndi mgt cdch ddn gidn, Iich sfl phat trien cua ngdn ngfl hoe la di tfl hinh Ihflc (form) din chflc nang (function) hay lfl hinh thflc den ngfl nghia eung vdy. Tat nhien.
ngdn ngfl hge vi md cung de cap den nghTa. Ngfl phdp hoe (hie'u Iheo nghTa cti phdp hay ngfl phdp cdu) cung nghien cflu nghia, nhflng chi dflng lal d (nghTa cua) quan he gifla cae hinh thflc ngdn ngfl (linguistic forms), trinh tfl xual hien cua cac hinh thflc dd ttong mot cdu, va tfnh dung ngfl phdp (well-formedness) cua mdt trinh lfl ndo dd ma khbng he de cap den bdi ki he quy chieu hay ngflbi sfl dung ngdn ngfl. Ngay ea ngfl nghTa hgc, luy chuyen nghien cflu ve ngfl nghTa nhrfng cung chi dflng lai d moi quan he gifla cdc hinh thflc ngdn ngfl (tfl) vd nhflng thrfc the trong the gidi vdt chat vd cung khdng he de cap den ngflbi tao sdn ra ngbn ngfl. Nghia md ngfl nghTa hgc nghien cflu cdn cd the dflbc ggi la nghTa tfl dien.
Giao tiep co the djnh nghTa khai qudt Id giao djch tao nghTa! Chl den ngdn ngfl hoc vT md Ihi ngfl nghTa mdi dfldc de cap den mdt cdch loan dien va mang tinh bifn ehflng trong giao liep. Ngdn ngfl hgc vT md, nhfl da neu, xem xet ngdn ngfl theo gdc do giao tilp, nghTa la nghien cflu nghia dfldc con ngflbi tao san trong giao tiep thflc tl. Ngff dung hoc la mdt vi du. Ngfl dung hpc nghien cflu nghTa khdng nhflng cua ngifdi giao liep (speaker meaning) ma cdn nghTa cfla tinh hiie'mg giao tiip (contextual meaning). Ngfl dung hpc cbn nghien cflu cd nghia cua tdi bieu dat khodng cdch vdt li, xa hdi, va tri nbdn (physical, .social and conceptual distances) va, ddc biet, nganh hgc nay da vrfdt qua gidi ban chat hep cua hinh thflc ngdn ngfl (hflu ngdn) de den vbi nghTa etia nhflng dilu khbng dtfdc ndi/ vilt ra (phi ngdn). Vi thay vao md ta bdn thdn ngdn ngfl nhtf ngbn ngfl hpc vi md, thudc vl dia hat ngbn ngfl hgc vT md, ngfl dung bpc nghien cflu cdch srf dung ngdn ngfl de giao tiep. Mdt trong nhflng Irrfbng phai ndi tieng cua ngfl dung hgc td Li Ihuyel hdnh demg ldi ndi cua Austin va Searie [15]. Theo If thuyet ndy, ngrfbi ta dung Idi ndi de thfle hien cdc hdnh ddng ngdn tiJ/ldi ndi (speech acts). Nunan [16] vilt: "Day ngoai ngfl la day cho ngflbi hgc bien thflc hda cdc chflc nang van hda - xa hdi (bang ngbn ngfl)". Tren thflc ll, cac giao irinh hien nay diu viet tren cb sd nay. Cho nen, mdt trong cdc muc dfch/ ndi dung chinh cua tflng ddn vj day (unit) Id chflc nang (functions). Day chfnh la hanh dgng tbi nbi - trgng tdm ma ngflbi day phai giup ngfldi hge dat dfldc trong khi hgc dbn vi dd. Cung can phdi nhac lai rang, nhflng kien thflc nay ngflbi hgc 125
Trdn Xudn Diep
cung da dat dflbc tbeo cdch quy nap trong qua trinh hgc Phdt trieh ede kindng ngan ngff. Mdn hgc ndy giup khang dinh, bo sung vd cung cd cdc kien thfle dd nhflng theo con dflbng diln djch va mgt cdch ed hf thong.
Ngon ngii hpc tdm li, theo dinh nghTa, nghien cflu nhflng qud trtnh lam Ii giup con ngflbi cd drfdc va sfl dung dflbc ngdn ngfl (tieng me de). Ngon ngft hpc lain U liing Anh, nhan vdo vifc nghien cflu nhflng qud trinh dd nhflng cu the Id cua ngfldi ndi tiing Anh vbi tfl each la lieng me de (English-as-a-first-Ianguage speaker). Mgt chflbng trinh SPTA nham vao viec dao tao gido vien day tllng Anh nhfl dfldc md la trong "Chud'n dau ra" nhrf dd neu khbng the thilu bd mdn nay vi tuy cd sfl khdc bift nhal djnh nhflng gifla viec thu dac tieng me de (first-language acquisition) va hgc ngoai ngfl (second-language learning) Iudn tdn tai nhflng net trfdng dong tren nhieu phrfdng difn.
Bd mdn de cap den cdc giai doan khdc nhau cua qud trinh binh tbanh va sfl dung tieng Anh ctia mdt nghiem the ngflbi ndi tieng Anh Dong thdi bd mdn eung de cap den nhflng net tfldng ddng va dj biel gifla vifc hgc tieng Anh vdi tfl cdch la tieng me de vbi vifc hgc tieng Anh vbi Ifl each la ngoai ngfl (lieng thfl 2). Do dd, bd mbn nay Id mbt hd trb ddc tflc va trflc tiep cho khu vflc 2, Li ludn vd Phuetng phdp gidng day tiing Anh.
Ngon ngii hpc xd hpi tiing Anh cung cap mdt cai nhin xd hdi doi vdi ngdn ngfl ma cu the la tieng Anh. F. d. Saussure [17] da tflng ndi. "Ngdn ngfl la mgt hien thflc xd hdi" do vdy sfl md ta ngdn ngfl Anh md thieu vdng each nhin nay, nhat la trong thbi dai cua ngdn ngfl hoc vT md - nghien eflu ngdn ngfl theo dflbng hfldng giao tiep - se la mdt khiem khuyet nghiem trgng, va vifc day ngoai ngfl (CLT) theo dflbng hflbng giao tiep se td Ihieu eb sb. Tren cd sd triet If vl tfnh da dang cua ngdn ngfl (language variation), bd mbn ndy se xem xet cac vdn de cu the cua ngdn ngfl hge xa hgi dp dung vdo mb ta tieng Anh nhfl cac biln the cb ban cua tieng Anh, cac phfldng ngfl cd ban cua lieng Anh b Anh va b My, gidi tbieu khai quat ve lingua francas, pidgin va Creole, cdc phong cdch (styles), tieng ldng (slang), dac ngfl (jargon), ngdn ngfl cam ki (taboo), ngdn ngfl bf mat (secret languages), quan he gifla ngbn ngfl, giong vd gidi, trb ehdi ngbn ngfl (language games).
Mbt trgng tdm nfla cua bd mdn la sfl thay dd'i ngdn ngfl, trong dd bb mdn de cap den nhflng van de cd bdn cua sfl tbay dd'i ngdn ngfl nhfl cac Iogi thay ddi, vife pbuc hbi tfl ngfl, ngdn ngfl bj tuyel ehung va ed nguy eb bj tuyet ehflng, phdn Ioai theo phd hf doi vdi ngbn ngfl, cdc loai ngdn ngfl va If giai ve stf tbay doi ngdn ngfl. Ngdn ngfl hoc xa hdi tieng Anh cung de cap den he thong chfl viet vdi lfl each Id mdt dang ngdn ngfl Anh, trong dd cb cac van de cb ban nhfl ljeh sfl chfl viet, he thong chfl viet hien dai, quan he gifla dgc, viet vd nbi.
Phdn tich dien ngon tieng Anh (Discourse analysis). Phai ndi ngay rdng chi din phdn tfch dien ngdn thi ngdn ngfl mdi dflbc mb la loan difn theo dflbng hfldng giao liep. Dien ngdn la ngdn ngfl hanh chflc. Phdn tich dien ngdn la md ta ngdn ngfl khi nd dang thfle hien ehflc nang giao Ciep cua nd. Ndi den dien ngdn la phai nbi ngay din van ban (text) Hien nay sfl phan bift gifla 2 khdi niem nay dang la mbt van de gay nhieu tranh eai. Tuy vay, d mpi phfldng difn ndo day ngfldi ta cd the xem vdn bdn Id cai mdt vat chdt hifn hflu (cdi nghe thay - vdn ndi vd cdi nhin thay - van vilt) eua dien ngdn, cdn dien ngdn la cdi ngflbi ta hieu dflbc vl mbt van bdn. Theo Halliday [ 18] Ihi con ngrfdi giao tiep bang cdc vdn bdn (text) chfl khdng phai bang tfl hay cdu! Nhfl vay, bd mdn nay, tuy trflu tflbng. nhflng nd giup ngrfdi hge md la ngdn ngfl theo drfbng hrfbng giao tiep mdt each loan dien. Do vay day tieng Anh theo dfldng hfldng giao liep budc phai dfla tren cdch md ta ngdn ngfl nay. Tren thflc te, hau bet cdc gido trinh day phat trie'n kT ndng ngbn ngfl tieng Anh ngay nay deu viet theo drfdng hflbng giao liep, trong db cd cd gido trinh day tieng Anh cho cdc bdc hgc phd' thdng Viet Nam.
Ngfldi la cd the dal cdu hdi: "Tai sao khdng bd loan bd cde bd mdn md ta ngbn ngfl theo Ioi truyen thdng di?"
Cd 2 If do chrfa the hoan loan bd dflbc cdch md ta theo ldi truyen thdng.
Thfl nhat, dfldng hflbng giao tiep trong nghien cflu ngdn ngfl (Ngdn ngfl hgc vT md) mdi hinh thdnh gan ddy, vdo cuoi thdp ki 1960 dau thap ki 1970, Irong khi dflbng hrfdng hinh thfle da hinh thanh lfl ldu, cac ket qua nghien eflu theo dflbng hflbng nay dd cd mdt be ddy thbi gian khang dinh. Nbi theo mgi each khac, ehdng ta dang d vao mgt thdi ki qud dd gifla 2 drfbng hrfbng nghien cflu ngbn ngfl.
Thfl hai, thrfc te dd chi rb, ddo tao ngbn ngfl/ ngoai ngfl theo dfldng hflbng nay da khdng djnh dfldc nhflng thdnh cdng nhat dinh, dd la nd giup vdo hinh thanh tinb chfnh xac (Accuracy) cua ngdn ngfl crong banh ndng (Performance) eua ngflbi hoc. ft nhat vice mb id Cheo Ioi hinh Chflc nay cung giup thda man 1/4 he thdng tieu chf md Corder [19] dd dfla ra de ddnh gid khd ndng ngdn ngfl eua ngfldi hgc. do td:
- Do chi'nh xac (Accuracy);
- Do phu hdp (Appropriacy);
- Do Irung thanh (Faithfulness);
- Dd Irdi chay (Fluency).
Nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu dd chi rd sdn phd'm dau ra cua cac chrfdng trinb dfla vdo srf md ta ngdn ngfl theo Idi truyen thong ludn cd mdt the trbi vl tfnh cbfnh xdc nhdt Id trong tao sdn ngdn ngfl (production).
Hbn nfla, ngdn ngfl cd the drfbc xem la sfl ton tai cua nhflng hinh thai da dang trong mdt thflc the tbong nhdl. Sfl da dang thudc ve sfl sfl dung ngdn ngfl trong giao tiep ma Chomsky gpi Id hdnh ndng (performance), cbn tinh thong nhal thupc vl cdi md ngrfbi giao tilp bill vl ngdn ngfl ma Chomsky ggi la tri ndng (competence). Cach mb ta ngbn ngfl iheo dtfdng hrfdng vi md giup dam bao tri ndng cho ngrfdi hge. Chfnh tai tfnh thdng nhat nay md nhflng ngflbi sfl dung ngbn ngfl khac nhau, cho du rat da dang ve ngrfbi sfl dung (user) vd loi sfl dung (use), ed the giao tiep drfdc vdi nhau.
Khu vflc 3 nay cbn cd 3 bb mdn nfla, dd td Dich. Li thuyel Giao liep, va Phtfong phdp Nghiin cdu khoa hpe. Tren eb sd thanh tflu cua ngdn ngfl hgc, djch cb the dfldc xem nhfl mpt "sieu ki ndng" (superskill) vfla la mgt khoa hpc nhflng lai la mdt nghe thuat Tuy ban chat cua djeh Iudn Id sfl tim tfldng dtfdng (equivalence) nhflng quan niem ve djeh ngdy nay dd thay doi ve cdn bdn Ddn vi cua djch thudt ngay nay la vdn ban (text) chfl khdng cdn dflng lai d tfl hay cdu nfla Do vay, Djch phai dfldc xip vao bac cao nhat trong trat tfl trflu tflbng cua cdc bb mbn trong khu vflc ndy.
Thdng qua viec giup ngfldi hgc rim sfl tfldng dfldng gifla 2 vdn ban, Djch mang Iai cho ngflbi hgc nhflng cb hdi van dung nhflng kT ndng va kiln thflc ngdn ngfl da cd qua 2 khu vflc. Phdt trien ki ndng ngdn ngfl va Ngdn ngfl hge Anh de ddi chieu nham tim ra nhflng trfdng ddng vd dj biet gifla 2 ngbn ngfl va 2 nen van hda irfdng flng.
Li thuyet giao tiep. Khi bdn tdi dflbng hflbng giao tiep Irong day tiing Anh dflbi dnh sang cua dfldng hfldng giao tilp Irong nghien eflu ngdn ngfl ma khdng de cap den kbdi nifm giao tiep thi la mgt khiem khuylt khd khdc phuc! Vj trf cua mdn nay nen d dau nhdm giup ngflbi hgc ndm dfldc khdi niem cd bdn va ban chat cfla hoat ddng giao tiep, giup hg hieu drfdc cdi trill If va trinh tif cua cdc mdn hge khde Chi'nh bg mdn ndy se cung cap triet If vd hinh nhrfng hien hflu cua loan bd chfldng trinh dao tao lieng Anh - theo drfbng hrfbng giao tiep (CLT). Bp mdn nay dl cdp den dinh nghTa, ban chat, Ioai hinh giao tiep vd nhflng khdi nifm khdc ed lien quan. Hai loai hinh giao tiep drfbc de cap la hflu ngdn (verbal) va phi ngdn (non-verbal). Giao tiep trong thflc tl la sfl long ghep gifla 2 loai hinh nay. Chinh bd mdn nay cung da 11 giai sfl cb mat cua bb mbn Van hba - Van
Tran Xuan Diep
minh Anh - My (Anglophone Culture and Civilization) trong cac chrfbng trinh ddo tao tieng Anh.
Phttdng phdp Nghien citu khoa hpc. Dung nhrf ten ggi cua nd, bb mdn nay giup ngflbi hpc tap de trd thanh ngtfbi nghien eflu dde lap, tao dieu kifn de ngtfdi hoc cd the phat trien chuyen mdn sau khi tot nghifp. Khoa hpc b day la khoa boc xd hdi va cu the, Phflbng phdp Nghien cflu khoa hgc d day Id phrfdng phap nghien eflu ngdn ngfl hgc flng dung (Research Methods in Applied Linguistics). Bp mdn ndy chdc chdn gdn Men vdi 2 hgc phan dfldc bo tri d hgc ki 8: Phdt trien ndng Iflc lfl bdi drfdng cua gido vien va Phal trien ki ndng hgc theo dfl an.
2.4. Ve khu vtfc Vdn hoa - Vdn minh Anh - My (Anglophone Culture and Civilization)
Day la khu vflc cudi cung song khbng phdi Id it quan trgng nhat Cuoi cung Id khu vflc Vdn hda - Vdn mmh Anh - My (Anglophone Culture and Civilization). Lf giai cho sfl cd mat cua khu vflc nay la: Ngbien eflu ngdn ngfl theo dflbng hflbng giao tiep, ma trong dd phan tfch dien ngbn la mdc VI du, khdng the tach khdi bdi canh van hda Dieu nay da drfdc Lakoff [20] khang djnh:
"Ngdn ngfl va van hba lubn dan xen vbi nhau khdng khit ldi mflc khdng thg' nghien cflu cdi nay ma khdng nghien cflu cdi kia". Khdi nifm van hda d ddy Id mbt khdi nifm rbng va bao gbp. Van hda cd the bao gom: dat ntfdc, con ngtfdi, vdn hgc - nghe thudt, chfnh trj, hanh chinh, Iudt phap, giao due, phong tuc - tap quan, he thong gid trj vv.... Theo EmiCC at el [21]vdn hda cb the djnh nghTa la phrfdng thflc trf duy, phrfbng thflc cam gidc, phrfdng thflc cua quan hf ngrfbi vbi ngrfbi, va ll Ioi Iam viec. Bd mdn ndy cung cd nhifm via lao dieu kifn cho ngrfdi hgc doi chilu dflbc vl vdn hda tbdng qua ngdn ngfl. Srf khdc biet ve van hda cd the Id sfl khac biet ve do rdng - hep cua quan he lien nhdn, vj tri eua nghTa cua mdt thdng diep, linh dflng gib vv.... Tat ca nhflng van At ndy, neu dfldc chuyen lai thanh cbng, se giflp vao khdng djnh va tang cflbng giao tiep va hd trb cho khu vflc cdc bd mdn Ngdn ngfl hoc Anh - von la mdt Irong hai tru cdt cua Li tuan va phrfdng phap giang day tieng Anh.
De kit luan, day tieng Anh tbeo drfbng hflbng giao tiep (CLT) cb the tdm ggn thdnh "Ngdn ngfl khbng phai chi la de giao Ciep md cbn la chi cd the ed dflbc khi tbdng quan giao tiep" Nang Itic giao nip (communicative competence) Id muc dicb cuoi ciing cua dao tao ngoai ngfl. Kbdi niem nay dfldc Hymes (Sdd) dfla ra va phan bift cdc ndng lflc thdnh phan nhfl sau:
1. Ndng Iflc Ngbn ngfl (Linguistic Competence);
2. Nang Ifle Vdn hda - Xa hdi (Soeio-Cultural Comptence);
3. Nang Iflc Dien ngdn (Discoursal Competence);
4. Ndng lflc sfl dung chien Iflbc giao tilp (Strategic Competence).
De CO mdt sdn pham dau ra cd khd nang giao tiep dflbc bang tieng Anh thi phdi dam bao ddo tao sao cho dat dfldc ndng Iflc giao tiep vdi cdc nang Irfc thdnh phdn ke tren ma trong dd ndng Irfc ngdn ngfl chi la 1/4. San phd'm ddu ra Id giao vien day tieng Anh thi trrfde het phai cd ndng Irfc giao lilp bang tieng Anb da va sau &6 la nang lflc gidng day tieng Anh nhfl da trinh bay d tren.
Hdn nfla mdt CTSPTA nhfl da ban cdn tao dieu kien de san pham dau ra cb the phat ttien dfldc chuyen mdn nhfl lfl nghien cflu va/ hoac hgc len bdc sau dai hgc.
Can cfl tren nhflng kit qud cua nhflng cdng trinh da ed tren the gidi (Sdd), chung ldi thay CTSPTA hifn tai can bd sung them mbt khu vflc kiln thflc dd id kiln thflc thflc te (Contexnial knowledge). Khu vflc nay nham cung cap cdc kien thflc xd hdi ve mdi ttfldng ma sinh vien lol nghiep se lam vifc nhfl cac chinh sach vl day ngoai ngfl, ve dilu kien Idm viec, vl thflc trang ve dao tao/ day va hgc tieng Anh d Viet Nam... Mdt phan kiln thfle nay da dfldc cung cap qua cae
ddt thrfc tap srf pham. Tuy nhien, d mflc do khdi quat, chung tdi cho rang, kien thflc dd tuy rat thflc xong chfla du ve khoi Ifldng, tinh todn dien, va tinh hf thong crong hinh thflc cbuyen tai.
3. Ket luan
Bai viet tren ddy Id mdt no Iflc nhdm xem xet y nghTa cua tflng bb mbn tieng Anh (Khoi kiln chflc chuyen nganh) cung moi quan he qua Iai gifla cac bd mdn va nhdm bd mdn tieng Anh trong chrfdng Irinh ddo tao CNSPTA, macu Ihe'la eua DHSPHN. Do thiet lap drfbc lien thdng gifla Khoi kien thflc chuyen nganh (tiing Anh) (ki hifu IV irong Chflbng trinh) va cdc khoi kien thfle ngoai tieng Anh (cd ki hieu I, Tl, va TTI trong chflbng ttinh hien cb) chdc chan vfldt ra xa so vbi khudn kho cua cdng trinh nay nen bai viet chfla de cap dflde ndi dung eu the eua tflng bd mdn, vd u'nh lien Ibdng doi vdi cac bd mdn dd. Cung do gidl han vl dung Ifldng cua mbt bai bdo khoa hgc, bai viet cung chrfa di that chi till dfldc vdo tflng bb mbn thudc Khu vrfc I, Phdt Iriih kindng ngdn ngif Anh va Khu vflc 2. Li ludn vd phuOng phdp day lieng Anh. Hdn nfla cdng Irinh cung chfla de cap den nhflng che djnh (constraints) Idm cho khung chrfdng trinh mang Iinh "mac dmh" ma chinh vi Ihl ma cac tac gia chrfa that hai ldng khi soan thao.
Mbi bb mdn tieng Anh deu cd y nghTa rieng nhrfng deu ndm trong mdi quan he khdng kbit vdi cac bd mdn kbac trong cung khu vflc va idl ca deu thdng nhdl d mdt diem Id ddng gdp nhdm tao cho san pham dau ra mdt kha nang giao tiep bdng lieng Anh. mdt khd nang ve If Iuan vd phrfdng phdp day tieng Anh, va mdt kha ndng nghien eflu dde lap nham phdt tnen chuyen mdn sau nay.
Bai viet mong nhdn dfldc y kien thao luan, ddng gdp, xdy dflng Ifl quy dde gia.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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[21] Emmitl, M., Pollock, J., 1989. Language and Learning. Melbourne. Oxford University Press ABSTRACT
On the Implication of Each Subject in English Linguistics and the Interrelations between Those and Other Subjects in the Curriculum for BA in English-Teacher Education
The article is inCended to took at the philosophy Ihal underiies each course and the interrelations between the courses in the English-Teacher BA Curriculum (ETBAC). Based on the related theories in linguistics, and educalional psychology, and the expected outcomes of ETBAC, particulariy of ETBAC in use at HNUE, the current work provides an initial look into the significance and conlenl of each course in 4 specialized areas as well as the correlations between them.
Keywords: Significance, interrelations, English-based courses, ETBAC.
