Tcq} chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dai hoe Cdn Tlia Phdn D: Khoa hgc Chinh tri, Kinh li vd Plidp ludr 26 (2013): 22-30
Tap chf Khoa hoc Tru'6ng Dai hgc Can Thd website: sj.ctu.edu.vn
MO HINH H E N KET «4 IVHA" TRONG SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU LUA G ^ O TAI XA DINH HOA, HUYEN GO QUAO, TINH KIEN GIANG
Nguyen Phd Son'
' Khoa Kinh ti vd Qudn tri kinh doanh, Trucmg Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Thong tin chung:
Ngaynhdn: 17/12/2012 Ngdy chdp nhgn: 19/06/2013
Title:
The pattern of linkage "4 houses" in rice-paddy business in Dinh Hoa village. Go Quao district, Kien Giang province Tie khoa:
Liin kit "4 nhd "; MS hinh;
Tham gia
Keywords:
Linkage "4 houses".
Participation, Pattern
ABSTRACT
The pattern of linkage "4 houses" is built between Hoa Tien cooperative and Gentraco company accompanied with supports from village People' Committee and Can Tho University. This pattern is implemented through a process of six steps, based on the theory of vertical linkage in value chain — vertical linkage. This pattern brings about benefits to "4 houses ". At where, farmers' production behavior is changed towards "Selling what the market needs, no doing what sellers have". Company' brand mark is upgraded and the results derived from the pattern are considered as an important premise for building material zone for the company. In addition, the results obtained from the pattern also help local staffs upgrade their managing capacity and contribute to build New rural village. Finally, through implementing the pattern. Scientists get experiences related to linkage "4 houses" Also the results f-om the pattern will be well examples that supplement for value chain theory.
T O M TAT
Md hinh lien kit "4 nhd" dugc xay dipig tgi xd Dinh Hda, hu}'in Go Quao thdng qua mgt qui trinh gdm 6 budc vd dita trin ca sd ly thuyet lien kit dgc trong chudi gid tri giiia Hgp tdc xa Hda Tiin vd Cdng ty Gentraco, vdi su ho trg, thiic day ciia Uy ban nhdn ddn xd Dinh Hda vd nhdm tu vdn cua Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Kit qud ciia md hinh dd mang lgi nhung lgi ich cho cd "4 nhd". Ddi vdi ndng ddn, lgi ich lan nhdt mang lgi cho hg Id viec ldm thay ddi hanh vi sdn xudt theo hudng "Bdn cdi thi trucmg cdn, chd khdng phdi bdn cdi minh cd ".
Ddi vdi cdng ty, viec tham gia md hinh ben kit ndy dd gdp phdn ldm gia tdng thuan^ hiiu, cUng nhu tgo tiin di cho viec xay dimg viing nguyen lieu. Ddi vdi dia phuang, thdng qua viec tham gia liin kit da giup cho cdn bg dia phuang ndng cao dugc ndng l\ec qudn ly, cUng nhu gop phdn vdo nhiem vu xdy dymg xd Ndng thon mdi. Cudi citng, thdng qua lien kit ndy dd pup cho nhung nhd khoa hgc bd sung them nhiing ca sd cho ly thuyet chudi gid tri, cUng nhu ldm gia tdng su trai nghiim ve vdn de lien kit "4 nhd ".
Tap chi Klioa hgc Trudng Dai hgc Cdn Tlia Phdn D: Khoa hoe Chinh tri, Kinh ti vd Phdp hd, 26 (2013): 22-30
1 GIOI THIEU
Lien kit "4 nha" dong san xuat va tieu thy san pham ndng nghiep ndi chung va cua Ida gao ndi rieng da do nen khdng cdn xa la vdi chung ta bdi vdn dl nay da dugc Chinh phd Viet Nam dl cap den each day 10 nam, thdng qua Quylt dinh 80/2000/QD-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinh phii. Tuy nhien, yen pham vi ca nude ndi chung su gin kit thanh cdng td quyet dinh nay ehi dim duge den dau ngdn tay.
Trong dd, xa Dinh Hda ciing nhu huyen Go Quao khdng phai la mgt ngoai Ie. Cd nhieu nguyen nhan dan din su khdng thanh cdng trong mdi lien kit nay tu thye tiin cua nhieu dia phuong uong ca nude.
Bat ngudn dan din su khdng thanh cdng ed thi la do hai tac nhan chinh: Ndng dan hoac td chuc Ndng dan va Doanh nghiep chua ed nliu eau lien kit thuc su. Hoac do ehi cd don phuang m^t phia cd nhu cau lien ket. Dieu nay da dan din ddng luc lien ket khdng tich eye td hai phia. Nhu la kit qua mang ti'nh hien nhien, da din den hanh vi hai ben "be keo" ISn nhau mdi khi gia ea san pham lien ket yen thi trudng bien ddng (Vii Huy Td, 2003). ThSm vao do, sy tham gia khdng tieh cue ciia Chinh quyln dia phuong va cae Nha khoa hpc ciing cd the la mgt nguyen nhan khac dan den su khdng thanh cdng ciia mdi lien ket nay.
Thye te, tai xa Dinh Hda va ke ea cac xa khac trong huyen Gd Quao yong nhirng nam qua da cd thue hien viec lien ket nay giua cac Hgp tac xa (HTX) hoac Hd ndng dan (HND) san xuat lua vdi cac Doanh nghiep (DN) thu mua Ilia dong tinh Kien Giang, nhung din thdi diem nghien cuu (2011) chua ed sy lien kit nao dat dugc ket qua nhu mong mudn. Trong bdi canh nay, dac biet xa Dinh Hda la mgt trong nhihig xa Ndng thdn mdi diim ciia Trung uong thi viec nghien edu dl tim ra dugc mdt mo hinh lien ket "4 nha" hieu qua cd y n^Ta rat Idn khdng chi vl mat phat triln kinh te cho dia phuong ma nd cdn mang lai y nghTa xa hdi rat Idn yong viee thay doi nhan thuc
kmh doanh cho ca HTX, HND ya DN theo dinh hudng cua mdt nen kinh te thi trudng
"Ban cai thi trudng can, ehu khdng phai ban cai minh cd". Chinh vi vay viec "Nghien cihi xay dirng md hinh lien ket trong sdn xudt va tieu thu lua gao tgi xa Nong thon m&i Binh Hoa, huyen Go Quao, tinh Kien Giang" trd nen hit sue quan trgng va can thiet eho dia phuong yong viec xay dung xa ndng thdn mdi, ciing nhu de tao tien de cho viec nhan rgng mo hinh nay cho cae dia phuong khac trong Tinh.
D I giup eho dia phuong dat dugc muc dich nay, dl tai nghien cuu dugc thue hien nh5m dat duge nhihig muc tieu sau day: (I) danh gia thyc trang lien ket tai xa Dinh Hda, huyen Go Quao, (2) dl xudt, xay dyng, yien khai va danh gia md hinh lien ket "4 nha", (3) de xuat cac giai phap dl duy tri, cai thien va nhan rdng mdhinh.
2 PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1 Phuong phap tiep can
Md hinh lien ket dugc xay dung d day dya vao ly thuyet chudi gia yi. Cu the la tao nen mdi lien ket dgc giua eac xa vidn yong HTX san xuat Ida vdi DN che biln xuat khau ydi muc dich la tao dieu kien cho HTX ban liia true tiep cho DN khdng thdng qua nha trung gian (thuong lai). Do vay, giup cho xS vien ciia HTX nang cao thu nhap va ed duge thi trudng tieu thu dn dinh, cung nhu giup cho DN tao duge ngudn nguyen lieu lua dn dinh vl sd lugng va chat lugng (Hinh I).
De thyc hien md hinh lien ket nay, khung tiep can bao gdm 6 budc dugc trinh bay trong Hinh 2. Quan diem xay dung md binh nay la xa vien eua HTX va DN phai tuan thu nguyen tac ddi ben ciing ed lgi (Win-Win) (Agrifood Consulting International, 2005). Bdn canh do can cd su hd yg, thiic ddy tu ben ngoai chuoi nhu cae Nha khoa hgc, Chinh quyen dia phuong, cac Sd ban nganh chuyen mdn, cac Hdi doan the va cac To chdc cung cap tin dung...
Tap chi Khoa hgc Tnt&ng Dai hoc Cdn Tlia Phdn D: Khoa hge Chinh Iri. Kinh ti vd Phdp ludt: 26 (2013) 22-30
Danh gja thyc trang lien kit SX&TT dvCing nghien cdu
Hinh 1: Md hinh Ii€n kit "4 nha"
Tim Idem va danh gia nang luc lien ket cua H T X & D N
T5 chdc cho cac benlien kit glip gd d l tim hilu, tiiuong thao &)^ ket hgp dong
Td chdc tdng kit mo hinh
Theo doi, danh gja &sdket
Td chdc cachoatddi^hd try
Hinh 2: Khung dep can xay dung mo hinh lien ket 2.2 Cac burdc xay dung mo hinh lien ket
*'4 n h a "
Budc 1: Ddnh gid thuc trgng lien ket san xudt vd deu thu tgi dia ban nghien cuu: nham phat hidn ra nhdng y^u td cd kha nang anh hudng d i n kit qua thye hien md hinh lien ket.
Trong budc nay, nhdm nghien edu da tien hanh khao sat thyc t l va luge khao nhung tai lieu sin cd de nit ra nhimg bai hge thanh cdng va that bai tu nhung md hinh lien ket da dugc thyc hien trudc day, eiing nhu hien tai d khu vuc ddng bang sdng Cuu Long (DBSCL). Tu nhung ket qua thu duge tham khao nay, nhdm nghien cuu dS nit ra dugc nhiing yeu td anh hudng tieh cue den sy thanh cdng cua md hinh bao gdm: 1) DN va Ndng dan hoac HTX phai ed nhu cku lien kit thuc sy, 2) Cac Sd nganh va Chinh quyln dia phuong trong vai Nha
nude phai phat huy tdt vai d o ho trg, thiic day cac tac nhan yong chudi tham gia lien ket, 3) DN tham gia lien ket phai cd y'nh chuyen nghiep cao, cd nghTa la Doanh nghiep kinh doanh deo dudi muc tieu tdi da hda lgi nhuan trong dai ban va phai biet chip nhan riii ro. It nhat hg eiing phai nhan thue dugc hoat dgng lien kit la mgt hinh thdc quang ba thuong hieu vdi cdng chiing (hinh thuc PR - Public Relationship), 4) Sy ti'ch cue tham gia cua cae Nha khoa hgc, 5) Ndng dan hoac HTX phai cd nhan thuc dung ve lgi Ich kinh t l cua viec lien ket. Ben canh dd, nhdm nghien edu ciing nhan ra dugc nhung yeu td lam anh hudng xau d i n muc do thanh cdng eiia sy lien kit, bao gdm:
I) Ndng dan/HTX khdng tuan thu cam kit v l loai gidng Ida duge su dung nhu da cam kit vdi Doanh nghiep, 2) Ndng dan/HTX eung vdi nhung ea sd sdy lua khdng tuSn thu cam kit v l
Tgp chi Khoa hge Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha Phdn D. Khoa hoc Chinh tri. Kinh le vd Phdp ludt: 26 (2013): 22-30 dd am, dd gay eua iiia nhu da ky ket hgp ddng
vdi Doanh nghiep ban ddu. 3) Nang lyc che biln cda HTX khdng du Idn d l dam bao nhung tieu chuin v l dd i m va do gay cua Doanh nghiep dua ra, 4) Ndng dan/HTX bdi tin dong viee ban Ida cho Doanh nghiep nhu da cam ket mdi khi gia ca thi trudng gia tang, 5) Thieu phuong tien van chuyen va nhan vien thu mua td phia Doanh nghiep cQng la mgt nguyen nhan khae lam han che hieu qua lien ket. Dac biet trong vu Ddng Xuan, 6) Doanh nghiep khdng thuc hien diing cam ket eung cap vat tu dau vao cho Ndng dan/HTX nhu da cam ket:
giao khdng du, khdng dung sd lugng va diing thdi gian, 7) Doanh nghiep khdng du nang lye ve vdn va kho trd trong qua yinh thu mua san pham nen da din den hanh vi tri hoan thdi diim mua hay danh gia chat lugng san pham khat khe hon, 8) Doanh nghiep thye hien vide lien ket vdi ddng co "hudng ung phong trao"
va hoac de "yanh thu su hd d g tin dung" nham de tiep can nhiing npudn vdn hd y g cua Nha nude, 9) Chinh quyen dia phuang va eac Sd ban nganh ed ddng eo tham gia vao md Wnh de "dat thanh tich" hon la de phat triln kinh t l eho dia phuong. Do vay, thieu su nhiet tinh trong qua trinh hd trg, thiic day cae ben tham gia md hinh va 10) Thieu sy tham gia cua nhung Nha khoa hgc yong ITnh vyc ndi kit thi trudng.
Budc 2: 77m Itiem vd ddnh gid ndng luc lien ket ciia HTX sdn xudt vdi Doanh nghiep thu mua: muc tieu thyc hien budc nay la d l tim kiem eac tac nlian cd the tham gia vao md hinh. De thyc hien viec danh gia nang lyc hgp tac ciia cac ben tham gia lien ket, bao gdm cac THT va HTX va cae DN chi biln xuit khdu, nhdm nghien cdu da tiin hanh khao sat 6 DN thu mua, che bien va xuit khdu gao d DBSCL.
Cudi ciing, Gentraco va Cdng ty Cd phSn Ndng lam san Kien Giang sin long tham gia, cac Doanh nghiep cdn lai khdng sin Idng tham gia vdi nhimg ly do sau: DN cd nhu cku mua gao nguyen lieu thay vi mua lua nguyen lieu do: hg khdng co diu tu cdng nghe xay xat, dam bao tinb ddng nblt san phim. it nii ro, thilu kho trd; DN mudn mua lua klid dl han che ehi phly sly, hong khi Ndng dan/HTX cd
khuynh hudng ban Ida udt; DN thidu phuong tien van chuyen, yong khi dd Ndng dan/HTX khdng ed nang luc kinh doanh dich vu nay;
DN cd chu truong hd y g l ^ thuat san xuit cho Ndng dan/HTX, trong khi do Ndng dan/HTX cd nhu eau hd trg tin dung; DN mudn Ndng dan/HTX trdng tu 1-2 loai gidng tren ddng rudng lien ket, nhung Ndng dan/HTX lai mudn ydng nhidu loai gidng khae nhau den cimg canh ddn^. Ket qua khao sat va danh gia nang lye lien ket cua hai Cdng ty Genyaco, Cdng ty NLS Kien Giang va HTX Hda Tiin cho thay 3 tac nhan nay deu cd nang luc lien kit do thuc su HTX Hoa Tien ed nhu eau thyc sy dk lien ket vdi Cdng ty va hai Cdng ty deu cd chiln luge kinh doanh "tao dyng vung nguyen lieu Ida" thdng qua lien ket vdi Ndng dan hoac cac td chuc Ndng dan. Tuy nhien, khi trien khai lien kit thi chi cd Cdng ty Genyaco tham gia. Cdng ty NLS Kien Giang khdng thoa thuan dugc vdi HTX do Cdng ty mudn HTX giao gao lut, cdn HTX chi cd kha nar^ giao lua khd.
Bu-dc 3: To chuc cho cdc ben lien ket gap gd de tim hieu, thuong thdo vd ky kit hap dong: muc tieu eiia budc nay la de hai ben DN va HTX tien tdi viec ky kit hgp ddng. Kit qua dat dugc tu budc nay la Cdng ty Gendaco va HTX Hda Ti6n da thyc hien ky kit hgp ddng san xuit va tieu thu liia d ba vu He thu 2011, Ddng xuan 2011-2012 va Ddng xuan 2012- 2013, Hai ben khdng ky kit dugc hgp ddng trong vu He thu 2012 la do trong vu nay Cdng ty khdng cd du phuang tien sly, nha kho va phuang tien van chuyin. Sau khi hai ben da thdng nhat vdi nhau ve t i t ca cae dilu khoan yong hgp ddng, viec ky kit hgp ddng dugc tien hanh. Trong budi ky kit hgp ddng, ngoai Cdng ty va HTX ra cdn cd sy chung kiln cua Chinh quyen dia phuong va cac Nha khoa hpc tham gia trong md hinh lien kit.
Budc 4: Td chirc cdc hogt ddng hd trg cho HTX (tuy thudc vdo nhu cdu cua moi nai):
Muc tieu ciia budc nay nhim dh hd yg cho HTX nang cao nang lyc san xuat, chd bien, thi yudng va quan ly dk dam bao thuc hien tdt cac cam kit vdi DN. Cac hoat ddng ho trg bao gdm: mdi vu tap huin eho HTX hai Idp vdi ndi
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn D: Khoa hoc Chinh tri, Kinh ti vd Phdp ludt 26 (2013): 22-30 dung la 1) ky thuat san xmt va sly Ida va 2)
nang cao kiln thuc quan ly HTX, kiln thuc thi trudng va ndi ket thi trudng, ghi chep va bach toan ehi phi.
Budc 5: Theo doi, ddnh gid, sa kit kit qud thttc hien vd tu vdn gidi quyet nhung xung dot xdy ra giira cdc bin tham gia: muc tieu cua budc nay la d l giup cho HTX thuc Men tdt tiimg khau cdng viec cu the tu lue xudng gidng den khau tieu thu. Ddng thdi, budc nay eiing nham de ehi ra dugc hieu qua dat dugc cua md hinh, thdng qua viee daidi gia hieu qua tai chanh gida nhdm hd tham gia va khdng tham gia md hinh, ciing nhu d l danh gia hieu qua tai chanh cda nhdm hd tham gia md hinh tiong bdi canh trudc va sau khi tham gia md hinh lien ket.
Birdc 6: To chuc tong kit md hinh: muc tieu cua budc nay la d l rut ra dugc bai hgc kinh nghiem tiong qua trinh lien ket, de cudi cimg dua ra dugc nhiing giai phap d6 duy tii va nhSn rdng md lunh.
2«3 P h u o n g phap phan tich
Phuong phap thdng ke md ta dugc su dung dd md ta thyc trang lien ket tai vung nghien cdu. De xay dyng md hinh lien ket, phuang phap phan tich Id hdng dugc su dung.
Them vao dd, de danh gia hieu qua md hinh lien ket, phuong phap phan tich cac chi sd tai chanh duge sd dung di kem vdi vide su dyng cac phuang phap kiem dinh gia thuyet thdng ke de so sanh hieu qua tai chanh giira nhdm hd tham gia md hinh vdi nhdm hd khdng tham gia md hinh, ciing nhu giira cae vu mua trudc va sau khi tham gia md hinh eua nhom hp tham gia lien ket.
3 K E T QUA
3.1 Thu-c trang lien ket san xudt, tigu thu tai xa Dinh Hda va huySn Gd Quao Mac dia huyen Gd Quao ndi chung va xa Dinh Hda ndi rieng ed rit nhieu dieu kien thuan lgi d l tiin hanh viee lien ket dong tieu thu san pham nhu: dieu kien ty nhien thuan lgi, chinh sach ung hd ciia dia phuong, moi yudng kinh t l hdi nhap, nhung thye te eho den
thcri diem nghien cuu vin chua cd md hinh lien kit trong san xuit va tieu thu duge thuc hien thanh cdng tai dia ban nghien cuu. Trude day, nam 2005-2006 ed Cdng ty Trach nhiem huu ban Xuit nhap khiu Kidn Giang da timg tham gia lien kit vdi HTX Hda Tiin eua xa Dinh Hda, nhung lidn kit nay da khdng^ thanh cdng,.
Theo dia phuong va HTX eho bilt la do Cdng ty da "be ed" do gia ca lua d e n tiii trudng giam. Tuy nhien, khi tilp xuc vdi Cdng ty thi hg cho ring, Iy do khdng thuc hien dugc lien kit la do: I) ed qua nhieu loai giong tidn canh ddng lien kit nen se lam cho chat lugng gao lam ra khdng ddng nhat ve mat chit lugng, 2) ndng dan khdng dam bao dugc do am cua Ida nhu da cam kit do thilu phuang tien phoi say, hoac do ky thuat say ctia cac chii Id say cdn ban che, 3) canh danh eiia thuong Iai ve gia ca:
thuong Iai mua vdi gia cao vdi sd lugng it de tao nen "gia ao" dieu nay da tao hanh vi "be eo" ciia ngudi ndng dan, va 4) thuong Iai cd xu hudng mua lua tuoi, yong khi Cdng ty ed xu hudng mua Ida khd. Trong khi dd, Ndng dan ed xu hudng thich ban Ida tuoi hon Ida khd.
Them vao dd, nhiing Iy do khac dan den sy khdng thanh cdng dong lien ket tu phia Cdng ty, qua khao sat danh gia cCia nhdm nghien cuu, bao gdm: 1) muc tieu kinh doanh cua Cdng ty - thu mua gao lut de che bien va hoac la mua Ida td thuong iai - theo each kinh doanh nay Cdng ty cd dugc lugnp nguyen lieu Idn trong thdi gian ngin va chat lugng gao ddng nhat hon, va it bi rui ro hon yong qua trinh giao dich, 2) luc lugng thu mua va kiem pham cua Cdng ty ed gidi ban, 3) nang luc che bien (Id sly, thilt bi xay xat) eua Cdng ty ban chi, 4) phuong tien van chuyen cua Cdng ty cdn ban ehi va 5) phuong thue thanh toan theo qui trinh cua Doanh nghiep Idn - nhap hang vao kho, sau dd dua qua bo phan tai vu de dng tien thanh toan cho ngudi ban, tion^ khi ngudd ban lai mudn Cdng ty thanh toan tien lien ngay sau khi can Ilia.
Nhin chung, cdn nhieu bat cap trong qua trinh lien ket giiia Cdng ty kinh doanh Ida gao ndi chung va cac td ehue kinh t l hgp tac nhu da dugc dua ra tu nghien cuu cua Tran Van Hieu nam 2003. Tuy nhidn, nhihig bat cap nay
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hoe Cdn Tho nlu ed nhChig nd luc chung giiia hai ben, cdng vdi su hd yg thuc diy cua cac td chuc tai dia phuang va cac Vien, Trudng. Qua khao sat thyc t l tai vung nghien cuu va tu cac Cdng ty.
Xuit phat tu thuc t l nay, cgng vdi viec tham khao nhung nghien ciru sin cd trudc day, nhdm nghien cdu tiin hanh xay dyng md hinh lien kit thdng qua eac budc nhu dugc trinh bay trong muc 3.2.
3.2 Danh gia hieu qua ciia mo hinh lien ket 3.2. J Hieu qud chung cua mo hinh
Kit qua yong vu He thu cd 32 trong sd 40 hd xa vien dang ky tham gia md hinh va da thye hien hgp ddng tieu thu vdi Cdng ty dugc 100 tin Ida hang hda hen dien tieh 15 ha trong tdng sd 82 ha canh tac liia cua toan Hgp tac xa, vdi gia Ida dao ddng tu 6.500 - 6.800 ddng/kg (tuy thudc vao chat lugng Ida va thdi diem mua ban), ngang bang vdi gia ca thi trudng tai thdi diim mua ban. Vdi 37% sd hp xa vien tham gia va 18% dien tich lua tham gia md hinh mac du la con qua khiem tdn vdi kha nang san xuit cua Hgp tac xa, cung nhu so vdi nhu ciu thu mua cua Cdng ty, nhimg no cung da budc diu danh gia sy thanh cdng dau tien yong viee lien ket san xuat-tieu thu ddi vdi mat hang Iiia gao eua huyen, trudc day da cd mdt vai mdi lien ket da bi pha vd gida Hgp tac xa va cac Cdng ty thu mua khac trong tinh.
Them vao do. sy thanh cdng nay eiing da gdp phan lay Iai niem tin cho cac Hd xa vien trong lien kit san xuit - tieu thu. Den vu Ddng xuan 2011-2012. ed 31 xa vien tham gia mua ban vdi Cdng ty tren 20 ha va lugng lua tieu thu cho Cdng ty la 135 tan, vdi gia ca bien dpng tu 5.400 - 5850 ddng/kg, cao hon td 100-300 ddng/kg so vdi gia thi trudng tai thdi diem mua ban. Nhin chung, den vu Ddng xuan sd Ilia ban dugc cho Cdng ty cua Hgp tac xa cd tang len, nhimg mdc do tang khong dang ke do thieu phuong tien van chuyen. Cai dang ndi d day la cac hp tham gia md hinh ed thi ban Ida vdi gia cao hon do hg da bit diu dap dng dugc nhu eau ciia Cdng ty nen hp ed thi nhan dugc
) Khoa hgc Chinh in, Kinh ti vd Phdp ludt: 26 (2013): 22-30 gia ca eao hon. Trong vu He thu 2012, hai ben khdng tiep tuc thuc hien duge hgp ddng do thdi gian nay Cdng ty phai tap trung ngudn lire d l xay dyng thdm mdt kho chua va mdt h§
thdng sly. Trong khi HTX klidng dam nhan duge khau van chuyen va trd Ida gao cho Cdng ty nen hg khdng the thyc hien duge giao djch trong vu lua nay. D i n vu Ddng xuan 2012- 2013, Cdng ty da hoan tit viee xay dyng them kho chua va he thong sly. Them vao dd, HTX dam nhan duge chuc nang van chuyen nen hai ben da tilp tuc ky ket hi;^ ddng cho vu nay.
Tdm lai, thdng qua lien ket HTX da thye hien duge viec ban lua cho Cdng ty theo hgp d^ng da dugc ky kit vao d i u vu san xuat. DIC biet, cac xa vien ciia HTX tham gia md hinh dS nhan dugc gia ca tu bang den cao hon gia ca thi trudng tai thdi diim mua ban. Mac dii, lugng giao dich giira hai ben khdng Idn nhung nd danh diu dugc budc d i u su thay ddi hanh vi mua ban cua ngudi Ndng dan va giup cho Cdng ty tao tiin d l cho viec xay dung vimg nguyen lieu trong tuong Iai. Trudc mat, thdng qua lien kit da nang dugc thuong hi6u cho Cdng ty.
3.2.2 Hiiu qud cua lien kit mang lgi cho cdc tdc nhdn tham gia md hinh liin kit
"4 nhd"
Doi v&i Nong dan
Hiiu qud tdi chinh vu He thu 2011 Ket qua khao sat ve hieu qua tai chinh trong san xuit Ilia cua nhung hg ed tham gia md hinh va khong tham gia md hinh yong vu He thu 2011 dugc trinh bay frong Bang 1. Kit qui Bang I eho thay hau hit cae ehi tiSu hieu quit tai chanh ciia cae hd tham gia md hinh dSu cao hon so vdi cac hg khdng tham gia md hinh.
Tuy nhien, khdng cd su khac biet ed y nghTa ddi vdi tat ea cae chi tieu tren. Dieu nay cd the dugc giai thich la do day la vu dau tien thuc hien Hen ket nen hieu qua tac ddng td cac boat ddng lien ket cCia d l tai nghien cuu chua dugc the hien.
Tgp chi Khoa hge Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tho Phdn D: Khoa hoe Chinh tri. Kinh li vd Phdp ludt 26 (2013): 22-30 Bang I : Hi£u qua tai chinh cua ho SX liia co va khong tham gia vu HT 2011
Chi Mu
TroDg md hinh
S6 tien % NgoM mo hinh
So tien %
DVT: 1.000 dong/ha ChenhlSch . . . . . . ( l ) - ( 2 ) Muc y nghia Tdng chi phi 17.892
Thu nhap 32.967 Lginhu|in 15.075 Lgi nhuan/Chi phi 0,84 Lgi nhu|n/Thu nhap 0,46
19.448 31.355 11.907 0,61 0,38 gy nghia, *
100,00
*.* muc y nghia 5%
1.556 1.612 3.168 0,23 0,08
ns ns ns ns ns Ngudn-Kit qua diiu tra nam 2011. 2012 Ghi chu: ns khong y nghia.
Tdm lai, hieu qua cua van de lien ket mac du chua dugc the hidn ro net giiia cac hd ed va khdng tham gia md hinh dong vu He thu 2011.
Hieu qud tdi chinh vu Ddng Xuan 2011 -2012 Doi vdi ndrig hg ed tham gia md hinh, tdng ehi phi san xuat eua vu Ddng xuan trung binh 15,86 trieu ddng/ha, yong khi do ddi vdi eac hg khdng tham gia md hinh la 20.285 dieu ddng/ha. Qua phan tich cho thiy tdng chi phi san xuat/ha cua cac xa vien tham gia md
hinh thap hon khoang 5 trieu dong (tai muc y nghTa 10%).
Sd lieu yong Bang 2 cho thay, mac du hai chi tieu thu nhap va lgi nhuan tren mdt ha cua cac hd tham gia md hinh va cae hd khdng tham gia md hinh khdng ed sy khac biet y nghTa, nhung chi tidu higu qua tong hop - ty suat lgi nhuan (lgi nhuan/chi phi), ed sy khae biet y nghTa tai muc 10%, d do cac hd cd tham gia md hinh dat hieu qua eao ban (1,89 so vdi 1,31).
Bang 2: Hi^u qua tai chanh cua hg SX lua trong va ngoai m6 binh d vu DX 2011 - 2012
DVT: ddn^ha
Chi tieu T6ng chi phi Thu nhap Lai nhu^n Lai nhuan/Chi phi Lgi nhuan/Thu nhap
Trons mo hinh
So tien % 15.856 100,00 44.245
28.389 1,89 0,61
Ngoai mo hinh
So tiin % 20.285 100,00 43.048
22.763 1,31 0,53
Chenh lech
(l)-a)
-4.429 1.197 5.626 0,58 0,08
Muc y nghia
*
ns ns
*
N^on: Kit qud diiu tra nam 2011, 2012 ns Ghi chit: ns: khongy nghia; ** mucy nghTa 5%
Tdm lai: thdng qua lien kit eac hg tham gia md hinh mac du khdng ed sy khac biet ve mat thdng ke ddi vdi cac chi tieu hieu qua tai chanh so vdi cac hd khdng tham gia md hinh. Tuy nhien. hieu qua nay da dugc the hien yong vu Ddng xuan. Dilu nay cho thay, theo thdi gian vdi nhirng trai nghidm tich liiy dugc qua qua yinh lien kit. Hieu qua mang lai td lien ket da dugc t h i hien. Dac biet hieu qua mang lai dugc tu vide cai thien chi phi san xuat.
Ngoai ra. thdng qua lien ket da lam cho trinh do san xuat va 1^ nang quan Iy eua ndng hg ngay cang dugc cai thien va day la mdt yong nhirng yeu td quan ygng gdp phan lam
tang hieu qua san xuat va thu nhap eua ndng hg tham gja md hinh. Bdn canh do, cac chu Id say Cling dugc nang eao ky thuat sly lua dung tieu chuan de nang eao gia ban lua cho ndng hd.
Md hinh lien kit cdn giup eho ndng hd thiy dugc ro hon lgi ich cua viec tham gia vao Hgp tac xa yong san xuat. Viee tham gia nay da giup cho ndng hd trao ddi kinh nghiem san xuat va cae thdng tin khac lien quan din san xuit va ddi sdng. Quan trpng hon dd la co hdi tilp can vdi cdng ty thu mua d l tieu thu vdi gia ban cao hon gdp phan lam cho thu nhap ndng hd tang va dn dinh hon. Dac biet, thdng qua
Tap chi Klioaiigc Trudng Dgi hoc Cdn Tha PhdnD Khoa hge Chinh Iri, Kinh livd Phdp ludf 26 (2013). 22-30 lien kit da lam cho kha nang td ehue san xuat
eua HTX ^ a tang nhu td ehdc sa cung loai giong, sa ddng loat, td chuc thu hoach va say Ilia, eung nhu da td chuc dugc dong khau tieu thu.
Doi vdi Cong ty
Thdng qua viec lien kit nay se giup cho hg cd them duge mdt vung nguyen lieu Ida on dinh gdp phan dam bao chit lugng ddng diu eiia san pham va ciing gdp phan hoan thanh ke hoach xuat khau gao ciia Cdng ty. Them vao dd, thdng qua vice lien ket nay se gdp phin nang cao thuong hieu cua Cdng ty trong boat dpng san xuit, kinh doanh liia gao.
Doi vdi diaphtecmg
Thye hien duge md hinh lien ket nay da giiip eho dia phuang ngoai viec nang cao nang lyc quan ly eua Can bg cap xa nd cdn giup cho dja phuong thuc thi dugc Chuong trinh Ndng thdn mdi cCia tinh do Dinh Hda la mdt dong nhiing xa diem Ndng thdn mdi eua Trung uong. Them vao do, viee thyc hien md hinh liSn ket nay eiing da gop phan thue thi Quylt djnh 80 ciia Chinh phii ve vin dl liSn kit.
Doi voi Nhd khoa hgc
Thyc hien md hinh lien kit nay da ddng gdp them nhihig thi du minh hga cho Iy thuylt chudi gia yi ddi vdi ITnh vuc khoa hge. Dung vl mat ly thuylt thi day^ chinh la mdt yong nhung giai phap nang cap chudi gia yi san pham thdng qua viec thilt lap va cung ed mdi lien kit dgc giua Ngudi san xuit va Doanh nghiep. Ben canh dd, nd eung phan anh dugc tac ddng ciia bd phan hd dg, thiic diy chudi, dd la Chinh quyen dia phuong va Nha khoa hgc.
Tu nhiing ket qua eua md hinh nhu da neu, de du>' tri va nhan rdng md hinh nay nhdm nghien cuu de xuit cac giai phap dugc Umh bay trong muc 3.4.
3.3 Giai phap de duy tri va nhan rgng md hinh
Ddi vdi Xa vien dong HTX: tilp tue hgp tac vdi nhau de thye hien lien kit tieu thu vdi
Cdng ty de cd the nang dugc lgi nhuEin den mdt ddng ehi phi bd ra. Them vao dd, nen c6 gIng thay ddi hanh vi san xuat, kinh doanh ciia minh thdng qua viec ghi chep, theo ddi chi phi va each de tinh toan chi phi, lgi nhuan. Cd lam dugc dieu nay ngudi san xuat mdi cd dugc quyen lyc thi trudng vdi ngudi mua trong viec nga gia ca mua ban.
Ddi vdi lanh dao Hgp tac xa: tiep tuc phat huy nhiing hieu qua dat dugc tu md hinh dl van ddng cac xa vien duy tri va md rdng sd x5 vien tham gia dong nhung nam tdi. Dae biet ein hgp tac chat che hon vdi eac Chu Id sly Ida va nhiing Nha cung cap dich vu gat diip lien hop dong khau thu hoach. Ddng thdi ludn ty nang cao nang luc quan ly eua nunh de c6 t h i gid dugc mdi quan he chgt che vdi Cdng ty hien dang lien ket. Ben canh dd, tidp tuc tim kiem them ddi tac mua Iiia, ciing nhu phuang thdc ndi ket da dang ban de tao mdi trudng canh yanh hoan hao hon. Ngoai ra, lanh daa Hgp tac xa nen suy nghi va manh dan md rpng pham vi hoat ddng eua minh, nhu dau tu phuong tien van chuyen liia, nha kho, thiet bj say de tao them cdng an viec lam, eung nhu nang cao thu nhap cho Hgp tac xa va giai quylt hai khau ach tic nhat la khau sSy lua vi van chuyen.
Ddi vdi Cdng ty: de tiep tue duy yi mdi lien ket nay, Cdng ty nen tim each thay ddi phuang thdc thanh toan - chi ha tien mat ngay sau khi mua eho ndng dan ban Ida. Day la hinh thiic ma nhung thuong lai lam dugc, do vay theo chiing tdi Cdng ty hoan toan ed t h i thye hien.
Ddng thdi tiep tuc hd y g cho HTX yong khSu huan luyen say Ida va tim kiem phuang tien van chuyen.
Ddi vdi dia phuang: tilp tuc van dgng va hd trg cho Hgp tac xa thyc bien lien ket vdi Cdng ty. Rieng ddi vdi d p huyen va tinh:
chiing tdi kien nghi nen tao dilu kten de eac xJ lan can nhan rdng md hinh. Ben canh dd nen tich cue hd y g cho Hgp tac xa tim kilm them ddi tac lien ket yong thdi gian tdi. Thdm vao dd, cin phdi hgp chat che hon vdi eac Nha khoa hgc trong Iiiih vuc lien kit san xuat va tieu thu.
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hge Cdn Tlia Phdn D: Khoa hoc Chinh tri, Kinh ti vd Phdp lugf 26 (2013) 22-30
4 K E T L U ^ N
Tai thdi diem nghidn cuu chua cd lien ket san xuat va tieu thu Ida gao tai dia phuong duge thyc hien thanh cong, mac du nhung dilu kien ty nliien, mdi t r u d i ^ kinh doanh va nd luc cua dia phuong rit Idn.
Nhiing boat ddng hd trg dm ckc td chuc ben ngoai (tap huin kj? thuat, thi trudng va van dgng thuc diy lien kit) nhu Trudng Dai hgc Can Tho. Tram Khuyin ndng Gd Quao, UBND xa Dinh Hda, UBND huyen Gd Quao va cua Cdng ty Gentraco da giup eho cae hg san xuat tham gia md hinh y thuc va nhan ra duge lgi ich cOa viec lien kit do da tao ra dugc mdt thj trudng canh yanh hoan hao hon va do nit ngin duge kenh phan phdi (ban true tilp eho Cdng ty, khdng qua thuong Iai) nen ngudi san xuat dugc nhan gia ban eao hon trudc, eiing nhu nhirng hd xa vidn khdng tham gia md hinh. Them vao dd, thdng qua eac Idp tap huan da gidp cho nhiing hd san xuat tham gia md hinh y thue dugc viec san xuit theo nhu ciu thi trudng theo quan niem "ban cai thi trudng can, chd khdng phai ban cai minh cd".
Ciing vay, cae Idp tap huin cdn giup cho cac chu Id say nang eao dugc nan^ luc che bien (say Ida) de dap img dugc nhu cau v^ do am va do gly ciia Ida cho Cdng ty. Ngoai ra, nang lyc quan ly Hgp tac xa eua lanh dao Hgp tac xa eiing da duge nang cao thdng qua viee duge chuyen giao cac kien thuc quan ly tu nhdm nghidn cdu.
Md hinh lien kit da giup cho cae hd tham gia md hinh nang cao dugc hieu qua tai chanh dong san xuit Ida, dac biet la dong vu Ddng xuan 2011-2012 so vdi cac hd khdng tham gia mdhinh.
Ngoai viec mang Iai hieu qua tai chanh eho eac hd ndng dan tham gia md hinh, md hinh lien kit eiing da giup cho cac hg tham gia md hinh nang cao dugc mdi quan he xa hdi yong san xuit va tieu thu Ida gao, ciang nhu nang luc san xuit va thi yudng cho cae hd tham gia md hmh.
Md hinh lien kit ngoai viec giup cho ngudi san xuit hudng dugc lgi ich tu lien kit, nd cdn giup cho Cdng ty ed dugc them vung nguyen lieu lua dn dinh cho viee kinh doanh gao va tao dugc ngudn nguyen lieu vdi chat lugng ddng nhit, cai ludn ludn eIn thiet td ngudi mua. dac biet la nhung ngudi mua nude ngoai.
Khdng nhimg hai ddi tac chinh tiong lien ket la eac xa vien cda Hgp tac xa va Cdng ty, nhimg can bd dia phuong ciing nang eao dugc nang luc quan ly va hd tig cho viec lien kdt, gdp phan thuc hi6n chu truong xay dung xa ndng thdn mdi. Them vao do, ket qua ciia md hinh ciing se bd sung them mpt chung cd cho Iy thuyet nang cap chudi gia tri ddi vdi nhirng Nha khoa hgc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Agrifood Consulting International (2005).
Northeast Thailand Rice Value Chain Study.
2. Lam Khue (2010). Lien ket "4 nha" - can gan ket, lien ddi Uach nhiem vdi nhau.
http://www.baoanhdatmui.vn, truy cdp ngay 18/08/2010.
3. Tran Van Hieu, 2003. Thuc trang va giai phap cho sy lien kSt "bdn nha" trong san xuat va tieu thu ndng san d dong bing song Cuu Long.
Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng Dai hgc Can Tha s6 1, Uang 180-185 nam 2004.
4. Vu Huy TiJr (2003). Md hinh lien kit 4 nha Uong nong nghiep. http://dddn.com.vn, truy cap ngay 01/08/2010.
