Thj tru'dng bao hiem Viet Nam - Trien vong phat trien
trong boi canh nen kinh te so
LE H A TRAMG"
T d m d t ,- ^' L - Bdi vie't tdng qudt vi tht trudng bdo hiem Viet Nam giai doan 2015-2019, dgc biet la danh gia hogl dgng eua thi trUdng trong ndm 2019 de dua ra nhffng dU bdo trien vgng cung nhU khuyin nghi gidi phdp phdt trien ngdnh bdo hiem trong bdi cdnh nin kinh ti so.
TH khoa: thi trUdng bdo hiem, kinh te sd, Viet Nam, doanh nghiip bdo hiem
Summary
The article assesses Vietnam's insurance market over the period 2015-2019, especially its performance in 2019 to make forecasts as well as recommendations for the development of insurance market in the context of digital economy.
Keywords: insurance market, digital economy, Vietnam, insurance business
GlCfl THIEU
Nam 2019, nen kmh te Vidt Nam ed thdm mdt nam vdi cdc chi tieu kinh td' vT md d^u dat ke' hoach vdi mffc tang trffdng dn dinh va dam bao td't an sinh xa bdi.
Cung thanh tffu cua eude Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0, phffdng thffc boat ddng kinh te' cua Viet Nam va cae qud'c gia trdn the'gidi deu cd sff diay ddi manh me, vdn hanh chu ye'u dffa tren cdng nghd so'. Vidt Nam, trong nhffng nam gan ddy dang cd td'c dp chuyen ddi kinh td' sd hda nhanh trdn the gidi, Khdng the phu nhan rang, nhd cd nen kinh te' sd ma cdc ngdnh cdng nghidp dat dffdc nhffng thanh qua dot pha, nang sudt lao ddng dffdc cai thidn ddng ke. Trong bd'i canh tat ca cae nganh kinh doanh dang tim chd dffng trong mdt thd' gidi ky thuat sd', thi ddy la cd hpi phdt tridn sdn phdm va kdnh phdn phd'i cho nganh bao hidm Vidt Nam,
JHl/C TRANG PHAT TRIEN THI TRL/ClNG BAO HIEM V I E T NAM
Ve cac doanh nghidp bao hidm & Vidt Nam Theo Cue Quan Iy gidm sdt bao hiem - Bd Tai chinh (2020), tinh de'n he't nam 2019, cac doanh nghiep bao hie'm (DNBH) Viet Nam da cd sff phat trien the hidn d nhiing mat sau:
- Vi sd lU0ig. ed 66 doanh nghidp kinh doanh bao hiem (trong dd cd 30 doanh nghiep bao hiem (DNBH) phi nhan thp, 18 DNBH nhan thp, 2 doanh nghidp tdi
bao hidm va 16 doanh nghidp mdi gidi bao hiem) va 1 chl nhdnh DNBH phi nhdn thp nffdc ngoai.
- Vi mgng ludi kinh doanh: Trong nam 2019, cdc DNBH phi nhdn thp md thdm 9 chi nhanh vd tid'p tuc ra soat va thu hep hoat ddng cua 8 ehi nhanh khdng hidu qua, nang tdng sd chi nhdnh len 635 chi nhanh hoat ddng tai 63 tinh, thanh tren ca nffdc. Cac DNBH nhan dip tidp mc md rdng kenh phan phdi, ngai kdnh ban hang trffc tie'p thi ban bang qua cac dai ly, ban hang online va dac bidt la phan phdi qua ngan hang dat td'c dp tdng trffdng cao trong nhffng ndm qua. Ndu nhff nam 2014, kdnh phan phdi bancassurance chi chid'm 5% trong tdng doanh thu khai thdc mdi dii de'n nam 2019 ffdc dat 28%.
- Ve sdn phdm bdo hiem: Hien nay toan thi trffdng bdo hiem trien khai khoang 1.500 san pham bao hilm cho ta't ca 7 nghidp vu bao hiem nhan thp, 11 nghiep vu bao^ hiem phi nhdn tho va nghiep vii bao hiem sffe khoe. Ddng thdi, trong nam 2019, Bd Tai chinh bdp tuc phdi hdp vdi cac bd,^nganh hen quan dd nghien cffu phdt trien san pham bao hiem rui ro thien tai ddi vdi nghidp vu bdo hiem phi nhan tho va bao hiem vi md ddi vft nghidp vu 'TS., Trffdng Dai hoc Thu'dng mai
bao hiem nhdn thp tao dieu kien eho cdc DNBH da dang hoa san pham bdo hiem ddp tfng tdt hdn nhu cau tham gia bao hiem cua ngffdi dan.
- Ve lhi phdn, trong cac DNBH phi nhan tho thi cd 5 DN Idn la Bao Vidt, PVI, pn, Bao Minh va Pjico chie'm den 56%
thi phan theo doanh thu phi bao hiem, cdn lai 26 doanh nghiep khde chi chie'm 42%.
Con ddi vdi thi trffdng bao hidm nhan tho, thi 5 doanh nghidp ldn la Bao Viet nhan tho, Pmdenbal, Manulife, Dai-ichi, AIA chid'm dd'n 81%, bong khi cac doanh nghiep cdn lai chi chid'm 19% thi phan doanh thu phi bao hid^m trong nam 2019.
V^ nang lffc tai chinh toan thi trtfdng Trong 5 nam qua (2015-20J9), tai san, vd'n chu sd hffu va sd' vd'n dau tff trd Iai n^n kinh td ciia toan thi trffdng bao hiem cd xu hffdng gia tang vdi td'c do dn dinh. T&g tai san ndm 2019 dat khoang 454.379 ty dong (tang 15% so vdi nam 2018), trong dd cac DNBH phi nhdn thp dat 89.447 ty ddng (chie'm 19,7%), con cdc DNBH nhan tho dat khoang 364.932 ty ddng (chid'm 80,3%). Trong khi do, nguon vd'n chu sd hifu nam 2019 tang 9,3% so vdi nam 2018, dat khoang 89.345 ty ddng vdi 33,7% (tffdng dffdng 30.118 ty dong) cua cac DNBH phi nhan tho, cdn Iai 66,3% (tffdng dffdng 59.227 ty ddng) vdn chu sd hffu la cua cae DNBH nhan tho. Vdi ngudn chu yd'u tff vd'n chu
sd hffu eung vdi dtf phdng nghiep vu, trong nam 2019, cac DNBH da dau tff trd lai nen kinh td khoang 376.555 ty ddng (tang 16,36% so vdi nam 2018) (Bieu dd 1).
Ve thtfc trang kinh doanh bao hid'm cua cac DNBH d Viet Nam
Bang I choJha'y,_ trong giai doan 2015-2019, doanh thu phi bao hiem goc toan thi trffdng cd xu hffdng tang trffdng dn dinh d mffc 24%, tuy nhien nam 2019, tdng doanh thu phi bao hiem ffdc dat 160.180 ty ddng vdi tde do tdng trffdng phi bao hiem thap hdn nhffng nam trffdc d mffc 20,32%, trong dd khd'i phi nhan thp ed td'c dp^tang trffdng la 12,3% cdn khd'i nhan thp tang 25%, thap hdn nhieu so vdi nhffng nam trffdc. Do san pham bao hiem phi nhan thp cd thdi ban hdp ddng dai, cho
BIEU DO 1: T A I S A N , VOM CHG s 6 HffU VA S O VOM D A G Ttf TRCi LAI MEM KiriH TE CCJA T O A N THj TRtfdMG BAO HIEM GIAI DO^M 2 0 1 5 - 2 0 1 9
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N^m 2015 70,162 31,891 38,271 25,57 15,88 34,97 23.571 13 851
9.720 160.467 32.658 127.809
Nam 2016 87,361 36 864 50,497 24,51 15,59 31,95 25.609 13.246 12.363 198.149 35.927 162.222
Nam 2017 107,709
41,594 66,115 23,29 12.83 30,93 31.889 15 942 15 947 247.814
39 612 208.202
Nam 2018 133,133
46,957 86,176 23,60 12,89 3,34 39.262 19.808 19.455 324.251 42.851 281 400
m m 2019 160,180
52 387 107,793 20,32 12,3 25 44.006 21202 22 804 376.555 46,591 329.964 - Bo Tai chinh (2020)
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nen cac DNBH nhan tho co nguon von nhan r6i nhieu hdn de dau td vao^ nen kinh te. Nam 2019, cac DNBH^dau M lai n^n kinh te i/dc dat 376.555 ty d6ng, tang 16,36% so vdi nam 2018, trong do cac DNBH phi nhan tho chi chiem 12,4%
(tiTdng du'dng 46.591 ty dong), con cac DNBH nhan tho chiem den 87,6% (tifcfng dtfdng 329.964 ty dong).
Tinh hinh chi tra boi thtfdng bao hiem dtfdc the hien qua sd'tien boi thtfdng bao hiem go'c va tra tien bao hiem so vdi doanh thu phi bao hiem gd'c ciia ta't ca cac nghiep vti bao hiem trong ky. Trong nam 2019, cac DNBH da chi tra quyen ldi bao hiem tfdc dat 44.006 ty dong, tha'p hdn so vdi doanh thu phi bao hiem gd'c, trong do, bao hiem phi nhan tho boi thtfdng chiem 48,18% do dac thii san pham bao hiem phi nhan thp cd ihdi han ngan hdn.
Bieu do 2 cho tha'y, sd'tien boi thu'dng bao hiem va tra tien bao hiem deu tha'p hdn doanh thu phi bao hiem goc d t§'t ca cac nam. Nam 2019, doanh thu phi bao hiem gd'c tang 20,32%, trong khi sd'tien boi thtfdng va tra tien bao hiem chl tang 12,08%, CO the do cac DNBH _da cd bien phap quan !y rui ro tot hdn, dan d6'n chi phi bdi thtfdng va tra tien bao hiem giara di. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh ldi nhuan boat ddng kinh doanh cua cac DNBH thtfdng khdng cao, mot so' doanh nghiep cdn bi Id ve ky thuat, nguyen nhan chinh la do chi phi boat dong qua cao, dac biet la chi phi ban hang. Do do, cac DNBH phi nhan tho c^n cd chinh sach quan ly chi phi de nang cao ldi nhuan tit hoat ddng kinh doanh bao hiem.
Tinh hinh duf phong nghiep vu cua toan thi tru'cing bao hiem
Cung vdi doanh thu phi bao hiem tang len, viec trich lap dtf phdng cua toan thi trtfdng ngay mdt tang, gdp phan on dinh tai chinh cho DNBH va thi trtfdng khi riii ro xay ra. Viec trich lap diing, du dtf phong la mot ye'u to' dam bao kha nang thanh toan ciia DNBH. Trong 5 nam 2015-2019, dtf phdng nghiep vu tang binh quan 24,3%, rieng nam 2019, dtf phong nghiep vu chi tang 18 6%
so vdi nam 2018. Trong do, dtf phong nghiep vii bao hiem phi nhan tho dat khoang 21.638 ty ddng, chi tang 0 1% so vdl natn 2018, con dtf phdng nghiep vti bao hiem nhan tho dat 264 237 ty d6n<y tang 20,4% so vdi nam 2018 {BieV di)
Dhan tho chifa chti trpng viec dtf phdng cac bien dgng ldn, ma chu ye'u dtf phdng cho viec b6i thifdng cac trach nhiem bao hiem ciia minh.
DL/ BAO VE XU THE LfNG DUNG CONG NGHE VAO KINH DOAN^
BAG HIEM VIET ^lAM TRONG BOI CANH KINH TE SO
Cong nghe da dtfdc tfng dung kha rgng rai d cac DNBH tren the gidi, nhtfng 6 Viet Nam thi cdn kha mdi me. Theo khao sat cua Vietnam Report (2018), dai dien cac DNBH tham gia khao sat cho bie't doi mdi, nghien ctfu ap dung cong nghe mdi trong h6 tho'ng quan ly, phuc vu khach hang la tfu tien hang dau (chiem 100% phan hdi); ke ti^'p la ddi mdi s^n ph£m dap tfng yeu cdu ciia thi ffifflng (82,4% phan hoi) va da dang boa cac kenh ban bao hiem (76,5%). Day difdc danh gia la xu htfdng kinh doanh cda nganh bao hiem.
Btfdc chan vao cupc Cach mang Cdng nghiep 4.0, cac DNBH y thtfc dtfdc viec Sli dung cong nghe ky thuat sd' nhtf mdt Un dap cho tang trtfdng. 82,4% DNBH cho biet dang xay dtfng chie'n Itfdc phat tri^n Internet di ddng, 64,7% doanh nghiep xay dtfng chie'n Itfdc tren hai yen to then chd't cua CMCN 4.0 la Van vat ket noi (loT - Internet of things) va DiJ lieu ldn (Big Data) (Bieu do 4). Viec ap dung loT, mdy bay khdng ngtfdi lai va cac mo hinh bao hiem ke't nd'i chii ye'u dang trong giai doan thii nghiem, nhtfng ket qua day htfa hen. Blockchain da bat dau xSm nhap nhtf mdt ye'u to' thuc day tang dnh minh bach va chia se dff lieu hieu qua hdn. Viec trien khai the he dau ti6n trong bao hiem van chuyen thtfdng mai phan ldn da dat dtfdc muc heu. Cac robot ttf ddng hda dtfdc ting diing trong cac quy trinh hanh chinh cd ban. Nhii'ng cong nghe mdi nay se lam thay ddi manh me trai nghiem ciia khach hang, viec phat hanh san pham bao hiem se it bi giaii doan va cac y6u cau ciia khach hkg se dtfdc sap xe'p mot each hpp ly.
Phat hien gian lan cung se dtfdc tang cifdng hdn nham lanh manh hoa hoat dgng ciia thi trtfdng.
Ben canh dd, siJ dung tri tue nhan tad (AI) cung dang phat trien trong ITnh vtfc bao hiem. Thtfc te hien nay, nhieu DNBH phi nhan tho nhtf: Bao Viet, PTl, MIC, BIC... da ap dung quan ly bdi thtfdng qua
cdc thie't bi cdng nghe sdhay cac DNBH nhan tho, nhtf:
Prudential, Aviya cd stf hd trp ldn ttf cdng ty me la cac tap doan loan cau da dau ttf vao cdng nghe tri tu$ nhan tao vdi cac chatbot (mpt chtfdng tnnh ket hdp vdi AI dd tu'dng tac ydi con ngtfdi qua hmh thtfc tin nhan hoac am thanh) nham hd trd viec kinh doanh.
M 6 T SO KHUYEN NGHj
^Nham tfng dung cdng nghg trong kinh doanh bao hiem cf Viet Nam, theo tac gia, thi trtfdng bao hiem can thtfc hi6n cd hieu qua mdt sd' van de sau:
Mpt la, nghien cu'u thi trrfoTng, thie't kg'san pham - Thu thdp dff lieu khdch hdng: DNBH sii dung cdng nghd dd nghien ctfu, danh gia thi trtfdng, tim hieu dung nhu cau cua khach hang. Mdt mang Itfdi cac thie't bj thdng minh, cam bie'n dtfdc ke't nd'i va cac dd'i ttfdng khac nhau cd the hen lac vdi nhau thdng qua internet van vat, cho phep DNBH thu thap dtf heu khach hang cl thdi gian thtfc. Cu the: trong khau tie'p thi, tri tud nhSn tao gitip ke't nd'i hd sd diT lidu khach hang vdi san pham phd hdp nha't, tranh viec lien he tran lan khdng diing ngtfdi cd nhu c^u bao hiem. 4 ITnh vtfc cu thd mang mdt tiem nang ldn cho cac cdng ty bao hiem la: thie't bi deo, vien thdng, thie't bi nha thdng minh va cdng nghe may bay khdng ngtfdi Mi.
- Md bdn cdc sdn phdm bdo hiem true tuye'n trin mgt cdng so sdnh: Cho phep ngtfdi tham gia bao hidm cd the so sanh trtfc tuyen ve cha't Itfpng, gia ca, dieu khoan san pham va dtfa ra quydt dinh Itfa chon san pham gitfa cac nha cung cap. Loai hinh nay phu hdp vdi cac san pham tieu chuan nhtf bad hiem xe cd gidi, bao hiem stfe khoe, bao hiem du ljch.
- Thii't ke sdn phdm mdi: Cdng nghe keo theo stf xua't hidn nhffng each tie'p can sdn phS'm mdi nhtf san pham bao hiem dtfa tren cd sd s^ dung. Vi du: tinh phi bao hidm dtd dtfa trdn dff lieu van hanh xe, gom quang dtfdng, van td'c, phong each lai (tang gidm td'c, phanh xe, vao cua, chuyen htfdng...). Hay nhffng san pham bao hid'm theo chddd "tat - md" cho phep khach hang dtfdc chpn so' ngay cu thd ho can dtfdc bao hidm trong nam. Ngoai ra, eong ty bao hidm co thd eung cap san pham bao hidm theo yen cau cho eae khoang thdi gian da chpn (hoac thdi gian thtfc diing). Thay vi bao ve moi thtf bat ctf liic nao, hdp ddng^bao hiem theo yeu ctu cho phep khach hang bao hiem rui ro tai nhffng thdi didm cu thd.
Hai la, danh gia rui ro, ban hang va sau ban hang - Ddnh gid rdi ro; quy trinh danh gia riii ro dien ra nhanh hdn nhd cd stf hd trd ciia cdng nghe. Vdi robot thay the mdt so' cdng doan nhtf gidi thieu thdng tin mdi tai cac trung tam dieh vu khach hang, khai thac bao hiem bang each ttf dpng tie'p can cP sd dff heu. Ngoai ra, tri tue nhan tao cd the ttf ddng tham dinh khach hang, ddnh gia mffc dp nii ro va dinh phi bao hidm.
- Tu vdn bdn hdng: Cung cap dich vii ttf van bao hiem bang eac giai phap cdng nghe hien dai nhtf cdng trtfc tuye'n hoac ffng diing di ddng. Qua do se cung
141
cap cac thtf muc bao hidm ky thuat so' qua tfng dung di dpng, nhd vay, khach hang cd dtfdc mgt cai nhin rd rang, minh bach hen quan ddn san pham bao hidm, eo the lien lac vdi ng_tf6i ttf va'n ciia minh va nhan dtfdc ttf van hoan toan mien phi.
- Da dgng hod kenh phdn phdi: Sff dung cdng nghe so' giup cac DNBH cd them cae kenh ban hang mdi, dac biet la kenh trtfc tuye'n, tff website de'n tfng dung di ddng tren eae san giao dich dien tff, dap tfng cae nhu cau bao hiem ciia ta't ca khach hang tiem nang. Cac md hinh bao hiem mdi cung l^n ltfdt xua't hien, nhtf; co bao hidm ngang hang (peer to peer insurance) hay ban cheo bao hidm dang dan nd rd d eac qud'e gia. Bang each sff dung mpt nen tang cdng nghe, chii cffa hang CO the tang doanh thu cua hp thdng qua viec ban cheo cac san pham bao hidm, nhtf cffa hang d td cd thd ban bao hiem xe. Qua dd, khach hang cd thd ngay lap ttfc mua bao hiem cho nhtfng tai san mua sam ma khdng can cung cap ba't ky gia'y td nao vdi mtfc phi hdp ly.
- Ky ke't hop dong: Khi da ttf van cho dung dd'i ttfdng khaeh hang eo nhu eau bao hiem thi can sd' hoa viec ra ddn bao hiem. Hdp ddng thong minh cd cac dieu khoan dtfdc ghi bang ngdn ngtf may tinh thay vi ngdn ngff phap ly. Hdp ddng nay co the dtfdc thtfc hien ttf dpng bdi mdt he thd'ng may tinh, chang han nhtf mdt he thd'ng sd cai phan tan phu hdp. Nhihig ldi ich tiem nang cua hdp dong thdng minh la giao dich nhanh chdng vdi chi phi tha'p.
Ba la, giai quye't boi thtftfng va tra tien bao hiem - Gidi quye't khieu ngi: Cdng nghe tao ra cac cdng cu ttfdng tac vdi khach hang, nhtf: chatbot, cdng cu quan ly hdp ddng (ehang han Prudential Viet Nam cd Cdng thdng tin khach hang PRUonline). Do do, td'e dp tra ldi khie'u nai, giai quyet quyen ldi bao hiem cung nhanh hdn nhd co hd thdng tra ldi ttf ddng (vi du Manulife vdi website EasyClaims, Generah vdi Gen Claims...).
Thdi gian giai quye't quyen Ipi cua khach hang khdng con do bang tuan ma da giam xudng bang ngay, bang gid, tham chi la bang phut, bang giay.
- Thdm dinh bdo hiem: Cac DNBH cd the ap dung he thd'ng tri tu^ nhan tao de thay the cac tham dinh vien bao hiem (chang ban nhtf IBM's Watson Explorer).
He didng cd the doc cac chffng tff y t6, benh an vdi moi loai dtf heu (thdi gian nam vien, hch sff didu tri, phffdng phap phSu thuat...) dd tham dinh va tinh toan chi tra quyen ldi cho khach hang. Tif do giiip tang hieu nang hoat^ dpng ciia bd phan tham dinh, giani thieu dang^ke thdi gian giai quye't quyen ldi bao hidm, giam sd' nhan vien tham dinh, tidt kidm chi phi cho DN.
- Han che true lai bdo hiem: Blockchain la mpt ca'u true dff lieu chtfa cac ho sd giao dich dam bao tinh bao mat, minh bach va phan cap. Mpt chudi cac ban ghi dffde ltfu trff dtfdi dang cac khd'i dtfdc kidm soat khdng phai bdi mdt cd quan duy nha't. Cdng nghe chudi khd'i eho phep ta't ea nhffng ngtfdi tham gia dat dtfdc thda thuan. Ta't ca dtf heu dtfdc ltfu trff tren mot block dtfde ghi lai bang ky thuat sd' va co mpt lich sff chung co san cho ta't ca nhtfng ngffdi tham gia. Bang each nay, cd hpi cua bat ky hoat dpng gian lan hoac sao chep giao dich nao se bi loai bd, ma khdng can de'n stf kiem ehffng eua ben thtf ba.
- Lifu trff thong tin khdch hdng: Cdng nghe sd'da lam ddn gian hda van de ke khai thdng tin cua khach hang. Khi mdi ea nhan cd dinh danh thd'ng nha't tren hd sinh thai so, eac thdng tin t6n tudi, dia chi, tinh trang sffc khoe, tien sff bdnh, thdi quen sinh hoat, sd thich ca nhan...
deu cd trong cd sd dff lieu ldn (big data).
Viec sff dung cac phan tich cam bid'n va cdng nghe hpc may (machine learning) cd the suy luan ra cugc sd'ng cua tffng ea nhSn tff cac dff heu so. Ttf dd mang lai nhffng thong tin cu the, chan thffc va den mpt luc nao dd, cdng ty bao hiem cd the khdng can den bang eSu hdi yeu cau ngtfdi mua bag hiem phai ke khai.U
TAILIEUTHAMKHAO _ _ _ 1. Bd Tai chinh (2016-2019). Nien gidm thi tnfdng bdo hiem Viet Nam cdc nam 2015-2018 Nxb Tai chinh
2 Cue Quan ly giam sat bao hidm - Bo Tai cbinh (2020). Bdn tin thi trudng bdo hUm todn cdu so 107, 108, 109. ngay 15/01/2020
3. Le Ha Trang (2019) Qudn ty nhd nUdc ddi vdi hogt dong kinb doanh cua DNBH phi nhdn tho Luan an tien sy Trtfdng Dai hpc Thtfdng mai
4. Cdng ty Cd phan Bao cao Danh gia Viet Nam (Vietnam Report) (2018). Cons bd Too 10 Cong ty bdo hiem uy tin nam 2018, truy cap ttf https://vietnamreport.net vn/Con"-bo Ton I n r ty-bao-hiem-uy-tm-nam-2018-7898-1006.html ^ op- lu-L-ong-
5. Earst & Young (2020). Global Insurance Outlook, 2019 EYGM Limited 6. lAIS (2017). FinTech Developments in the Insurance Industry 7. OECD (2017). Technology and innovation in the insurance sector
