TIM HIEU TRUYEN THUYET KHMER NAM BO - TiS GOC NHIN VAN HOA TOC NGUOl
NGUYEN THI KIEU T I E N "
Tom tat: VM hoc dan gian iihmer Nam Bo thdi gian gin day duac quan tam nghien citu, bitSc diu da tao duac nhUng d^u ^n nhat dinh. Tuy nhien, sau nhUng nghien cUu mang tinh khai quat chung ve van hgc dan gian Khmer Nam Bg d giai doan diu thi can nhieu hdn nhiing ngbien cUu mang tinh chSi chuySn sau d cac goc do tiep can. Vi the, viec sd dung nhiing tri thtic vin hoa tpc ngiidi de minh giai cac van dScua truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bp se la mpt hiidng tiep cin mdi, dUdc khuyin khich thUc hipn. Trong bai viet nay, tac gia se mo ta mpt each khai quit cac van de ve van boa tpc ngiidi, ve truyin thuyet dan gian IQimer Nam Bp, va nhOng dac diem cua truyS'n thuyet Khmer Nam Bp tU goc nhin van hoa tpc ngUai.
Tiikhoa: Truyen thuyet IQimer Nam Bp; dac diem cua truyen thuye't IQimer Nam Bp; van hoa tpc ngiidi.
Abstract: Folk literature of Khmer people in the south of Vietnam has attracted considerable attention among researchers. However, most existing research tend to give a general description of Khmer folk literature. More in-depth research on Khmer folk literature from various angles are needed. Etimic culture provides essential knowledge to explain legends of the Khmer; as such it is a new perspective in research on this topic. This article briefly reviewed issues of ethnic culture of the Khmer and their legends 6'om the perspective of ethnic culture.
Keywords: Khmer legend; feature of Khmer legend; ethnic culture.
Ngay nh$n bai: 12/6/2019; Ngay siia bai: 03/8/2019; Ngay duyet dang bai: 20/9/2019.
1. Dat van de truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bd tfl gdc nbin Viet Nam la qud'c gia da dan tdc, mdi van hda tdc ngUdi la xud't phat tii dac tpc ngudi deu mang nhflng sdc thai van trflng nguyen hpp va dat van hpe dan gian hoa dae trUng, gdp phan tao nen mdt nen trong vai trd mdt thanh td' van hda dan van hda Viet Nam da dang trong tho'ng gian. Bai vie't se dung nhflng tri thflc van nhd't. Cae toe ngfldi thieu sd' ci Viet Nam hda tde ngudi de minh giai eac hien tfldng noi chung, Nam Bp ndi rieng deu cd van hoc dan gian Khmer, eu the la truyen truyen thd'ng van hda lau ddi va dac biet thuye't Khmer Nam Bd.
la CO kho tang van hoc dan gian da dang, 2. Dac diem van hoa toe ngU'di phong phu. Ve ngUdi Khmer d Nam Bd, hp Khmer Nam Bo
ciing cd kbo tang van hpe dan gian giau Dong bao Khmer co mat lau ddi tren ban sde va da dflpe cac nha khoa hpe gifl manh dd't Nam Bd. Vao nhflng nam dau gin, phue dflng tao thanh kho tfl lieu van cdng nguyen, chau tho sdng Ciiu Long da chfldng dan gian dang chu y. Ngoai ra, dupe hinh thanh va phat trien vdi nen van dudi cae gdc nhin, kho tang van hpe dan hda 6e Eo rfle rd. Day la ke't qua eua sfl gian Khmer Nam Bd da ph^n nao dfldc soi
chig'u dd' lam sang ro cae gia^tri van hpe, OTS., Tracing Dai hoc Tra Vinh;
giao due, lich sii,... D a t va'n d e n g h i e n cflu Email: [email protected]
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hdi t u h a i t r u y e n thd'ng: v a n b d a Dong N a i b a n dia va v a n hda A n Dp co ngoai n h a p . De'n the' ki VII, v a n hda 6 c Eo bdt d a u t a n lui do sfl t a n p h a cua t h i e n n h i e n v a dpi q u a n K h m e r C h a n L a p t r e n dudng N a m tie'n. Trong n h i e u the' ki s a u dd, v u n g Dong b d n g Sdng Cv(u Long ndi r i e n g t r d n e n h o a n g vu, t i n b t r a n g khdng ngUdi keo ddi de'n the' ki XI, XII. Ngoai ra, tfl the' ki X trd di, vdi sU p h a t t r i ^ n riic rd c u a t r i e u d a i Angko, nhflng ngfldi ndng d a n K h m e r ngheo kho t r e n dfldng tim each trd'n chay n a n hoc lot va lao dich h a khde da di efl ve v u n g ehau t h o sdng Ciiu Long vdi dia h i n h efl t r u d4u tien la nhflng giong cat Idn.
Ben c a n h dd, tfl the' ki XV, khi de' che Angko sup do, ngfldi K h m e r di efl de'n Dong b a n g sdng Ct(u Long n g a y c a n g ddng. Tfl dd, cung vdi nhflng ddt di cfl tfl n h i e n tfl cud'i the' ki XV - d a u XVI, ngfldi K h m e r da cd m a t k h a ddng d Ddng b d n g sdng Cflu Long, t a p hdp t h a n h nhflng ddn vi xa hdi tfl q u a n . Vi vay, cd t h ^ ndi ngudi K h m e r d N a m Bp ndi ehung, Dong b a n g sdng Cliu Long ndi rieng va ngudi K h m e r d C a m p u e h i a cd e h u n g n g u o n gd'c, ngdn ngfl va eac dac trflng tdc ngfldi. T u y nbidn, do each biet ve khdng gian, dieu kien hch sii, h o a n c a n h sd'ng, dieu kien san xua't, giao lflu,... n e n ngfldi K h m e r d N a m Bd da t a o r a nhflng dac diem rieng trong cu t r u , k i n h te', v a n hda va xa hdi. Hien nay, ngoai Dong b d n g sdng Ciiu Long la vung t u eu Idn, ngfldi K h m e r cdn sd'ng r a i rac d T h a n h phd' Ho Chi Minh, eac t i n h Mien Ddng, eac t i n h Tay N g u y e n co bien gidi giap vdi C a m p u e h i a .
Dae diem efl t r u eua mdt tdc ngudi dflpe h i n h t h a n h do tac ddng ciia n h i e u ye'u td' nhfl: n g u o n gd'c lieh sii tde ngfldi, dia h tfl nhien, t a p q u a n canh tae,... Va ciing chinh nhflng dae diem n a y da h i n h t h a n h n e n t a p q u a n cfl t r u t r e n da't giong, t r e n da't rupng, v e n sdng k e n h rach, ven c h a n nui, Q NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HM
t h e o t r u e Id giao t h d n g eiia ngfldi K h m e r d N a m Bp. Theo t r u y e n thd'ng, ndi ngfldi K h m e r ehpn d i n h cfl d a u t i e n la eac viing da't cao d N a m Bd, t a o t b a n b cac k h u vflc Cfl t r u tdp t r u n g d Sdc T r a n g , T r a V i n h , A n G i a n g va r a i r a c ci m p t so' ndi k h a c . D i l u n a y p h a n a n h sfl t h i e h n g h i di d'n d i n h v a p h a t t r i e n d a n tpc S v u n g d d t mdi. N g o a i ra, ddi soiig g d n vdi s a n xud't n d n g nghidp l u a nfldc da g d n kd't cdng d o n g K h m e r ndi r i e n g t h a n h nhflng t d p t h e l a n g gieng nho, m d t t a p t h e d i n h cU b a m s a t da't t r o n g t r p t . B e n c a n h dd, phfldng thfle sd'ng q u d n efl, t d p t r u n g d cac p h u m sdc c h i n h la d i e u k i e n de v a n b o a K h m e r N a m Bd n a y nd va d i n h hfldng cho le sd'ng, cho t i n h t h d n P h a t p h a p thd'm n h u a n t r o n g k h d n g g i a n v a n h d a b i n h di nhflng s a u sdc ciia ngfldi K h m e r .
Ve hdn n h a n , gia ^ n h c u a ngfldi K h m e r N a m Bd dflpc xay diing t r e n n e n t a n g hdn n h a n m d t vp mdt chong. Mdi gia d i n h t h u o n g sd'ng t r e n m o t ngdi n h a r i e n g t r o n g p h u m sdc va dpc l a p ve k i n h te', c u n g cd n h i l u gia d i n h eo h a i , b a the' hd dng ba, cha me va con c h a u sd'ng c h u n g vdi n h a u trong cflng m o t ngdi n h a . N h i e u n h a nghien eflu cho r d n g h d n n h a n cfl t r u bdn vp la bien tflpng phd' bie'n, dflpe ngfldi K h m e r yeu t h i c h tfl xfla. N g a y n a y , dieu n a y khdng b d t bude. Vp e h o n g mdi cfldi cd quyen tfl do lfla ehpn ndi cfl t r u h o a c b e n Vd hoac b e n ehong t u y t h e o y n g u y e n , dieu kien k i n h te' cua cha me ddi ben,'... D i l u ndy eung p h d n nao p h a n a n h md'i q u a n h e t h a n tde k h d n g b i n la p h u h e h a y m d u h e cua ngflPi K h m e r ; d6ng thdi nd cdn t a o dieu kien mS rdng md'i q u a n h e gifla ca n h a n , gia dinh vdi epng d6ng xa hpi
Ve mac, t r a n g phuc eua ngudi K h m e r d N a m Bp trfldc day qua t a n i e u c d d d ' l a i vai h tiet: do la nhOng chiic ''chin" yii toic
^^^-^ ^^0^'cua nan. gidi cung ysisd thich
sii 10-2019
NGUYEN THI KIEU TIEN de minh tran, di chin dat...'-^K Ngfldi Idn
tuoi, cac cii ba vao ngay ll, hoac cd viec quan trpng thi mac ao dai mau den, khan quai^ vat vai, cac thidii nfl eiing cd nhflng trang pbuc ll hpi nhieu mau sac, cd khan quang eheo qua ngfldi va vay (xam pd't) dtlcic mac theo kieu each rieng. Mpt so' dan ong mac vay qua'n bdng td'm vai kho rdng phu din bdp chan*^'. Cdn trong ngay cudi, CO dau ngfldi Khmer ngay nay van flu tien chon trang phuc truyin thd'ng. Nd la mdt net dep van hda khdng the thie'u cua ngfldi Khmer bao ddi. Thdng thfldng cd dau hay mac chile xam pot mau tim sdm hay mau hong canh sen, mac ao dai tam pong mau do tham, quang khan ngang ngfldi va dpi mii pkal plac; loai mii hinh thap nhpn nhilu tang, bdng kim loai hoac bdng gia'y boi, dfldc trang tri bdng eanh eon kim quyt mau xanh biec. Trang phuc trong ngay cii6i ciia chu r^ ngUdi Khmer ciing mang d&m tinh truyen thd'ng. Dd la bp xa rdng va ao ngdn bd ngoai mau do, cd' dflng, xe dang trUde va cai khuy. Ngoai ra, chu re con quang them loai khan truyen thd'ng len vai trai.
Net van hoa dae trflng ma ehung ta dl nhan tha'y nha't ciia dong bao Khmer Nam Bp la cae ll hpi. Trong nam, ngUdi IQimer cd ra't nhilu le hdi, ke ca le hdi Phat giao va ll hdi dan gian. Cd ba li hdi dan gian quan trpng dd la Mflng nam mdi (Choi chnam thmay), Ll gid nhiing ngfldi qua CO (Sen dolta) va Ll Cung trang (Ok om bok). Ngoai ra, ngfldi Khmer cdn cd nhieu ll hdi bdt nguon tfl tin ngfldng dan gian nhfl: Ll cat tde tra dn mu, ll giap tuoi, le len nha mdi, ll xuc hon, le nhap than, ll Cling san lua,...
Ngoai nhflng dae did'm tren, trong nen van hda cua ngfldi Khmer, vai trd cua Phat giao, eiia cae vi sfl, cua nhflng ngdi chua Khmer ludn chi phd'i manh the' gidi quan, nhan sinh quan, tap quan, ll nghi stf 10-2019
va ldi sd'ng cua tdc ngfldi. Tfl the' ky XII trd ve trfldc, dao Balamdn dflpe xem la tdn giao ehinh va Phat giao tuy du nhap vao vung dan toe Khmer kha sdm, nhflng mai de'n the' ky XII trci ve sau mdi trd thanh tdn giao chinh, gifl vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sd'ng eua dong bao Khmer Nam Bd. Do doi sd'ng tinh than gdn chat vdi tdn giao, vdi ngdi ehua ke tfl luc mdi chao ddi cho de'n khi tfl gia edi ddi, nen van boa cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp mang ddm da'u an Phat giao.
Ben canh Phat giao, ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp c6 nhieu loai hinh tin ngfldng dan gian.
Trong ddi sd'ng tam linh, ludn cd sfl hien dien cua nhilu than linh va ma quy.
Trong cac phum sdc Khmer, cd nhflng ngfldi hanh nghe tin ngfldng nhfl cac ba dong bdng, cae thay phap (Krou) lo viec cung bai, giao tie'p vdi thdn linh va ma quy. Dang luu y, tuc thd cung Arak va Neak Ta la nhflng tin ngfldng dan gian ddc dao eua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp.
Mdt trong nhflng dae diem van hda dang lflu y nfla la khuynh hudng bieu diln va nghe thuat tao hinh cua ngfldi Khmer. Trong dd, mua, hat va san kha'u la net ndi bdt trong nghe thudt bieu diln cua ddng bao Khmer Nam Bd. Am nhac dan gian Khmer the' hien mdt each duyen dang nhflng tinh cam te' nhi, nhflng khia eanh tham thuy cua cude sd'ng, nhflng tfl tfldng, quan niem cung ldi tfl duy va each flng xxi eiia ngfldi Khmer dd'i vdi tfl nhien, eon ngfldi, xa hpi. Cac dieu mua cua ngfldi Khmer ra't da dang va phd" bie'n.
Hdu nhfl ngfldi Khmer nao cung bie't mua mot vai dieu mua dan gian nbu Rim
"* Phan Thi Yfin Tuyet (1993), NhA d, trang phuc, an uong ctia cac dan tpc viing Dong bkng song Cdu Long, Nxb K h o a h o c X a h o i , H a N p i , t r . l 4 9 .
'^' Phan An (2009), Dan tpc Khmer Nam Bo, Nxb.
Chi'nh tri quoc gia, t r . l l .
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl g |
vdng, Lam lev, Sarvan, Sarikakev, mua trdng Chhayam,... VI nghe thuat tao hinh, kie'n true va dieu khde cua nhflng nghe nhan Khmer mang mdt dae diem rd't rieng biet so vdi ngfldi Viet va ngfldi Hoa d Nam Bd va the hien tap trung nha't d kie'n true chua Khmer.
Nhflng dac diem tren la nhflng gia tri van hda dac sdc ehi ed d tpc ngUdi Khmer Nam Bp. Va phdn nao dd da dfldc lflu gifl, phan ehieu qua van hoc dan gian ndi ehung, the loai truyen tbuyet dan gian Khmer Nam Bd ndi rieng.
3. Khai q u a t c h u n g ve t r u y e n thuyd't Khmer Nam Bo
Thuat ngfl rUdng pO-reng dupc dung de chi the loai truyen thuyet dan gian Khmer. Theo Pham Tie't Khanh, truyin thuyet thudc chii de giai thich phong tue, ll hdi va giai thich dia danh chid'm so' Ifldng Idn, tieu bieu eho truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bp.
Ve phan loai, theo Nguyin Thi Nhfl Uyen: truyen tbuyet Khmer Nam Bd dflpe chia thanh hai loai la truyen thuye't dia li vi truyen thuyet lich sa^K Cdn theo Pham Tie't Khanh: truyen thuye't Khmer dfldc phan thanh bd'n loai: Truyin thuyet dia danh; Truyin thuyet giii thich phong tuc; Truyin thuyit ve sing tao van hoa, cac vi to nghi; va Truyin thuyet ve tinh doan kit cda cic din tdc cdng cU d Nam Bp. Trong nghien cflu nay, tren cd sd eac tai lieu da ed va khao sat tfl nguon tfl lieu truyin thuye't Khmer Nam Bp hien ed, bai viet nay chpn each phan loai cua tac gia Pham Tie't Khanh*^*. Ddng thdi, each phan loai nay cdn cho ta cai nlun toan dien ve truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bp, vfla tha'y dupe nhflng diem chung cua truyen tbuyet Khmer trong he thd'ng folklore the' gidi, khu vflc vfla tha'y dflpc dac trflng dpc dao cua the loai nay gdp vao sii dpc dao cua kho tang van bda dan gian Khmer.
Q NHAN LUC KHOAHOCXAHOI
Trong cac the loai truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bd, truyen thuyet dia danh chie'm so" Ifldng Idn nhd't. Dilu nay phan anh lich svi hinh thanh tdc ngfldi, cung nhfl da'u a'n dam net eua vung dat hoang vu Nam Bp dd'i vdi nhan thiic, tinh cam eua ngfldi Khmer khi hp de'n day sinh cd, ldp nghiep. Ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp da tfl xa la, bd ngd de'n than thien roi gan bd vdi nhflng gidng dd't, cay eo, thidn nhien ndi nay nhfl mpt phdn mau thit cua hp.
Rdi tfl dd, nhflng truyin thuyd't v l nhflng ndi hp sd'ng, hp de'n, hp di,... idn Ifldt ra ddi nhfl mpt each thd hien tinh yeu cua ngfldi Khmer dd'i vdi vung dd't mdi.
Ngfldi Khmer Nam Be thfldng gdn ten ngfldi ed cdng khai mci vung dd't vdi y mud'n tdn vinh, hay dung ten gpi cua mpt dung eu phd' bien hay dac diem thuc vat quen thupc trong eupe song hang ngay eua ngudi dan de gpi ten cho phum sdc eua minh. Qua qua trinh dien da d tinh Tra Vinh, ehung tdi thu thap dudc rd't nhieu truyin thuyet giai thieh v l cac dia danh theo phfldng thflc nay nhfl: Su tich Ao Bi Om (Thanh phd Tra Vinh), Phum Kom - bang - bat (Cdu Ke), Phum Ach (Binh Phu - Cang Long), Phum Ba- se (Ap Ba Se - Lfldng Hda - Chau Thanh),...
Ngoai ra, cdn rd't nhieu nhflng truyen thuye't dia danh quen thupc vd'n la nilm tu bao ciia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp nhfl:
Sfl ti'ch chiec thuyen vd; Su tich Giing Chi - Gieng Anh (Sdc Trang), Sa tich niii Me Deng (nui ba Den - Tay Ninh), 3u tich VUng Thdm (Soc Trang), Su tich Bai
' • ' N g u y e n Thi N h a Uyen (2006), Luan van t h a c si Khao sat nguon truyen dan gian Khmer Nam Bo, Truong Dai hoc Su pham Thanh pho' H6 Chi Minh,
tr,41. '
•; ^ ! " " . ™ ' ' ^ " ^ J ? <2007), L „ a „ an fflao sat truyen ke dan gian Khu me Na„, Bp (Qua thin thoM truyen thuyet, truyen co tich). Truong Dai l,„o 'I, p h a m H a N o i , t r . 9 7 - 1 2 1 . " e Oai hoc SU
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NGUYEN THI KIEU TIEN Xao (S6c Trang), Su tich vUng di't Ti
lot,... Nhiing truyin thuye't dia danh ngoai muc dich giai thich ngudn gd'c ten da't, ten chua ma cdn qua do phan anh tu duy va tinh each gian di, mdc mac cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd. Trong mang dl tai nay, cai nhin suy nguyen la cd sci de ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp sang tao. Vdi Slic tfldng tfldng phong phfl, tac gia dan gian da lam cho cai loi Men thfle eua lich Sil hien ra dam net. Nhfl ve mdu de cU tni tren da't gidng. Hinh thai cfl tru tren dd't gidng la hinh thai cfl t r u dau tien, phd bien cua ngfldi Khmer d Nam Bo, cho nen sd' lfldng truyen v l mdu de dat gidng ciing chie'm gifl mpt vi tri quan trpng trong nhdm t r u y i n thuye't dia danh cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp, nhfl: Phum Pric sre (Ap Ba Se Lfldng Hda Chau Thanh), Phum Thmo - Thoi (Phfldng 9 - thanh phd' Tra Vinh), Pnd - la (Gidng tren d'p Nd Lfla);... Bieu tflpng dat gidng trong van hoa cua ngfldi Khmer ndi ehung, van hoc dan gian eua ngUdi Khmer Nam Bp noi rieng hdt ngudn tfl qua trinh chie'm linh cac gidng da't lam dia ban efl tru trong nhflng ngay dau dd'n vdi vung da't ngap nflde nhfl Nam Bd.
Ben canh truyen thuyet dia danh, truyen thuyet giai thieh phong tuc, le bdi cung ra't tieu bieu eho kho tang truyen co cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp, nhfl truyen thuyet ve Su tich Choi chnam thmay gdn liin v6i ll hpi Choi chnam thmay, truyen thuyet vl Su tich Phchum Ban Sen Ddn ta g4n vdi ll hdi Sen ddn ta (cung dng ba), truyin thuye't Sa tich con tho vi mat tring gdn vdi l l Banh - Thvai- preskhe (ll eung trang), truyin thuye't Sfl tich dua ghe Ngo gin vdi l l hpi Ok- om-bok, Lich sa Neak-ta gin vdi phong tuc thd cflng Neak-ta cua ngfldi Khmer,... Cac truyen nay gdp phan giai Sii 10-2019
thich ve ngudn gd'c, dac didm, cac thiic hanh nghi ll, eae hinh thfle sinh boat,...
trong cac ll hpi va rapt sd' phong tuc ciia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd.
Ve nhdm truyen eac nhan vat sang tao van hda, cd hai y kid'n cho rdng: 1) Nhdm truyen nay hien cd hai truyen la Bo Piel diet ci si'u va Pdpitxndka^^^; 2) Chi cd truyen Pdpitxndka la truyen thuye't ve nban vat sang tao van bda'^'. Truyin thuye't v l nhan vat sang tao van hda the hien niem tfl hao ciia ngfldi Khmer ve chie'n edng hoanh trang trong edng eudc khai hoang md da't; ve thanh tflu sang tao trong vide che'tac ndng cu (dao, liem, Ifldi cay), xay dflng nha ciia, ehua thap va che tac nhac khi.
Vl he thd'ng nban vdt trong truyin thuyet Khmer Nam Bd, cae nhan vat dflpc nhan dan lfla chpn vfla mang y ngbia khai quat eho lich sii vfla bieu trflng cho cac gia tri tdn giao cua dan tde Khmer. Nhflng nhan vat vfla phan anh hien thflc vfla dflpc ly tfldng hda de nhan dan giii gdm thai dp, tam tU tinh cam eiia minh. Nhan vat truyin thuyit Khmer khdng ehi tdn tai trong ldi ke ma edn sd'ng trong nhflng nghi Id thd cflng vdi nhflng nghi thflc tap tuc sinh dpng cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd.
Ve thi pbap, noi bat la motif dat thieng gin vdi truyin thuyet dia danh eiia ngfldi Khmer. Ngoai ra, "nghe thuat ke ehuyen trong truyen thuye't ngfldi Khd Me Nam Bd la tinh ngdn gpn va ddn gian. Ra't it truyen trong cac truyin
*'' Nguyin Thi NhU Uyen (2006), Luan van thac si Khao sat nguon truyen dan gian Khmer Nam Bp, Truong Dai hoc Su pham Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, tr.47.
'^' P h a m Tiet K h a n h (2007), L u a n an Khao sat truyen ke dan gian Kha me Nam Bg (Qua than thoai, truyen thuyS't, truyen co tich), TrUcfng Dai hoc Su phamHaNoi,tr.l25-128.
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thuyet dfldc thd'ng ke d tren cd ed't truyen, cac truyen ehii ye'u tdn tai d dang nhflng ehi tie't le te dflpe ldp rap mot each rdi rac"*^'. Dac biet la truyin thuye't Khmer Nam Bd kbdng co chu de vl lich sil dflng nfldc va gifl nflde. Mdt dac diem phan anh ra't rd lieh sfl hinh thanh va phat trien cua tdc ngfldi Khmer tren manh da't Nam Bd.
4. Dac diem truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bo ta goc nhin van hoa toe nguf^
Van hda tpc ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp rd't giau ban sdc. Trong do, mpt dieu khac biet rd net la eudc sd'ng eua ngUdi Khmer Nam Bp chiu anh hudng sau sdc tfl Phat giao Nam tdng. Sfl anh hfldng nay chi phd'i de'n cupc sd'ng sinh boat, de'n ddi sd'ng tinh than eua ngudi Khmer Nam Bp. Den vdi nhflng phum sdc cua ngudi Khmer d Nam Bp la sflng sflng cac ngdi ehua thd Phat, la nhflng hang cay dau, cay sao cao vflt. La vai trd ciia nha su Khmer trong mpi sinh boat cua ngfldi Khmer.
Van hpe dan gian ndi ehung, van hpe dan gian Khmer Nam Bp ndi rieng vdi tfl each la mdt san phdm van hda da chfla dflng nhilu ye'u td' eua van hda toe ngfldi.
Dd la dae diem tfl duy, he thd'ng quan niem, tdp quan san xud't, dia li, phong tue, tin ngudng,... chfla dflng trong kho tang van hpe truyen thd'ng cua dan tpc.
Vdi tinh chat dae thu, truyen thuyet cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd rd't tieu bieu cho cac the loai van hpe dan gian Khmer;
dflpe ra ddi va la ke't tinh cac gia tri cua qua trinh sinh sd'ng lau dai cua ngfldi Khmer d Nam Bp. Ngoai ra, vdi the loai van hpe dan gian nay, bai vie't se tiep cdn va li giai md'i quan he van hoc - van boa tpc ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd trong tinh tflpng tac da ehilu cua nd qua ngfl lieu truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bp, cu the nhfl sau:
g ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
4.1. Khong gian thieng vdi truyen thuyit Khmer Nam Bg
Tfl lau, van hpe dan gian ndi ehung, truyen thuye't ndi rieng dfldc xem viVa la nghS thuit vaa khdng phai li nghe thuit^^\ Nd cd chflc nang van boa. Sinh ra tren cd set cua mpt nen van hda nhd't dinh, nd khdng chi la mdt loai nghe thuat ngdn tfl (ngdn ngfl ndi), ma cdn chfla dflng trong dd nhflng dd'u a'n van hda, nhflng quan niem van hda - nghe thuat, nhflng tin ngfldng, tdn giao, phong tuc tap quan eiia epng ddng. Nhflng gia tri van hda dd lam nen ehilu sau, gia tri cua van hoc dan gian. Ndi each khae, van hpe dan gian cd md'i quan hd hflu ed, tfl nhien vd'n cd vdi eae thanh phdn khac eiia van hda dan gian. Md'i quan he dd cu the ra thanh md'i quan he gifla van hpe dan gian vdi nghi le, hpi hd, phong tue tap quan trong sinh boat trong gia dinh va sinh hoat xa hdi. Va vdi ddi sd'ng van hda nhilu mau sac nhfl eua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp thi mo'i quan he nay trong van hoc dan gian Khmer Nam Bd dflpe bieu hien vd eung phong phu.
Ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd cd nhieu ll hdi trong nam. Cac l l hpi thfldng gSn vdi sinh boat b^ng ngay, vdi tin ngfldng dan gian, vdi nghi thfle ciia Balamdn giao va Phat giao Nam tdng. Qua eae l l nghi, ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd da giii gdm tdm tfl, fldc nguyen cua minh v l ddi sd'ng san xua't thuan ldi; giao due con ehau v l each dd'i nban xii the. Va l l hdi vdi tfl each la hinh thfle sinh boat van boa tinh thdn khdng cbi la kho tu lieu cho truyin
"> P h a m J i e t K h a n h (2007), LuSn a n Khia sat truyen ke dan gian Kha me Nam Bo (Qua thin thoai, truyen tHuyet, truyen co tich), Truong Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi, t r . l 3 2 .
' " Dinh Gia Khanh, Chu Xuan Dien Vs r, a » « 7 ) . Van hoc dan gian Viet Nam N»h o • A H a NOI, tr. 16. " • « * . Giao due,
S010-2019
NGUYEN THI KIEU TIEN thuyet khai thac ma ngfldc lai truyen
thuyet eiing trci thanh phfldng tien gdp phdn lflu truyen, phan anh hdn ed't cua dan tpc mpt each ben vflng. Vao nhflng dip li Idn cua ddn tde Khmer nhfl Choi Chnam Thmay, Sel Dolta, Okombok, dong bao Khmer Nam Bd khdng ehi dfldc sdng trong khdng gian nhdn nhip cua nhflng ngay hdi ma cdn la dip de ho dUdc hda minh trong mdi trfldng tong hdp cua cac nghi thflc, tin ngfldng, eac hoat ddng nghe thuat. Va luc ay, nhflng truydn ke nhfl Sa tich Choi Chhnam Thmay, Su tich Phchum Bin va Sen Donta,... dfldc nhd ve, dfldc vang len, dlldc tai dflng tren san kha'u. Ddng bao Khmer du nhd nbu in tflng chi tie't cua cac truyen nhflng nhflng dip a'y ho vdn say m§ nghe ke, xem dien, nhfl la mdt dip de hp quay v l truyen tho'ng, vdi epi nguon cua dan tdc.
Ngoai ra, vi ddi sd'ng gdn lien vdi Phdt giao Nam tdng, nen nhflng giao ly nha Phat da gdp phan hinh thanh nen nhflng gia tri nhdn sinh trong nhan thflc, thai do, ldi sd'ng ciia ngfldi Khmer. Qua van hoc dan gian, ngfldi Khmer da kheo leo the hien niem tin, sfl ngfldng vpng cua minh vdi Phdt giao Nam tdng. Nhu vai tro cua cac nghe nhan dan gian Khmer dUdc chuyen biet hda vao cae nha sfl Khmer. Va ehua Khmer, nha sfl Khmer cung chinh la nhan to' tieh cflc lflu gifl va truyen ba van hpe dan gian de'n vdi cdng
<i6ng. Tieu bieu cho dac diem nay la truyen kd Su tich Chdi Chhnim Thmiy.
Truyen khdng chi gdn lien vdi l l hpi miing nam mdi cua ngfldi Khmer ma cdn phan anh eupe da'u tranh gay gdt gifla Phat giao va Balamdn giao. Chi tie't Thdn Ma Ha Prum thua eudc phai tfl cdt u^u trfldc sflc manh va tri tue eua eon ngfldi da phan anh thdi ki dao Balamdn dan md't di vi the' tho'ng tri tam linh eua
Sii 10-2019
minh trong xa hdi ngfldi Khmer de nhfldng chd cho Phdt giao.
Nhu da ndi, ngoai ddi sd'ng tdn giao da dang, ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd edn cd ddi sdng tin ngfldng vd cflng ddc dao. Va ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd cung danh nhflng trang truyen thuye't dpc dao vie't v l nhflng tin ngfldng ndng nghiep. Nhfl Sfl tich chiic thuyen vd the hien mdt niem tin trong tin ngfldng dan gian rdng dan ba cd thai ma dap len chieng than tbi chieng he't linh, khdng keu nfla. Ben canh dd, tin ngfldng thd nfldc, thd mat trang dflpc truyen tbuyet Su tich con tho vi mat tring, Su tich dua ghe ngo ghi nhan de phan ehid'u tin ngudng ndng nghiep ciia ngfldi Khmer. Hay khi ban ve van hda ndng nghidp trong ddi sd'ng eua ngfldi Khmer, chflng ta se khdng the khdng de cap de'n vai trd eua nUdc. Trong san xud't cung nhfl mpi sinh boat hdng ngay, cupc so'ng cua ngUdi dan ndng nghiep nhu ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd phan Idn phu thupc vao ngudn nUde. Cdn trong phong tuc cua ngfldi Khmer, hau he't eae le tuc nhfl chuc phuc con cai, chuc thp dng ba, tdm phat,... diu lien quan de'n nfldc. Truyin thuye't Khmer cd ra't nhieu cau ehuyen lien quan den nude, nhfl truyen thuye't lien quan dd'n le hdi Ok om bok. Trong dip ll nay, nhieu ndi ddng bao ke't hdp td chfle l l Bun-ldi-pre-tip (le dfla nflde). Ngoai tin ngfldng tdn sung nflde, trong van hda cua ngfldi Khmer thi tin ngfldng thd cung mat trang eung dac trflng cho van hda eua efl dan ndng nghiep. Hp cho rdng mat trang la vi than cai quan, sfl sinh san cua mfla mang, cay trai. Theo quan niem ciia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp, bdng cam quan triic tie'p, hdn nhien, hp tha'y mat trang tda anh sang diu hien va mat me, sU xud't hien trdn, khuyd't eiia mat trang cung la lflc con nflde Idn rdng tran vao ddng lam cay
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
xanh tfldi, mang lai tdm ca va phu sa cho cay trai tfldi td't. Vi vay, ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd ed tue le thd cung mat trang.
Dilu nay dupe the hidn qua truyen Con tho vi mat tring, Su tich dua ghe Ngo,...
Ngoai nhdm truyen giai thieh le hpi, truyen thuye't Khmer cdn gdp phan giai thich phong tuc. De giai thich ngudn gd'c eua cae ban nhac khae nhau trong ll eUdi Khmer va vi sao lai cd bieu tupng ed ca sau trong phong tue cua ngfldi Khmer, tae gia dan gian da ghi nhan qua cac truyen thuye't: Nguon gd'c vi cd ci sau, Nguon gd'c ve chin loai nhac trong li audi Hay Truyen thuyet Ao Bi Om, Su tich gieng chi, giing anh ngoai phan anh chut dd'u vet tfldng dd'i md nhat cua ehe' dp mdu he cdn giai thich phong tuc cfldi xin. Ca hai truyin tbuyet gpi nhd den each ma ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd giai quye't tranh cha'p xem ben Nam hay ben Nfl se phai di cfldi nhau. Tac gia dan gian da de eho phia nfl thdng theo kieu rat dan gian, bdt ngudn tfl tin ngfldng dan gian va qua motif thi tai quen thudc trong van hda Ddng Nam A.
Trong ddng chay van hda Ddng Nam A, tin ngfldng, tdn giao, l l hpi cua ngUdi Khmer Nam Bd vdn am i, ben bi chay gop phan tao nen nhflng tram tich trong vd'n van bpe truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc Khmer Nam Bd. Md'i quan he gifla truyen thuye't Khmer Nam Bd vdi l l hpi, tin ngudng, tdn giao se mai la ngudn d l tai ba't tan eho khoa hoc, va cho nhflng nd lflc kbdng ngflng nghi de bao tdn, phat trien vd'n van hda cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp.
4.2. Khdng gian tU nhien vung Nam Bd vdi truyen thuyit Khmer Nam Bp
Truyen thuyet Khmer Nam Bp da ve nen mdt bfle tranh sinh dpng, ddy mau sac vl vung da't Nam Bp tfl buoi ddu.
Trong dd, vdi dae trflng nghe thuat va
Q ] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM
ke't tinh eac gia tri van hda dan gian, cac tac pham da tai hien eanh sac thien nhien eua mien nhiet ddi dac trflng, mang da'u a'n n i n van minh lua nfldc. Tfl xfla, con ngfldi da sd'ng hda nhdp vdi tfl nhien. Cupc sd'ng hda nhdp do giup con ngfldi nhdn thflc ngay cang tot hdn ve tfl nhien dd cd the thich nghi va phat trien ddi sd'ng cua ehinh minh. Nha't la vdi dieu kien tfl nbien Nam Bp, mdt ddng bang rdng Idn, mau md nhflng cung thfldng xuyen xay ra ngap lut. Vdi buoi ddu de'n vdi Nam Bd, ngfldi Khmer ndi rieng phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu hidm hpa tfl sfl hoang sd, khde nghiet eua vung dat mdi. Tfl do, nhflng hieu bie't, kinh nghiem ve thdi tie't, trong trpt, chan nudi,... trd thanh mpt nhu eau thfldng trfle trong ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than eua ngfldi Khmer ci Nam Bp.
Bflde chan vao the' gidi t r u y i n thuye't Khmer, diem ndi len la nhflng bidu hidn eua md'i quan he gifla con ngfldi v6i khdng gian dia li Nam Bd - khdng gian sinh tdn hien hflu cua tdc ngfldi Khmer.
Trong do, ndi len trong quan he vdi mdi trfldng la tinh tfldng tae gifla con ngfldi va thien nhidn. Mpt mat la sfl tac ddng eua eon ngudi tdi cay cdi, ngudn nfldc,...
tflc nhflng thfl thudc ve gidi tfl nhien xung quanh hp; mat khac la sfl tac ddng trd lai cua tfl nhien tdi con ngfldi. Tif sfl tfldng tac ay, con ngfldi da hinh thanh each thfle sii dung eong eu, sii dung thfle an, nha d va cae tap tuc khae phu hdp vdi mdi trfldng sinh thai. Ngoai ra, trong eae md'i quan he gifla con ngfldi vdi mdi trudng tfl nhien phai ke de'n sfl hieu bie't cua tdc ngudi ve moi trfldng dd va eac gia tri ma con ngudi gan cho nhflng yeu td khac nhau nay nhfl thflc vat, dpng vat,...
Theo do, trong qua trinh tim ndi dinh Cfl d vung dat mdi Nam Bp, ngudi Khmer
S010-2019
NGUYEN THI KIEU TIEN chon giong dft cao, canh tac hoa mau,
trfng lua nUdc va chan nuoi. Va truyen thuyet dia danh Khmer Nam Bo da lam noi bM tinh doc dao ve dia vUc cU trii niy, phan anh tinh cam g i n bo sau sftc vai vilng dong bang Nam Bo cua nguai Khmer, nhu cac truyen thuyet Sir tich chua Coh-Bon (chila Dao dila), Sif tich QiongLUc,...
Ngoai ra, khi doi dien vdi tu nhien, cac tgc ngiicii se kh6ng tranh khoi nhiJng thie'u thon khi dung nha de S, khai hoang di canh tac, nh&'t la khi cac ki thuM con tho sd. Dong thSi, bfli moi sinh nhieu thil thach, nhU r t o g thieng nUdc doc, thii dil, thdi tie't kh&c nghiet,... da dat ra nhiSng thach thilc rat Idn cho nguoi dan tren viing Nam Bo noi chung, nguM Khmer noi rieng. NhQng truyen thuyet nhu Six tich Ao Ba Om, Bo Piel diet ci sA'u, Pdpitxndka,... da phan anh dugc cupc dft'u tranh bin bi va sflc sang tao khong ngflng, cung nhfl the hien thai do tog xil vdi moi trflcing tfl nhien Nam Bo qua viSc che tac nong cu (dao, liem.
Mi cay) xay dung nha cfla, chua thap;
qua phong tuc tin ngfldng;... ciia ngfldi Khmer. Do ddi song gftn lien vdi nghe trong lua nfldc nen trong truyen thuyet Khmer viec giai thich nguon goc cua cac nong cu qua cam quan tU hao, sflc tfldng tugng dgc dao la dilu tat ye'u. Ngoai phan anh tap quan canh tac phii hop vdi dilu kien tfl nhien thi qua cac Truyin thuyet Ao Ba Om, Sfl tich giS'ng chi, gieng anh,... goi nhd den thflc te han han keo dai, khan hie'm nguon nfldc ngot nen phai thi nhau dao ao, dao gieng tim nu6c,... ciia Nam Bo xa xfla.
Nhiing "dSu tich" lich sfl nay da di ctog vdi ddi song tinh thdn cila ngfldi Khmer trong suot tien trinh van hoa cua hg J Nam Bo. Nhiing hinh iknh v l thien nhiSn, con ngfldi Nam Bo dfldc phan anh Sii 11-2019
trong truyen thuyet dan gian Khmer mpt each chan thuc, ch&'t phac, trfle quan,...
ra't rieng, r^'t dpc dao.
5. Ket l u a n
La mot dan toe c6 n i n van hoa dac sac, nhilu yeu t d v a n hda truyin thdng dfldc lflu gifl, le di nhien, kho tang van hoc dan gian cila ngfldi Khmer Nam Bp cung se chfla dflng nhflng gia tri van hda tpc ngfldi dpc dao. Va khi tim hieu t r u y i n thuyet dan gian Khmer Nam Bp, chung tdi da dung cac thanh to' tin ngfldng, tdn giao, l l hpi, moi trfldng tfl nhien de soi roi vao trong npi dung, nghe thuat cua cac truyen kl. Qua do, nen van hda mang d&m gia tri truyin tho'ng cua ngfldi Khmer duoc bieu hien sinh dong va phan nao khang dinh dfldc gia tri cila nd trong nen van hda Viet Nam.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Phan An (2009), Dan toe Khmer Nam Bo, Nxb. CMnh tri qudc gia.
2. Dinh Gia Khanh, Chu Xuan Dien, Vo Quang Nhdn (1997), Van hgc dan gian Viet Nam, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi.
3. Pham Tiet Khanh (2007), Luan an Khao sat truyen i e dan gian Kho me Nam Bo (Qua than thoai, truyen thuyet, truyen c6 tich), Trfldng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Noi.
4. Ngd Dflc Thinh (2006), Van boa, van hoa toe ngudi ra van hoa Viet Nam, Nxb.
Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Npi.
5. Phan Thi Yen Tuyet (1993), Nha d, trang phuc, an uong cua cac dan tgc vung DSng b&ng sdng C&i Long, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Npi.
6. NguySn Thi Nhfl Uyen (2006), Lu&n van thac si iOiao sat nguSn truyen dan gian Khmer Nam Bg, Trfldng Dai hoc SU pham Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
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