PHAT TRIEN DU LICH CONG DONG TAI CAC LANG NGHE TRUYEN THONG
Cf THANH PHO NHA TRANG
• TRAN TH! HANH NGUYEN
TOM TAT:
Nha Trang la mdt thanh phd' bao t6n du'dc nhieu gia tri van hda dac sac hap dan du khach.
Dac biet ndi day cdn bdo t6n difdc nhieu lang nghe truyen thd'ng vdi nghd thuSt sdn xua't nghd Cling van hda lang nghe ddc dao. Day la nhdng nguon Idc quan trpng cho phat trien du lich cdng dong trdn viing da't nay. Tuy vay, vide phat trid'n du lich cdng dong tai cac lang nghe truydn thdng d thanh phd' Nha Trang chda dddc quan tSm dau td ddng mdc, cdn nhieu ban chd", hieu qua tha'p, chda tddng xdng vdi tiem nang. Bai viet danh gia thdc trang va dda ra mot so' giai phap nhlm phat trid'n du lich cdng ddng tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng d thanh pho Nha Trang.
Tuf khoa: Thanh phd Nha Trang, du lich cdng d6ng, lang nghe truyen thd'ng.
1. Thdc trang phat trien du lich cong ddng tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng
l.I. Sdn xuat nghe truyen thdng
San xua't Id gd'm d Lif Cam: lang gdm Lif Cam thudc phddng Ngoc Hiep, ven sdng Cai, each trung tam TP. Nha Trang 4km, theo dddng bg va dddng sdng.
Lich sd nghe gdm va nghe det d day da c6 tren 300 nam. Trddc nam 1954, ca lang Ld Cam deu lam gd'm vdi san pha'm ra't da dang gom: chum, vai, lu, binh, am, chen bat. Id dd't... la loai gd'm sac dd, kie'u dang men gd'm gid'ng nghe thuat san xua't Cham Pa. Td sau nam 1975, nghe lam gd'm d day bi mai mdt, dd'n nay chi con 7 gia dinh san xuat Id gd'm. Cac cong doan san xua't gd'm truyen thd'ng d
day vln dUdc cac nghd nhan bao tdn. Nghe san xuat 16 gd'm tao viec lam cho 20 lao dpng d dia phifdng vdi mdc thu nhap td 3 - 5 tridu d6ng/thang.
Nghe det chie'u cdi d lang Ngoc Hoi 1,2: Lang Ngoc Hgi thudc xa VTnh Ngpc nSm d vung ven song Cai, gan vdi lang Lu" Cam. Lang cd nhi^u vung dat ngSp nu'dc ven sdng, thuan tidn cho vide trdng cdi va tieu thu san pham.
Nghe ddt chid'u cdi d day du'dc nhdng ngifdi dan td Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Hdi An, Quang Nam de'n dinh cif va phat trien td tren 300 nam trddc.
Trifdc nam 1975, ca lang Nggc Hdi deu ddt chi^u.
Dd'n nay, lang chi cdn 9 hd gia dinh lam nghe trong cdi va det chie'u cdi. Hidn, cd 4 hg gia dinh san xuat gd'm va ddt chie'u vSn bao ton difdc nhii
102 So 21 -Thang 11/2019
truyen thd'ng, vtfdn cay trai, nhieu do vat, hu'dng an thd CO cung huyen thd'ng thd cung to tien, trd thanh cac diem tham quan ha'p din. Cac hd gia dinh lam nghe truyen thdng d day ddn trung binh tren 400 Iddt khach du hch dd'n tham quan hang thang. Mdi gia dinh nhan du'dc td 50.000 -100.000 dong phi tham quan/doan. Nhieu khach h^ng da mua cac san pha'm ddt chid'u, giup cho cac hd gia dinh cd them thu nhap.
1.2. Sdn xua't ngU nghiep truyen thong tai cdc lang nghe Tri Nguyen, Vung Ngdn vd Bich Dam Cac hd gia dinh d day van con bao tdn difdc nhieu kinh nghiem trong vide danh bat hai san bang lifdi dang, gia, cau, nudi tr^ng bai sdn...
Nhdng nam gan day, trif lifdng thuy san ven bd giam sut, do phddng thdc danh bat huy didt va viec danh bat vufdt qua gidi ban sinh hpc. Do vSy, nhieu hd gia dinh da chuyd'n sang chan nudi hai san l6ng be, mdc thu nhap khdng d'n dinh do dich bdnh gay ra, phu thudc vao thi trddng, td 5-10 tridu d6ng/thang/hd gia dinh 4-6 ngddi.
Ba lang Chai c6 trdn 800 hd gia dinh, nhdng do thie'u vd'n, nen chi cd 100 hg mua sam dddc tau Idn dd' danh bat xa bd, cau ca ngd dai dddng. Mot so hd gia dinh d lang Tri Nguydn pho'i hdp va cac cdng ty Id hanh td' chdc phuc vu du khach cau ca, c3u mdc vdi mdc Idi nhuan 1 tridu dong/chuye'n tau vao cac bud'i td'i.
1.3. Nghe nudi vd che bie'n yen sao San pha'm ye'n sao cua TP. Nha Trang, tinh Khanh Hda noi rieng td nhieu the' ky tru'dc cho dd'n nay. Trong cac thdi ky phong kie'n va trddc nam 1975, vide khai thac ye'n sao do trieu dinh va nha nu'dc quan ly. Nam 1987, Xi nghidp Yen Sao Nha Trang dddc thanh lap; de'n nam 1990, Cdng ty Ye'n Sao Khanh Hda du'dc thanh lap. Tif do de'n nay, cd nhieu ngddi dan sd'ng d lang Bich Dam da dddc lam viec tai Cdng ty Yd'n Sao Khanh Hda vdi mdc thu nh|p td 4-6 trieu d6ng/thang; cd 10 hd gia dinh sd'ng d khu vifc lang Bich Dam va khu vi/c phddng VTnh Nguyen, Vinh Tru'dng da dau td xay nha nudi, chd' bie'n va ban cac san pha'm ye'n sao. Mdi cd sd tao vide lam cho td 7- 40 lao ddng, vdi mu'c Iddng td 3-5 trieu ddng/ngddi/thang va bao dam cac chd' do bao hie'm cho ngddi lao dgng.
Cdng ty TNHH Nha Yd'n Nha Trang, dia chi tai sd' 8 Le Thanh Phifdng va Cdng ty TNHH Thanh Thao d so'49 DangDuy Trd, phddng Vinh Nguydn da trie'n khai xay difng nha nudi yd'n, che' bid'n va tru'ng bay cac san pham yen sao, ddn tid'p khach tham quan, mua sam san pham, trung binh mot ngay mdi Cong ty ddn td 500 - 700 lifdt khach tham quan, mua sam san pham.
1.4. To chdc qudn ly vd quy hoach phdt trien du lich cong dong
Viec td chdc quan ly cac ngudn tai nguyen du lich va cac hoat ddng du lich tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng con mang tinh hinh thdc, tif phat, chUa chat che.
Nguon khach du Hch de'n cac lang nghe do cac cdng ty Id hanh dda tdi hoac td de'n.
Chinh quyen dia phifdng chi quan tam nhieu de'n vide quan ly hanh chinh, thu thue'kinh doanh, chda quan tam dung mdc tdi vide bao ton, phat huy cac gia tri cila lang nghe cho phat trien du lich.
Trong quy hoach td'ng thd' phat trie'n du lich cua ttnh Khanh Hda, thdi ky 1997 - 2015 va dd bao dd'n nam 2020, cac lang nghe gd'm Lif Cam, lang ddt chid'u Nggc Hgi dddc quy hoach thanh diem du lich lang ngh^ truyen thd'ng tren tuye'n du lich ven sdng Cai, cac lang chai Tri Nguyen, Vung Ngan, lang chai va Yd'n sao Bich Dam dddc quy hoach phat tnen thanh cac did'm tham quan trdn vinh Nha Trang. Nhu'ng de'n nay, cac boat ddng du lich d day van mang tinh td phat, chu'a du'dc d^u tif, quan ly theo hifdng phat tnen ben vdng.
Ke't qua dieu tra tai cac hd gia dinh san xua't nghe truyen thd'ng va khach du lich: 100% kie'n nghi can dau td quy hoach va x&y ddng cd sd ha tang tai cac lang nghe kip thdi.
1.5. Hoat dgng bdo ve tdi nguyen vd moi trddng Khdi phuc, bao tdn nghe truyen thd'ng: Tuy mdc thu nhap tha'p, lao dgng vat va, thie'u vd'n, thi trddng dau ra khd khan, song cac hd dan tham gia san xua't nghe truyen thd'ng vSn tran trd, tie'p tuc lam nghe, giij nghd, mong mud'n truyen nghe cho the' he tre. Mac du vay, nhu'ng do mdc thu nhap thap ndn the'he tre d lang va phan Idn ngifdi dan khdng mud'n tie'p tuc lam nghe truyen thd'ng.
Ngifdi dSn vIn bao t6n dddc cac gia tri van hda dng xu" truyen thd'ng: Ton trpng gia lang, trddng thdn, do&n ke't trong ho tdc, tddng than trong xdm lang, v§n gid dddc cac ddc tinh chan that, tbSn thidn, cdi md, hie'u khach, tham gia ddng gdp va phat trid'n cdng dong.
Bao tdn, trung cac di tich lich sd van hda:
Ngu'di dSn da tham gia bau cac Ban quan ly di tich, ddng gdp, van dgng ddng gdp kinh phi de trung tu cac di tich lich sd van hda cua dia phifdng, bao ton va td' chdc cac Id hdi truyen thd'ng. {Xem Bang)
Cong ddng dia phifdng tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng d Nha Trang da tham gia nhieu boat dpng du lich. Vide phat trie'n du lich d day da tao nhidu vide lam, mang lai thu nhap, bddc dau tao ra cac ngudn Idc, gdp phan nSng cao chS't Iddng
cudc sd'ng cua ngddi dan, bdo tdn, phdt huy van hda truyen thd'ng, bdo ve mdi trddng, tao sdc h3'p dSn KDL.
Tuy vay, hoat ddng du lich cdng ddng d day con phat trid'n td phat, thid'u quy hoach dung dan nen hidu qua ve ca kinh td', xa hdi va mdi trddng deu tha'p, chda bdn viing. Vi thd', can phai xSy ddng cac giai phap hdu hieu va cac chinh sach dung d^n cho phdt trie'n du lich cdng ddngtai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng d Nha Trang.
2. MOt so' giai phap nham phat trid'n du Ijch cong ddng tai cac lang nghd truyen thd'ng d TP.
Nha Trang theo hrfdng bdn vCtng 2.1. Giai phdp ve cd che chinh sdch Cd quan qudn ly ve du lich cac cap, ciing vdi chinh quyen dia phddng mot mdt td chdc, giao due,
Bdng. Cdc cong ty du Ijch danh gid ve sifc hd'p ddn cua sdn phdnn du Ijch cong dong tqi cdc Idng n g h i truyen thdng d Nha Trang (%)
Tteu muc
Tham quan bien dao Cac di tich ijch SLJ van hoa Quy hoach kien true V& sinh iTioi trudng An ninh va an toan du ijch
Nghe thuai san xuat nghe va cac san pham thu cdng truyen thd'ng Ban hang iuu niem
Bieu dien van hda nghe thuat
\ ^ n hda truyen thdng cija cdng dong dia phUdng Djch vu iuu tru
Dich VU an udng Dich vu van chuyen Djch vu vui chdi giai tri Hudng da>i vien dia phuong Cac djch vu khac
Rat hap dan
80 30 50 20 50 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 20 40 30
Kha hap dan
20 30 30 20 10 30 40 20 60 50 60 60 70 30 50
H3p dan tnjng blnh
0 40 20 40 40 50 30 40 30 10 10 10 10 30 10
Khdng hap dan
0 0 0 20 0 0 10 20 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 Nguon • Tdc gid diiu tra, thdng M
104 Sd21 -Thang 11/2019
pho bie'n he thd'ng phap luat, cac qui dinh ve du lich, tai nguyen mdi tru'dng tdi cdc ben tham gia du lich cong ddng, dong thdi can ban hanh thdc thi cac chinh sach, quy pham hd trd cho phdt trie'n du hch cdng ddng tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng.
Can ban hanh cac chinh sach ifu tidn de' thu hut cac ca nhan, td' chdc va doanh nghiep hdp tac dau td bdo ve tai nguyen mdi trifdng, vd'n, cd sd vat cha't ky thuat cho phdt trie'n du lich cdng ddng.
Thdc thi cac chinh sach xda ddi gidm ngheo, hd trd cac hd san xua't nghe thu cdng truyen thd'ng, dddc hd trd vd'n, vay vd'n vdi lai sua't Ka dai dd' bdo tdn phdt trien nghe truyen thd'ng va tham gia kinh doanh du lich.
Bao ve nguyen ven dien tich da't va mat nifdc tai cdc di tich lich sd van hda, cac cdng trinh cdng cdng, sdn xua't nguyen lieu tai cdc lang nghe truyen thd'ng.
Xay ddng, thdc thi luat va cac quy pham bao vd tai nguyen mdi trddng, thddng phat, ddng phi mdi trddng vdi cac cdng ty, hg dan tham gia kinh doanh du lich.
Chinh quyen dia phddng can ban hanh cdc qui dinh ban va thu ve thdng cdnh. Id phi mdi trddng tai cac did'm du lich lang nghe, cdc tuyd'n du lich tham quan cac dao va phan chia ngudn Idi nay de bao tdn phat trid'n nghd truyen thd'ng va phat trien cdng ddng.
2.2. Gidi phdp vi tdchdc qudn ly vd quy hoach To chdc qudn ly cac hoat ddng du hch theo quy hoach: Cd quan quan !y ve du lich dia phifdng can tid'n hanh quy hoach chi tie't cho viec phdt tnen du hch cdng ddng tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng va giam sdt, qudn ly cac hoat ddng du hch d day theo quy hoach. Can td va'n, gidp dd cdng ddng dia phddng, thanh lap cdc to', nhdm san xua't nghe va phdt trie'n du lich va qudn ly cdc hoat ddng du lich cong ddng theo md hinh to, nhdm, td' trdng cdi, ddt chie'u, td san xua't gd'm, to kinh doanh an udng, to van chuyd'n...
Quan ly du khach: Cac cd quan qudn ly ve du lich, phd'i hdp vdi cdc cdng ty, cac hd kinh doanh du hch thdng qua mdc thu Id phi tham quan va gid cdc dich vu, thifc thi cd chd' giam gia ve tham quan va gia cac dich vu vao nhdng ngay trong tuan va
cac mua vang khdch. Cac doan khach cd til 5 ngddi trd len phdi ddng ky va thifc hidn dat den de thdc thi cac qui dinh ve mdi trddng.
Qudn ly cdc ngudn thu lii du lich: Cdng ddng dia phu'dng phdi dddc tham gia vao vide quan ly cac ngudn thu ve thang va Id phi dd' dam bao viec minh bach va cdng bang khi ph^n chia sd dung cac ngudn thu cho cac chu the tham gia kinh doanh du lich va phat trid'n cdng ddng.
2.3. Gidi phdp ve da dang vd ndng cao chd't Iddng sdn phdm du lich
Cac chu the tham gia du lich cdng ddng hd trd cac hd gia dinh tham gia sdn xua't nghe truyen thd'ng vd cd sd vat ch^'t ky thuSt, tu sda, nang ca'p nha cda, san vu'dn, do dung dep nhdng van bdo tdn du'dc kie'n true truyen thd'ng, ha'p dan khdch du lich.
Cdc lao ddng ddn tie'p khdch du lich tham quan can dddc dao tao ve du lich de nang cao chat Iddng ngudn nhan life du lich.
Cac hd gia dinh sdn xud't nghe truyen thd'ng tai Nggc Hgi va Ld Ca'm c^n nghidn cdu sdng tao de sdn xua't cdc loai sdn pham da dang, mdu ma dep nhifng van bdo tdn difpc gia tri truydn thd'ng, phii hdp vdi khach hang va du khach.
Chinh quyen cac dia phu'dng nhanh chdng hoan thien dda trung tam du lich lang nghe vao hoat ddng.
2.4. Gidi phdp bdo tdn vd ton tao tdi nguyen moi trUdng du lich
Giao due cac chu thd tham gia du lich cdng ddng tuan thu cac qui dinh ve bao vd tai nguydn mdi trifdng; Dau ttf xay ddng hd thd'ng cd'ng ranh, cdc thie't bi thu gom xd ly nddc thai, khdng xa nifdc thai xud'ng sdng, bie'n.
Cac gia dinh kmh doanh du Hch can nhac khdch du lich bd rac vao thilng rac, do rdc dung ndi qui dinh, xay ddng, lap dat nha ve sinh td hoai. Cac chu the' tham gia du lich can ddng phi mdi trddng.
Nghidm ca'm, cha'm ddt viec: Chat pha rifng, mua bdn, san bat cac dpng thdc vat quy hid'm, do dau md, hda chd't va cdc cha't thai xud'ng sdng, bie'n; ddnh bdt theo phu'dng thdc huy diet.
Ban hanh vd thdc thi cdc qui dinh ve phi mdi tru'dng va [ham quan dd' cd kinh phi lam sach, bao vd tai nguyen mdi trddng.
Giao due cdng ddng dia phddng vd cdc chu the khde tham gia du Hch cong ddng ve cdc gia di van hda truyen thd'ng, y nghTa va trdch nhiem, tham gia ddng gop cdng sdc, tien ciia, dd bao tdn, khdi phuc tdn tao cdc di tich lich sd vdn hda, nghe truyen thd'ng. Id hdi va cdc gid tri van hda truyen thong.
2.5. Phdn chia nguon Idi td hoat dgng du Ifch cong bdng gida cdc ben tham gia vd phdt trien cong dong
Cdc chu the' tham gia du lich cong ddng khde can ban hanh thdc thi cd che', chinh sdch hd trd cdng ddng dia phifdng, dam bao phan Idn ngudn Idi t\X boat ddng du lich dddc gid lai cho cdng ddng, gdm: vide lam, cac khodn thu thud', le phi, thi tnfdng, Idi nhuan td hoat ddng du lich, thi trifdng, cd hdi dddc gido due.
Cac cdng ty, doanh nghiep du lich tai cdc dia phddng can dao tao va tuye'n dung lao ddng tai cac lang nghe truyen thong vdo lam vide. Cac cdng ty
nay can ddng gdp cdc loai phi, khi thu hdi ddt va siJ dung tai nguyen cua cdng ddng dia phddng phai den bu cho ngu'di dan thda dang, ddng thue' va cac loai Id phi day du, ddng gdp mdt phan Idi nhuan cho phat trid'n cdng ddng. Dam bdo cong ddng dia phddng la chu the cua vide bdo tdn, khdi phuc khai thdc cdc ngudn tai nguyen mdi trddng du lich va dddc tham gia vao cdc qud trinh va mpi boat dgng du lich.
3. Ke't Iu§n
Phat trid'n du lich cong dong di ddi vdi viec khdi phuc phat trid'n nghe truyen thd'ng, phat trien san xua't ndng pha'm, dich vu bd' sung, bao tdn tai nguydn mdi trddng, phan chia cdng bang ngudn life td hoat ddng du Hch. Cac chu the' tham gia du lich cdng ddng khac hd trd ngudn Idc cho cong ddng dia phddng se la nhdng giai phdp hdu hidu di phdt trien du lich ben vdng, ndng cao chd't Iddng cudc sd'ng cua dan cd tai cac lang nghe truyen thd'ng d Nha Trang •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Bd Vdn hda Thi thao vd Du Ijch - Tdng cue Du lich Viet Nam. Bdo cdo tdm tdt Quy hoach tdng the dulich Viet Nam din ndm 2020 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2030.
2. Dta c hi Khdnh Hda (2002). NXB Chinh tn Qud'c gia.
3. Dai hoc Qud'c gia Hd Ndi (dich vd gidi thieu) (2002). Cdc phuang phdp trong qudn ly tdi nguyen ven bien dua vdo cong dong. NXB Nong nghiep.
4 Nguyin Vdn Khdnh (Chu bien) (2003), Tim hiiu gid tn lich sd vd vdn hda truyen thd'ng Khdnh Hoa 350 ndm, NXB Chinh tn Qudc gia.
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6. Tdng cue Du lich (2005), Ludt Du lich
7. Tong cue Du Hch (2006). Nghien cdu vdn dung kinh ngltiem cua nudc ngodi trong viec qudn ly phdt trien luu trii cho khdch d nhd ddn. De tai cap Bo.
8. Bill Vdn Vuang (1998), Tinh hoa nghi nghiep cha ong. NXB Thanh nien.
9. Bid Thi Hdi Yen (2012). Du hch cdng dong, NXB Gido due.
10. Douglas Hainsworth (SNV - To chiic Phdt trien qud'c ti Hd Lan) (2006), Phuang phdp tiip can du lich v'l ngudi ngheo. mot sd kinh nghiem vd bdi hoc d ViStNam, Ky yiu Hoi thdo khoa hoc, Bdo v& moi trUdng du lich vdi sU tham gia cda cdng dong, Hd Noi 2006
11. lUCN, CIDA (Trung tam nghien cdu Tdi nguyen vd Moi trudng - DHQG Hd Ngi dich vd gidi thieu) (2000),
"Cdc phuang phdp tham gia trong qudn ly tdi nguyen ven bien dua vdo cdng dong".
12. lUCN, VNAT, ESCAP (1999), Tu\en tap bdo cdo "Hoi thao xdy dUng chien luac qudc gia ve phdt triin du lich sinh thdi tai Viet Nam", Hd Noi.
106 Sd21 -Thang 11/2019
Ngay nhjn bai: 2/10/2019
Ngay phan bi?n danh gia va s i a chtta: 12/10/2019 Ngay chap nh$n dang bai; 22/10/2019
Thong tm tdc gid:
ThS. T R I N T H J H A N H NGUYEN Khoa Du lich - Trrftfng D^i hpc Khanh Hoa
DEVELOPING COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM IN TRADITIONAL CRAFT VILLAGES
EM NHA TRANG CITY
• MA. TIMN THI HANH NGUYEN Faculty of Toursim, University of Khonti Hoc
ABTRACT:
Nha Trang also preserves many unique cultural values that attract tourists. Especially, this place still preserves many traditional craft villages with unique craft art and craft village culture. These are important resources for developing community based tourism in this area.
However, the development of community based tourism in traditional craft villages in Nha Trang City has not received adequate attention and investment. This study is to assess die current situation of community based tourism development in traditional craft villages in Nha Trang City, thereby proposing solutions to promote this development.
Keywords: Nha Trang City, community based tourism, traditional craft village.
