SO 8 2012
TtrNGtrxUNGHO
TRONG THO CA DAN GIAN NAM BQ
ThS HUYNH KIM Tt/CWG VI*
ThS THACH THI H O A N G NGAN*
B^t van de
Trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, tii ngfl thudc tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd phong phfl vl so lupng, da dgng vl kilu logi, nguon goc. Ngoai nhimg tfl xung hd tfl von tfl todn dan nhu anh, ehj, em, con, chdu, dng, bd, nd, hdn, y, thi,... cdn xuit hifn khd nhilu nhflng tfl xung hd mang d$c trung dja phuong Nam Bp nhu qua, bdu, tia, md, ngu, bdy, tui bdy, dng, dnh, co,... vd mpt so to xung hd cfl nhu chdng thiip.
Vi thi qua vifc tim hilu tmdng ngfl nghia vl xung hd trong tho ca dan gjan Nam Bp chflng ta sg hilu rd hon vl thdi quen ndi ndng, vdn hod flng xfl vd sdc thdi dja phuong Nam Bp, tgo ngn mpt net dde tnmg cho tho ca dan gian cfla vflng dat ndy.
1. Phan lo^i tii- ngfr tfau9c tnrdng ngfr nghia xirng ho trong tho ca dan gian Nam B9
Tu lifu khdo sdt cfla chflng tdi bao gom 3 cdng trinh: Ca dao - ddn ca Nam Bg, Ca dao - ddn ca Nam Ky Ivc tinh vd Ca dao - ddn ca Ddng bdng Song Cuu Long. Kit qua khao sdt trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, sd lupng tfl ngO thupc tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd Id 6878 tii va dupc chflng tdi phdn thdnh hai nhdm ldn: nhdm dgi tfl xung
hd chuygn dyng vd nhdm tfl ngfl xung hd lam thdi.
1.1. Nhdm dgi tfl xung hd chuygn dyng trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp
Qua khdo sdt tiio ca dan gian Nam Bp, chflng tdi thiy nhdm tfl xung hd bdng dgi tfl bao gom hai nhdm nhd:
nhdm dgi tfl xung hd todn dan (tdi, nd, ta, minh, mdy, tao,...) vd nhdm dgi tu xung hd dja phuong (qua, bdu,..)
1.1.\. Nhdm dgi til xung hd todn ddn Trong nhdm dgi tfl xung hd toan dan, cd nhflng dai tfl rit quen thupc nhu tao, mdy (mdy), ta, minh,... Day la nhflng dai tfl xuit hifn thudng xuygn tiong ca dao ngudi Vift ndi chung.
EAeu dd cho thiy, dai tO xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp vin ndm tiong nin chung thdng nhit cfla hf tiidng dgi tfl xung hd tiong tiing Vift todn dan.
Thidy:
Con cua kenh edng bd ngang ddm bi
Thdy chi Hai may, tao di y tao thuang.
[2, 237]
' Trudng Dgi hgc Dong Thdp
Con cat c\it dudi ai nudi may Idn Dg thua bd, con ldn minh in
[2, 484]
Nhu vay, dgi tfl xung hd trong tha ea dan gian Nam Bp cd nhilu tfl thupc hf thdng tfl xung hd trong tiing Vift todn dan. Tuy nhign, dfl ndm trong von tu xung hd todn dan nhimg khi di vdo tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, nhQng tfl xung hd ndy vin cd nhung ngt khac bift ve ngfl dm hode sdc thai y nghia, thi hifn d$c trung trong each xung hd cfla ngudi Nam Bp so vdi nhflng vflng mien khdc. Chdng hgn, tfl mdy tiong tiing Vift toan dan dupc ddi tiidnh mdy, tfl tdi thdnh tui. Rieng tu till, dd Id biln thi cfla tdi nhung so vdi tdi, tui vin cd sy khdc bift. Khdc vdi tdi trong phuong ngfl Bde Bp, dgi tfl mi trong tiio ea dan gian Nam Bp khdng chi dupc sfl dyng nhu mpt dgi tfl mang sdc thdi bilu cam tnmg hod ma cdn dupc sfl dyng nhu mpt dgi tfl mang sdc tiidi khigm nhudng vd than mat dl xung vdi nhilu vai giao tilp. Thi dy:
- Tui dupc sfl dyng dl xung hd vdi em:
Dudng di chdn trgrt bd sinh Tr0 ba bdn cdi ehdng thdy minh ddt\i\
Em dimg ndi nguge ndi xudi Trgt ba cdi trgt cd tui da liin.
[2,271]
Tui dupc sfl dyng dl xung hd vdi minh:
Ndm gid, ddng hd gd, mgt ti-di lui Chim keu, ti-dng chiia ddnh, chde Id tui xa minh.
[2, 327]
Rdng giao ddu, phung giao dudi Nay tui hdi thiit, minh ed thuang tui khdng minh?
[2, 362]
Tui dupc sfl dyng de xung hd vdi anh:
Tdu chim cdn ndi gidn mui Anh liiu thuang ddng minh tui.
tui chd.
[2, 372]
Tui trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cd the xung hd vdi nhiing ddi tupng giao tigp cd dja vj vd tudi tac cao hon md khdng he bj coi Id xae xupc, hon Ido ngupc lgi hoan toan mang sdc tiiai than mat, gin gui. Cd lg bdi tu hii trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp van cdn luu gifl nghia gdc cfla tfl tdi vdn cd nghia chi kg tdi td, hen mpn. Ngu nhu hifn nay, tdi dd dupc ngudi Viet Bac Bp sfl dyng nhu mpt dai tfl xung hd mang sic thai trung hod, trong mdt sd tinh hudng giao tiep, nhit la trong sinh hoat ddi thudng giiia nhiing ngudi than thiet thi vifc sfl dyng dgi tfl nay dg xung hd vdi ngudi ldn tudi hode ngudi cd dja vj cao hon thi cd the bj coi la hanh vi xac xupc, hon Ido. Nhu vay, y nghia sdc thai ban diu cfla tu tdi da cd sy bien ddi. Trong khi dd, nd vin dupc luu gifl d tfl tui trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, thi hifn sy khiem nhudng theo dflng nguygn tdc "xung khigm, hd tdn" cfla ngudi Vift. Vg dilm nay, tfl tui trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp rit gin gui vdi tfl tui trong xung hd ciia ngudi mien Trung. Trong cdng trinh Tu dia phuang Nghi Tinh vi mgt khia egnh ngdn ngu vdn hod, khi phan tich nhflng net khac bift trong xung hd cfla ngudi mien Trung vdi cac vflng
miln khac, Hoang Trpng Canh da nhgn djnh: "Trong phuong ngfl Nghf Tliih, tui la bien thg ngu am, tuong flng vdi tdi. Nhung trong each dflng cfla ngudi Nghf Ilnh ciing nhu sdc tiiai bieu cam cfla tfl, tui khac tdi rat rd. Con cai cd thg xung tui vdi cha, m?, dng, ba vd nhung ngudi ldn tudi hon minh, vdi sdc thai bilu cam khdng tiimg tinh nhu tdr [I, 239]. Dd cd till chinh la diu tich cfla sy lan tmyen ngdn ngfl tfl mien Trung vdo miln Nam md nguygn nhan la do nhung cupc di dan tfl Thanh - Nghf TTnh vdo phia Nam.
Ngodi nhimg dgi tu xung hd thupc ngdn ngfl todn dan da dupc ngu tren, tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cdn cd sy xuit hifn cfla nhflng dgi tfl xung hd cd nhu chdng, ndng, thiip. Day la mpt dilm thi hifn sy gdp gd gifla tho ca dan gian Nam Bp vd tho ca dan gian cfla cac vflng miln khac. Sy xuat hifn cfla nhOng tfl xung hd nay trong cac sang tdc tho ca dan gian Nam Bp dd gdp phin till hifn sy phong phfl, da dang cfla tfl xung hd trong tigng Vift ndi chung, phuong ngfl Nam Bp ndi rigng. Thi dy:
Thuc nil ai, ndng hdi ndng Ghi xuang khdc cot ldi vdng hdm nay.
[2, 385]
Chdng sao ti ldm bd chdng Dim khuya nguyit ldn hoa tdn dgi trong.
[2,213]
Chdng di cdt hdng eho ndng duan dim
Mdn mua rdi bdn dim chia hai.
[2,213]
Nhu vdy, dfl cd nhigu dgi tfl thupc vdn tfl xung hd trong tilrig Vift toan dan nhung nhimg dgi tfl ay trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp van cd nhflng d^
trung rigng vl cdch phat am, ve sic thai y nghia, vd do dd, nd van the hifn dupc diu in Nam Bp mpt each rd net.
1.1.2. Nhdm dgi tit xung hd dia phuang
E)di vdi nhflng dgi tfl xung hd dja phuong, trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, nhflng dai tfl ndy xuat hifn kha nhieu lan, thg hifn rd net dau an dja phuong nhu cdc tu qua, bdu. Cd the ndi, qua, bdu la hai dai tfl xung hd dde trung cfla miln dit Nam Bp. Trong nhigu sdng tdc, qua vd bdu xuat hifn vdi mat dp day dde. Trong ba tap tho ca dan gian Nam Bp dd dupc chflng tdi lya chpn lam tu Uf u khao sat, chflng tdi thay, tfl bdu xuat hifn 260 lan, tfl qua xuat hifn 176 ldn. Thi dy:
Bau ndi vdi qua, bau khdng be luu hdi ddo
Chd ddo ddu bau bge, luu ndo bau cdm tay?
[2,185]
Bau ndi vdi qua, bau khdng Iang chg
Bdt dgng bau roi, ddnh dg bau chua?
[2,18]
Trdeh m? vdi cha chu qua khdng trach bdu
Cha m? ham gidu gd bau di xa.
[2, 40]
Qua ve' bdn rugng edy da Bdn ed ddt nhd eudi chdng dgng em.
[2, 35]
Bdu cd chdng chua, bgu thua cho thiit
Keo anh Idm tgi nghiip cho anh.
[2, 183]
Hay dau khd, trach hdn ngudi ygu:
Trdch long bgu cu ddy dua Ggt anh ddi ndng, ddm mua nhge nhdn.
[2, 400]
Hode the hifn noi da diit, nhd mong:
Budm xa hoa, budm ddt, budm dd Anh day xa bgu, dim chd ngdy trdng.
[2, 199]
Trong ea dao Nam Bp, qua thudng di thdnh c§p vdi bgu (xung hd ngang hdng) ho$c di vdi em. Bgu cd thg di vdi qua ho$c vdi anh, day Id hai dgi tu nhan xung chi dupe sfl dyng d Nam Bp vd Nam Trung bp, khdng dimg d Bde Bp. Do v^y, khi xuat hifn trong tiio ca dan gian Nam Bp, tii xung hd nav dd gdp phan tich eye trong vifc tiie hifn bdn sdc vflng miln, thdi quen ndi ndng, xung gpi cfla ngudi dan Nam Bp, t^o cho ldi tho trong cdc sang tdc dan gian gin gfli hon, quen thupc hon, chdn thyc hon vdi ldi dn tiing ndi cfla ngudi bdn dja.
1.2. Nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam tiidi
Bfn cgnh dgi tfl nhan xung, tirong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cdn cd sy xuat hifn cua khd nhilu danh tfl xung hd lam tiidi. Dd Id cdc tfl xung hd cd nguon goc danh tO than tpc, danh tfl chi nghe nghifp, danh tu chi bp phgn, quan hf hay tfn rieng cfla con ngudi,...
75 Qua khdo sdt, chflng tdi thay cd mpt sd danh tfl thudng xuygn dupc sfl dyng dg xung hd (trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp) dd Id: cha, m?, tia, md, con, anh, chf, em, cd, dng, bd,... Trong dd chi cd mpt so tfl nhu dnh, chi, cd, bd, tia vd md la nhiing danh tfl than tpc dflng de xung hd mang dam sdc thai vflng miln Nam Bp. Cdc tfl xung hd von Id danh tfl than tpc thupc ngdn ngfl todn dan ciing dupc sfl dyng, tuy nhign chflng van cdn ed nhflng net khdc bift vl phgm vi ngfl nghia vd sdc thdi bigu cam.
Nhu vay, ciing gidng nhu nhdm dgi tfl xung hd, nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cd thi chia thanh hai nhdm: nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi trong tiing Vift todn dan va nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi cfla dja phuang Nam Bp.
1.2.1. Nhdm danh tit xung hd ldm thdi trong tiing Viit todn ddn
Ddi vdi nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi trong tiing Vift todn dan, chflng tdi thay, cd hai cdp tfl xung hd xuit hifn tiiudng xuyen ti-ong tiio ca dan gian Nam Bp, nhit Id tiong nhiing bai ca vg tinh ygu Ifla ddi, dd la c^p tfl anh - em. Theo ket qua khao sdt cfla chflng tdi, tfl anh xuat hifn 1611 lan, tfl em xuit hifn 1456 lan. Neu nhu cdp dgi tfl nhdn xung qua - bdu t^io nen sy gin gfli, than mat va sde thai dja phuang rd net thi cdp danh tfl xung hd lam thdi anh - em lgi thg hifn sdc thdi tinh cdm Ifla ddi than thuong, triu min hon. Cd lg vi thi md trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, qua - bgu cd thg xung hd ddi vdi cd nhimg c ^ nam nfl mdi gdp m^t vd nhung ddi lua dang ygu, cdn anh - e/w thi dudng
Ngon ngfr so 8 ndm 2012 nhu chi dflng dl xung hd khi ddi lua
ygu nhau, gdn bd vdi nhau. Day chinh la diem khac bift trong each sfl dyng cua cdp danh tfl xung hd lam thdi nay trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp so vdi nhiing vflng miln khac. Thi dy:
Cdy Ming trdng rdo khdp xung quanh
Tgi vi anh vd y edy Ming ducmg xanh nd vgi tdn
Anh gap em day ddng lgi giua ddng
Mudn phdn nhcm ngdi, em ngd ngdng khd phdn.
[2, 209]
San cdch thay edeh, long em khdng edeh
Dudng xa ddm xa, nhan ngai em khdng xa
Di ddu anh nhd ghi lgi nhd Trudc viing phu mdu, sau Id thdm em.
[2, 187]
Mpt dieu khdc bift nfla la trong tho ca dan gian Nam Rp, cdc danh tfl xung hd lam thdi neu dupc sfl dyng thi ludn di kem vdi thfl ty sinh ctia ddi tupng dupc nhdc dgn nhu cd Ndm, anh Bdy, ehj Hai, dng Sdu, bd Tdm,... Vi vgy, du sfl dyng nhflng danh tfl xung hd tiiupc tiing Vift toan dan nhung ngudi ta van nhan thiy dau in Nam Bp ro net trong nhflng sang tdc dan gian cfla vflng dit nay. Thi dy:
Vdi Trdi cudi dugc cd Ndm Ldm ehay bdy ngg, mudi ldm ong thdy.
[2,413]
Con kiin vang bo ngang Id bi
Thdy ehj Hai cudi thdm y anh thucmg.
[2, 238]
Ddng xa keu bd anh Mudi Thuang khdng, anh ndi thiit ehd dimg cudi day dua.
[2,271]
Trong giao tigp, ngudi ta thudng dimg kit hpp "danh tfl than tpc + cdc dai tfl chi djnh (dy)" de chi nhan vat d ngdi thu ba. 0 phuong ngfl Nam Bp, sy kit hpp nay ciing dien ra mpt each phd bign. Tuy nhign, trong phdt am, cac kit hpp kigu ndy dd dupc ngudi Nam Bo "ndi gpp" thanh dng, bd, dnh, chi, cd, di dudng. Thgm chi, cd nhflng danh tfl chi ngudi (thdng, eon), danh tfl chi nghg nghifp (thdy) c\m^ dupc ngudi Nam Bp ket hpp theo cau trflc ngu trgn dg xung hd trong giao tigp (thdng, edn, thdy). C6 the ndi, day Id mpt digm dde trung trong thdi quen xung hd cfla ngudi Nam Bp. Vd tho ca dan gian Nam Bp da phdn dnh rd ngt dde trung nay thi hifn qua vifc dung nap rat nhigu cdc dai tfl xung hd ngu tren. Thi dy:
Em thuang anh hit sue thuang, nhd hit sue nhd
Gap cmh vd cd em chdng ddm nhin Sg ehi ldn a nhd chi sanh tdm biin tdnh, hdt hda ldi dinh
Chi rinh n^d ba, chi ddn ngd bdy, khdng biit ehit minh hay hgi em.
[2, 278]
Ngodi nhOng danh tfl xung hd lam thdi ngu trgn, trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cdn xuat hifn nhirng danh tfl xung hd lam thdi la cdc tfl Han Vift nhup/iw qudn. qudn tu, phu mdu Thi dy:
Ai ldm con vjt xa ehudng De cho qudn tfl bua budn, bua lo.
[2, 155]
Bdy ldu em cdn nghi, cdn nggi Bua nay em keu dgi bdng minh Phy mau hay ddng, khdng le ddnh minh, giit em?
[2,371]
Phu quan ai, bd bgn sao ddnh Dudi sdng cd lgi, trin nhdnh chim keu.
[2, 356]
Nhu vgy, nhdm danh tfl xung hd trong tiing Vift toan dan xuit hifn kha nhigu tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp. Bgn cgnh nhimg digm tuong ddng, nhflng danh tfl nay cd ddi chflt khac bift, thg hifn rd ddu an Nam Bp.
1.2.2. Nhdm danh tit xung hd Idm thdi cua dja phuang Nam Bg
Ngoai nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi tiong tigng Vift toan dan, nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi mang dde tiimg dja phuong Nam Bp ciing xuit hifn kha nhigu trong tho ca dan gian cua vflng dat ndy. Nhdm tfl xung hd nay bao gdm cac tu tia, md, ngi, ngogi Sy xuit hifn cfla nhdm tfl xung hd nay tirong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp vfla cd tac dyng td dgm ban sdc vflng miln, dong tiidi, khdng djnh tiigm sy phong phli cfla hf tiling tfl xung hd cfla tiing Vift. Thi dy:
Ma ai con md hu rdi
Cdn ddu md gd ma ddi bge tram.
[5, 424]
Con cd nd md con luan
Bd chi ghe ludn mudn tia tdi khdng?
Tia tdi ljch su qud chiing Cdi lung mdc thieh edi ddu cham bam.
[2,461]
Nhu vay, cd thi thay, tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, nhdm danh tfl xung hd lam thdi cd tan sd xuat hifn cao. Ciing nhu cdc dgi tfl nhan xung, nhdm danh tfl xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp vfla cd digm tuong ddng, vfla cd diem khdc bift so vdi tfl xung hd trong vdn tfl tieng Vift toan dan ve pham vi sfl dyng, sdc thai bieu cam. Nhflng tfl ngfl tiong tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cd the coi la minh chflng rd nhat vg sy phong phu vd da dgng cua tiing Vift.
2. Cach siir dung tur ximg hd va vai trd ciia truvng ngfr nghia ve xung ho trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp
2.1. Cach su dyng tu xung hd cfla ngudi Nam Bp thi hifn qua tho ca dan gian Nam Bp
Vdn gdn bd mau thit vdi ddi sdng cfla ngudi binh dan, khdng dupc mai giua, chdt lpe cdng phu ngn so vdi ngdn ngfl tho ca hifn dai, ngdn ngfl cfla tho ea dan gian it nhilu cd net gian dj, mpc mgc, chit phac va trong sang hon. Ngdn tfl tiong cac sang tac dan gian cd rit it nhiing kilu kit hpp lg, nhflng mat ngfl, in ngfl ma mpc mgc, de higu nhu ldi dn tiing ndi hang ngay cfla ngudi binh dan. Chinh vi vay, thdng qua tiio ca dan gian, ngudi ta cd till hieu hon vl each ndi nang cfla ngudi binh dan trong cupc sdng hang ngdy. Trong ddng chay chung cfla tiio cardan gian dan tpc, tiio ea dan gian d moi vimg mien thi hifn thdi quen ndi ndng cfla ngudi dan d tung dja phuong. Cflng chinh vi thi, qua
Ngon ngfr so 8 ndm 2012 trudng ngfl nghia trong tho ca dan gian
Nam Bp, cd thg higu rd hon ve each xung hd trong giao tilp cfla ngudi dan noi day.
Tim higu tho ca dan gian Nam Bd, chiing tdi thiy, khi xung hd trong giao tigp, ngudi Nam Bp cd thdi quen kgt hpp gifla nhdm tu xung hd cd ngudn gdc Id danh tfl than tpc vd nhdm tfl bigu hifn thfl ty sinh. Nhin vdo cdch xung gpi d nai day, cd thg bigt dupc thfl ty sinh cfla timg thdnh vign trong gia dinh. Thi dy:
Cd Ba, cd Bay ed chdng Xe hai chay trude, ngua hdng ehgy sau.
[2,433]
Ldm sao bgu vdo cua md Ba, Bge tiin bdu thiiu, md tinh Id bao nhiiu.
[3, 240]
Ben cgnh dd, khi xung hd trong giao tilp, ngudi Nam Bp thudng cd thdi quen ndi gpp. Thay vi gpi ngdi thfl ba sd it bdng each kgt hpp tfl xung hd vdi dai tfl dy (cd dy, anh dy, bd dy, ong dy,...), ngudi Nam Bp dimg cd mpt logt tfl kigu: cd, dnh, bd, dng, chi,... Thi dy:
Tiic cdng anh lau dia ehiii binh Cdy mai dong tdi ndi, ba md nhin bacon
Trdi mua nhd thiie dgt Ion ton Ong bd khdng thuang nen ndi vdy ehd bd eon ddu md nhin.
[2, 390]
Ngoai ra, d Nam Bp, cdch xung hd trong giao tilp d gia dinh cung nhu ngodi xd hpi dudng nhu cd xu hudng binh dan hon, khdng nhdt tiiilt phdi
tudn theo tdn ti, trgt ty bit bupe nhu d Bde Bp. Lg ra phdi xung chdu vdi cd, cB, chu, bac, dng, bd thi ngirdi Nam Bp lai xung eon. Ngay d ngodi xd hpi, ngudi ldn tudi ciing khdng gpi ngudi nhd tudi b)dng chdu md thudng gpi eon.
Tham chi, cd thi kit hpp con vdi thfl ty sinh cfla ngudi dupe nhdc tdi dk xung hd mpt each hgt sflc gan gfli.
Phdi chdng, khuynh hudng gia tpc hod cdch xung hd trong xd hpi d phuong ngfl Nam Bp manh hon d phuong ngfl Bde Bp? Thi dy:
Sdm mai di chg Gd Vdp, Mua mgt xdp vdi dem vi, Con Hai nd cdt.
Con Ba nd may.
Con Tu nd dgt.
Con Ndm nd viin, Con Sdu dam nat, Con Bay vdt khuy, Anh budc edng ra di, Con Tam niu, con Chin tri, di Mudi ai! Sao em di vdy cdn gl do anh?
[2,449]
Nhu vay, cd thi ndi, nlu nhu trudng ngfl nghia tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp thi hifn each flng xfl hgt sflc gdn giii, hai hod, than thifn cfla ngudi Nam Bp vdi mdi tmdng ty nhien thi tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp lgi thg hifn cdch flng xfl hgt sflc hdi hod, than thifn, gdn giii, binh dj cfla ngudi Nam Bp trong gia dinh vd xd hpi.
2.2. Vai trd cfla tmdng ngfl nghia vg xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp
Tmdng ngfl nghia vl xung hd cd vai trd hgt sflc quan trpng trong tiio ea dan gian Nam Bp.
Tmdc het, trudng ngfl nghia xung hd tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp dd phan anh chdn thyc thdi quen ndi ndng cfla ngudi dan Nam Bp. Toan bp nhung tiidi quen xung hd trong giao tiep cua ngudi Nam Bp dd dupc bilu hifn day dfl trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp.
Thfl hai, thdng qua tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, ngudi dpc cd thi hilu hon ve vdn hod flng xfl cfla ngudi Nam Bp trong gia dinh vd xd hpi. Trong giao tiep, ngudi Nam Bp cd each ting xfl binh ddn, gin gui vd tiian m^t hon, it chu tipng vao vai vg, tdn ti nhu ngudi Bde Bp. Ndi each khac, thdng qua tradng ngfl nghia xung hd tiong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, mpt net sdc thai vdn hod Nam Bp dd dupc bieu hifn khard.
Thfl ba, hf thong tfl ngfl tiong tradng ngfl nghia xung hd cfla ngudi Nam Bp khd gan gui vdi hf thong tfl xung hd d Trung Bp. Cdch xung hd tui, bdy, di, dugmg, cgu,... vd pham vi sfl dyng cfla nhflng tfl xung hd nay gin nhu trimg khit vdi phgm vi sfl dyng cua nhiing tO xung hd nay d Trung Bp, day ed thg la diu tich cfla sy lan tinyln ngdn ngfl do nhflng cupc di dan tfl Bde Tnmg Bp vdo Nam Bp trong ljch sfl. Vd tho ca dan gian Nam Bp dd till hifn rd dieu ndy.
Thfl tu, sy da dgng vd nhong phfl cfla nhflng tfl ngfl trong tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd d tiio ca dan gian Nam Bp dd phdn dnh chdn tiiyc sy da dgng vd phong phfl cfla vdn tO xung hd trong tiing Vift E)dng tiidi, hf tiidng tii ngfl xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bd da g6p phin lam gidu them vdn tfl xung hd cfla tieng Vift.
79 Thfl ndm, tfl ngfl trong tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp da phan anh rd net nhiing cung bac cam xflc, tam tu, tinh cam cfla ngudi dan Nam Bp. Ciing nhu ngudi Vift tren mpi mign dat nudc, tuy vdo mflc dp than so, gan gfli ma ngudi Nam Bp cd thg lya chpn tO xung hd cho phfl hpp. Sy lya chpn tfl xung hd trong nhung sang tac tha ca dan gian ve tinh ygu ddi Ifla cd the coi la minh chting tigu bigu cho digu ndy.
Chdng hgn, khi ddi Ifla chua thyc sy gdn bd, each xung hd dupc ua dflng nhat la each sfl dyng dai tfl phigm chl do va ddy. Thi dy:
Gid dua nudc, nudc xao dan dgn Gio dua mdy, mdy chay dgt dd Dd V07 day duyen ng dd sd sd Sao eon tha tiit md cha trdng ai
[5,403]
Gid hiu hiu ehin chiiu rugt thdt Nhin sao bin bde, nudc mdt chdy ben ddng
Ai xui chi vg vg ehdng ehdng Biet day vdi dd ta hdng eo se.
[5, 403]
Khi ddi Ifla dd thyc sy gdn bd, each xung hd dupc su dyng nhilu nhit Id each xung hd sfl dyng nhiing cap tfl chi sy gan bd, gan gfli cfla ddi Ifla nhu anh - em, qua - bdu, anh - bdu, qua - em, ehdng - thiip, ehdng - ndng, minh - ta, tdi - minh. Vdn la nhirng ngudi dan chat phac, tinh cam nen du khi ygu thuong, gign hdn hay tiach mdc, tfl xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp van hit sflc gin gfli, than mat Chdng hgn, day la tfl xung hd trong nhiing ldi ca ygu thuong, tinh nghia:
Qua vdi bgu thuang nhau dibd Ndi ra bd ngd di bung sg dau Ddu cho khdng trudc thdi sau
Ngdn ngfr so 8 ndm 2012 Nguyin long chung hiip bd nhau
sao ddnh.
[2, 568]
Cd Iflc, each xung hd lai:
Qua thuang ban ldm bau ai!
Cd chet vi mdi khdn nem thdn qua.
[2, 359]
Vd day la tfl xung hd trong nhitag cau ca dao - dan ca day gian hdn, trach mdc:
Qua than vdi bgu hit ldi Dimg tham nai nggc md ddi non tiin.
[2, 359]
Bgu ndi vdi qua bgu khdng long chg
Bdt duge bgu rdi ddnh dg bgu ehua?
[2, 185]
Nhu vay, qua tmdng ngfl nghia xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, chflng tdi thiy, tmdng ngfl nghia nay cd vai trd quan trpng tiong vifc phdn anh thdi quen ndi ndng, vdn hod ling xfl cua ngudi dan noi day trong giao tiep, ddng thdi, bigu hifn iihiing sdc thai cam xflc, tam trgng hgt sflc tinh tg cfla ngudi Nam Bp, tao nen net dde sic rieng cfla tho ca dan gian vflng dat phuong Nam.
Ket lu^n
Qua khdo sat va phan tich, chflng tdi nhgn thay rin^ ddi vdi nhdm tfl xung hd thupc vdn tu xung hd todn dan, khi di vdo tho ca dan gian Nam Bp, ngoai nhung net tuong ddng thi vin cd nhung net khdc bift vg sdc thai y nghia, phgm vi sfl dyng. Nhd vgy, dfl Id nhflng tfl ximg hd thudc von tfl xung hd toan dan nhung khi di vdo tiio ca dan gian Nam Bp, nhflng tii nay vin thg hifn rd ban sdc rigng dam chat phuang Nam. Ddi vdi nhdm tu xung hd dja phuang, tin so xuat hifn khd cao va till hifn rd net ban sdc vdn hod cua Nam Bp. Tmdng ngfl nghia vl
xung hd trong tho ca dan gian Nam Bp cimg da thi hifn rd thdi quen ndi ndng, vdn hod umg xfl va cfla ngudi Nam Bp, tgo ngn mpt net dde trung cho tho ca dan gian cfla vflng dit nay.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Hoang Trpng Canh, Nghiin ciru dgc diem lap tu dia phuang Nghi Tinh, Luan an Tien si ngdn ngO hpc, DHKHXH&NV H.,2001.
2. Bao Djnh Giang (chu bien), Nguyen Tan Phat, Trin Tan Vinh, Biii Mgnh Nhi, Ca dao ddn ca Nam Bg, Nxb TpHCM, 1984.
4. Huynh Ngpc Trang, Ca dao ddn ca Nam M luc tinh, Nxb Tong hpp Dong Nai, 2006.'
3. Nguyen The Trayen, Cdch xung hd ciia ngudi Nam Bg, T/c Ngdn ngO
& ddi song. So 10, 1999.
5. Khoa Ngfl Vdn - Dgi hpc Can Tho, Vdn hgc ddn gian ddng bdng sdng Cdu Long, Nxb GD, H., 1997.
SUMMARY
Address terms in Southern Folklore Poetry have relatively high occurrences and they have both similarities and differences when compared with Vietnamese address terms in terms of usage and modalities. Address terms in Southern Folklore Poetry can be classified into two main groups: typical address terms and temporary address terms. The typical address terms have mostly been derived from common Vietnamese pronouns but have differences in tones and pronunciations, while the temporary address terms have been associated with local nouns. This shows the feamres of the cultures and the people in the South.
The study therefore has highlighted the usage of address terms as well as confirmed the important role of address terms in Southem folklore poetry.
