VAN HOA DONG SOfN VA TUC SAN DAU NGUOfl

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Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010 119

TRAO 001

VAN HOA DONG SOfN VA TUC SAN DAU NGUOfl

Kieu Quang Chan'

Cae nha t h a m hiem phffang Tay vao nhffng nam di tim thupc dia d Dong Nam A, da vie't nhieu ban tffdng trinh ve tuc san ddu ngffdi, kheu gpi tri td md vd ddu dc khoa hpc eua eac nha dan tde hpe, nhan ehung hpc. Cac nha khoa hge ed gdng lan Iffgt de'n tan nai de tim hieu them ve de tdi khd khan bi hiem nay. Nhffng ban bao eao nghiem tue cd gia tri khoa hge rat cao nhffng chi ghi lai nhffng gi xay ra d cudi the ky XIX va the ky XX ma thdi. Tuyet nhien khdn^ ed tae gid nao de cap den tue nay d Viet Nam trong khi cd nhieu saeh eho rang cd de'n 65% ede bg tgc d Ddng Nam A thffe hanh tap tuc nay vao thdi cd. Sau nay, khi eae nffde phffffng Tay bdt dau ehie'm thudc dia eon so' tren tuy cd gidm nhieu nhffng van cdn den 1/3.

Ncfi n a o t r e n the gidfi da x a y ra v i e c cat d a u ngt^dfi?

Tff thdi xa xffa, mpi xa hpi da dung viec chat dau de trffng phat hay bieu hien sff chien thdng tren ngffdi bai tran. Chat ddu, dffge ngffdi Hy Lap va La Ma coi la nhan dao han eae hinh thffe td hinh khac, nhff mpt dac an chi danh cho eong dan La Ma. Phaolo (Paulus), tong dd cua Chffa Jesus, bi chat ddu trong khi ede tin hffu khac bi dong dinh hay dffa eho ac thff hanh hinh. Nam 1789, Bac si J.I. Guillotin de nghi dung may chem de chat ddu hang loat trong cupc each mang 1789 tai Phap. May chem Guillotine thoat dau ehi danh rieng cho quy tpc, ngffdi ndi tieng nhat bi chat ddu la vua Louis XVI nam 1793. Khoang 40.000 ngffdi khac eung bi mat ddu trong thdi ky

"kinh hai" nay. May ehem Guillotine dffgc dung ben Phap den nam 1939 va tai Viet Nam eho de'n nam 1954 khi ngffdi Phap rut lui. (!^hat ddu la phffang each thdng dung cho an tuf hinh cho den the ky XX tai chau Au cffng nhff tai Trung Hoa, Viet Nam, N h a t Bdn va van cdn dffgc ap dung tai Trung Dong.

Trong cae euge xung dot, dau ke dich bieu tffgng cho ehien thdng va cung la each hay n h a t thu phuc linh hdn nan nhan. Ben Trung Hoa, linh nha Tan thffdng cdt dau quan dieh ldm ehien lai pham. Trong the ehien II, mpt vai linh My cung dem thii cap ve lam chien lgi pham d mat tran Thai Binb Dffffng.'i' Chang can ndi dau xa xdi, vao thdi Phap thudc, ede nha yeu nffde Viet Nam da bi hanh hinh da man bdng each chat dau beu giffa chg hay eac nai edng edng.

Sau khi kham pha ra chau My, nhieu ngffdi lap nghiep dau tien da bi cac ehien si da dd lot da ddu, beu tren nggn giao hay budc vao thdt Iffng.

Ngffdi da dd nghi rang chi can lot da ddu cung dii, thay vi phdi lay ddu bat tien ban. De trd dua, ngffdi da trdng lai beu dau ngffdi da dd tren tffdng thanh, hy vgng t r a n h dffge eae eugc tan cdng. Ngffdi Phap va Canada edn khuyen khich viec san da dau bdng each tra tien eho mdi chie'c da dau ngffdi

Hdi vien Vien Khao cd Hoa Ky (AIA).

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120 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so' 1 (78). 2010

da dd bat ke dan dng hay phu nff. Mai den nam 2000, chinh phu Canada mdi kham pha sff hien hffu eua bg luat eho phep lam viee nay, nen vgi va bai bd ngay.

Nhffng ngffdi san dau vung Amazon, ngffdi Jivaroan d Ecuador va Peru, sau khi khd cdng, ti mi ldc da dau va da m a t trffng bay dau ngffdi thu nhd nhff vat te Id. Ngffdi Maori d New Zealand lai xdng khdi de giff ddu ke thu.

Tuy nhien, san ddu khdng ehi gidi h a n d nhffng bg tgc sa khai, ma edn xuat hien nai nhieu nen van hda t r e n the' gidi.'2' Tue nay dffge bao eao nhieu nhat d Ddng Nam A trong thdi dai mdi.

^ 3 ^ -/-c;-'--.v..

Hinh 2. Thay Cai, ngffdi lanh dao cudc khdi nghTa chdng thffe dan Phap bj chat dau ngay 8/7/1908.

Hinh 1. Hanh hinh hai nha yeu nUdc Viet Nam do sT quan Phap ehi huy ngay 7/3/1905.

Tuc s a n d a u ngvfcfi

Qua t h a t day la mdt de tai t r a n h luan soi ndi giffa cac nha quan sat cung nhff giffa cae hpc gid. Cdt ddu trong ehien t r a n h , h a n h quye't tu binh hay tdi nhan vffa liet ke d tren khong the xe'p chung eun^ loai vdi tue san ddu ngffdi. Ngffdi ta phdi tin tffdng nhff mgt tin ngffdng rang: viee cdt dau nan nhan se dem lai nhieu dieu tdt eho ed nhan, gia dinh hay bd tde. Tuy nhien, theo nhieu tae gid, sff phan biet t r e n ed the trd n e n khd khan. Khi dffge hdi y kien ve van de nay, Giao sff Magnus Fiskesjo cung da khdng dinh: "cdn nhde them rdng, ddi khi khdng the phdn biet gida viec lay ddu ke thu ldm chien lgi phdm vdi tuc sdn ddu ngddi".'^'

Hge gid Renato Rosaldo dffge dan lang ke lai eugc san dau ngffdi vao nam 1950 d Philippines. Doan t r e n 10 ngffdi dffgc t h a n h lap gdm hau het nhffng ngffdi da tffng cd t h a n h tieh. Phu nff trong lang gdp phan tich effe chuan bi lffang khd eho chuye'n di gan hai tuan tff cao nguyen xud'ng ddng bang. Nan n h a n la mpt ngffdi dan dng xau sd' dang mgt minh tdm ggi ben suoi. Khdng rieng gi n a n nhan, ea xdm nha d ven rffng khdng ai quen biet hay thu oan gi vdi ngffdi trong doan. The' ma khi ve lang, doan dffge ddn tiep nhff nhffng anh hung, le hgi mffng ehien thdng dffgc td chffc ngay sau dd.

Mffdi nam sau (1960), each nai tren khdng xa, Jules de Raedt, mgt linh mue Thien Chua giao tffng sd'ng hai nam lien vdi bd lac Buaya, tuy khdng chffng kie'n viec san ddu ngffdi, nhffng dffge nhin thay tiec mffng t h a n h cdng cua ngffdi di san. Dd la mdt ngdy hdi ldn eua ea lang, mgi ngffdi an udng nhay mua hd het tff chap td'i den sang ehung quanh mgt cai gid dffng ddu

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Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so 1 (78). 2010 121

lau dat giffa lang. Dat phdi hda bun vi ehan ngffdi dap tren rffgu vung vai.

Ong them rdng day la lue "xd lang" eua dan lang, tinh due bffa bai, ngay cd dan ba ngoai tinh vao dem nay cffng dffgc chap nhan.'""

Riska, thie'u nff ngffdi Dayak, sinh ra tren cao nguyen cua Kalimantan, hdn ddo ldn thff nhi t r e n the' gidi cung ke nhieu ehuyen ve san ddu ngffdi vao nam 1980:

"Mgt hdm tdi dang chai vdi cdc bgn a bd sdng thinh linh nghe tieng ddng lg. Cd vdt gi di chuyen? Cdnh Id lung lay, trong ldm cdy cd ngUdi hu. len tieng nghe lg tai. Dot nhien mgi ngUdi cung het len "ngayao, ngayao". Hg bdng be con nit ehgy bien di de lgi tdi mdt minh. Tdi khdng hieu tgi sao, chi thdy la cdy dung ddy trong bui. Tdi sg qud, may cd mdt ngUdi ldn vut tdi ddt tay tdi chay that nhanh. Sau ndy ngUdi ta ndi lgi "ngayao" nghia Id sdn ddu ngUdi."

Ngffdi thieu nff tre nay ldn len trong thdi dai mdi, co thay tuc san dau la mdt mdi de dga thffe te, nhieu khi lien quan den tgi ac. Co edn eho biet them, ngay cd d vung xuoi, tffc nffi van minh thi tff, ngffdi ta cdn chon ddu nan nhan bi bdt cdc vao mdng cae eong trinh xay eat quan trgng nhff eau cdng hay cao oe.'^'

Y n g h i a tuc s a n d a u ngi:fc)fi

Thoat ddu, ngffdi ta ehi ed y nghi dan gidn, viee san ddu ngffdi de chffng td long can ddm, sffc manh eung nhff khd nang chien dau cua cac chien si trong bg tde. Cd ngffdi cdn thffc te ban, cho rdng eac thanh nien tre trong bd tpc can san dau ngffdi de chffng td minh da trffdng thanh va dung cdm, mpt yeu td quan trpng de hap dan phu nff va de dang cho viec ket hon.

That ra edn nhieu ly do phffc tap hffn nffa. Bdi tren the gidi co rat nhieu bp tpc dffge nghien cffu, moi no'i deu cd tap tue va ly do rieng. Ngay ca trong cung mpt bd tpc, moi ca nhan hay nhom da cd ly do rieng cho moi ldn td chffc di san. Khi nghien cffu tuc san ddu ngffdi cua 23 bp tpc d Borneo, tae gid Maxwell da liet ke dffge 10 ly do: cham dfft thdi gian tang che ciia mdt lanh tu; gay an tffgng vdi ed dau tffang lai; bay td danh dff va sffc manh eua minh; phdng ngffa ddi khat va benh tat; mua mang dffgc tffoi tdt; de quan binh tdn t h a t trong xung dot; nhff la mpt nghi Id trffdng thanh cua phai nam; gia tang sinh san nai phu nff; dem theo lam no le khi chet;

lam diu than t h a n h trong trffdng hgp ngoai tinh.'*^'

Thong thffdng tai nhieu bg lac, mdi lan dem ehien lgi pham ve, phu nff la nhufng ngffdi dffng ra long trgng ddn tie'p, lam chii cac nghi le te than.

Ddi khi chinh phu nff la ngffdi dan dau eho eac eugc di san. Khi lang nan nhan hien ra, hg nem lffdi giao tffgng trffng rdi dffng mdt chd de hd trg tinh than cho cae chie'n si lam viec. Hg eung lam chu cd nhffng budi le cdu nguyen eho mua mang tot dep sau cdc cude san dau ngffdi.''

Tu trffdng mdt bg lac d Borneo da tiet lg nhffng ly do san ddu cffa bg lae nhff dem lai may mdn, mua mang tffai tdt, xua dudi benh tat, bien ke thu trd thanh ngffdi ban, ngffdi bao hd va gia an.'^'

Cd tac gia lai cho ly do phd thong nhat la de ldi keo linh hdn nan nhan ve phia minh. Khdng chi rieng ed nhan ngffdi bi mat ddu, linh hdn nan nhan

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122 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so' 1 (78). 2010

Hinh 3. Chie'n sTAsmat (B. Kuhlen Verlag)

edn ldi keo them td tien eua hg lam ddng minh cho bd lac. Cac linh hdn ddng ddo nay se ho trg hg trong chie'n t r a n h , ban eho hg diem lanh va bao eho hg nhffng diem dff sdp xay de'n."''

Ngffdi Asmat d Papua New Guinea san dau ngffdi de eung te va them uy tin. Cae vi lanh dao eung nhff bd lao edn an ea de cua n a n nhan. Hg tin rdng nhff the sffc m a n h va uy quyen cua nan n h a n se truyen sang eho hg.'^°'

Mdt khi sff tin tffdng lau ngay trd thdnh tin ngffdng thi khd ma bd di dffge. Nhff nhieu bd tde khde d Indonesia va Philippines, ngffdi Wa d Myanma, eung ludn ludn bi a m a n h thoi thue di san dau ngffdi vao thdi dai mdi de'n ndi ngffdi Anh phai chinh phue hg, bdt hg dung dau lau gid bdng nhffa san xua't tai nffde Anh. Mdt si quan ngffdi Anh khac lam viec lau n a m tai phia bdc Borneo, tff dau the ky XX. (I)ng thay cae bd tde trong vung nay san dau ngffffi ehi de gidi quye't eae eugc xung dot vdi nhau, khdng thay ye'u td tin ngffdng. Nhieu lan dieh t h a n ong phdi dffng r a hda giai, mong mud'n hg tff bd tap tue da man nay.'"' : ..,

Vg chdng hge gia Michelle va Renato Rosaldo, vao nhufng nam 1966, 1967, 1974 tff My de'n sdng vdi ngffdi Ilongot tai eao nguyen Caraballo Luzon eua Philippines. (3ng ba hgc tie'ng thd dan de nghien cffu ve bd tde nay. Mue dieh ehinh de tim hieu ly do tai sao nhffng bd toe hien lanh nay lai ed tue le bao hanh eao do nhff vay. Mdi khi ed chuyen xa'u trong bd toe, viec san ddu ngffdi lai dffgc ban de'n. Ngoai viee de t r a thu, ddi khi cdt mdt cai ddu ehi de lam eho hg bdt gian dff vo ed. Cdn mdt so' ly do khac nhff dffgc ede ngffdi tre ngffdng mp, gay uy tin vdi cae bd lao, va n h a t la dd kiem vg. Linh hdn ngffdi chet ludn theo hg mpt each vo hai va khong dinh dang gi de'n sff giau cd eung

nhff sff gia tang sinh san cua bg toe. Mae du bi earn ngat, tue nay edn keo dai de'n nam 1950.'^^' Ngffdi Naga d ddng bdc An Do, gdm 30 bd tpc ed ngudn gde Mdng Cd tff trffde Cdng nguyen, dffge bie't den vi van hda tie'n bd, binh dang xa hpi, gidi thu cdng va dae biet ndi tie'ng vdi tue san dau. Alva Bowers md ta nggn ddi cua ngffdi Naga nhff "thien dffdng cua ngffdi san dau".'^^' Ngffdi Poumai Naga edn san dau eho den nam

1958 vi tin tffdng rdng mdi lan dem dau lau ve se dem them sinh khi mdi eho ngdi lang ehien thdng.'^'^' Mgt tu trffdng eua bg tgc Maram Naga da tuyen bo: quyen thffa ke' se thugc ve ngffdi con trai dem dau ve trffde.'^^'

Hinh 4. Chien sT Naga [Nguon: Wikipedia)

Nhffng ngffdi H a n sang dinh cff d Dai Loan vao the' ky XIX va XX thffdng bi eac thd dan sdng

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tren cao nguyen t a n cong.'^^' Tam trong sd eac bg lae nay da ed tuc san ddu.

Hp cdt ddu n a n nhan dem luge, phai kho rdi treo tren cay hay trffng bay mdt nffi dac biet de dem lai may mdn lau dai. Ngffdi Bunun [4\:'"l/B6 Nong]""' cdn viet len gid'y cuon vao mui ten, bdn vao nan nhan de thong tin den hg hang qud cd^. Mgt tuc le khac, khi cuf hanh nghi Id hg kinh can mdi ddu lau nan nhan tham gia nhff mgt thanh vien.'^^' Tuc san ddu ehi cham dfft d Dai Loan vao nam 1930 sau khi ngffffi Nhat chiem dong hon dao.'^^'

Ngvidi Viet c o c o t u c s a n d a u ngu'di khong?

Tim trong thff tich ed, truyen thuyet khong thay nffi nao nhde den. Ngay ca trong kho tang cd tieh, thdn thoai eua Viet Nam, viee cdt ddu ngffdi cffng tuyet nhien vdng bdng. Rieng trong gidi khdo ed phffang Tay han mpt the ky qua di ehi thay ed vai vi de cap rat sa sai hinh dnh tue san ddu ngffdi tren trong ddng Dong Sffn. Cd the vao thdi gian hp tieh cffc khdo cffu, hien vat tim thay r a t h a n ehe. Nhffng tff ngay "ehuyen giao" cho cac hpc gid Viet Nam, sau nhieu thap nien, hien vat tim thay tang gap boi, ed lffgng lan pham, de tai nay cung hdu nhff khong thay nhde den. Phai chang ngffdi Viet chung ta mudn tranh ne mgt van de nhay cdm, phffffng hai den uy tin cffa tien nhan, cho rdng du trong thdi ed, ngffdi Viet hien lanh khong the nao cd tap tue bao hanh vo ly nhff vay? Tren thffc te, cac dd dong Dong Son lai day ray nhffng bdng chffng co tuc san ddu ngffdi cua ngffdi Viet co.

Vu khi cffa ngffdi Dong San vffa phong phu vffa da dang. At hdn vff khi lam ra khong phai ehi de dung cho nghi le, muc dich chinh phdi la de dffng trong cac cupc xung dot. Tren hien vat bdng ddng effa ngffdi Lac Viet co r-at nhieu cdnh cdt ddu tu binh, hoac chien si tay edrn ddu lau. Mac du tren vu khi cua ngffdi Dien d Van Nam cung cd cdnh tan bao, ngffgc dai tu binh nhffng tuyet nhien, cung nhff vu khi cffa cac bd tgc khac d Hoa Nam hay Dong Nam A, khong cd cdnh cdt dau hay 6m ddu lau nhff cac chien si Dong Son.

1. Tren trong dong Ngpc Lff va vao khoang 30 trdng eung loai Heger IA (loai nay luon eo sau thuyen tren tang trdng), tren moi thuyen doi khi cd cdnh tff binh bi troi ngffgc phia sau, mgt chien si Dong San tay ndm tde tu binh, tay cdm dao, hoac tay cam giao, tay edm dau lau.

Tren hang tram trong khac ngoai vanh hoa van chu tren mat trong, edn mdt vanh hoa van ngffdi dang ngdi bd gdi, mff ldng chim t h a t cao, m a t hffdng cffng ehieu vdi chim bay, hai tay cam ddu lau. Loai trdng nay, sdn xuat tff nhffng the ky trffde Cong nguyen va keo dai den t a n the' ky III.

Mdt loai mat trong khde, do nha bac hge Dan Mach Per Sorensen kham phd dffgc d hang Ong Bah (Thai Lan) nam 1960, khde hinh chien si dffng dang hai chan, m a t hffdng ra ngoai mdi tay cam mgt ddu lau. Vao nam nay, day la chiec ddc nhat cd hoa van la nen ong khong dam qud quyet loai trdng nay xuat xff tff dau. Nhffng vao nhffng nam ddu the ky XXI, ngffffi ta dao dffgc loai nay r a t nhieu d Viet Nam (Hinh 11 den 17).

Hinh 5. Chie'n sTtren thuyen cua eac loai trdng Heger IA.

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124 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 1 (78). 2010

Hinh 6 den 10.

Cae chien sTDdng Sdn ngdi bd gdi, hai tay cam dau lau, mat hudng ve phia chim bay tren mat trdng.

Mdt loai trdng hiem tren mat khde hinh ehien si nhin ve hffdng chim bay moi tay cam dau lau. Mdt loai khac nffa hie'm han, vanh hoa van ehii tren mat trdng ed ehien si Ddng San tay trai cam lao trdng rat oai ve tay phai cam dau lau.

Hinh 11 den 17. Chie'n sT Ddng Sdn tren mat trdng, mat hffdng ra ngoai. tay cam dau lau.

Hinh ve thay ddi theo trdng

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Hinh 18.

Hinh 19.

Chie'n sT dffng nhin ve hffdng 2 tay cam dau lau.

Chie'n sTdffng nhin ve hffdng chim bay, tay trai cam lao, tay phai cam dau lau.

2. Chung toi da nhin thay hang chuc chiec thap Dong San cd hoa van thuyen ngffdi, cung eo canh ndm tde tu binh nhff sap sffa chat ddu, hoac cdnh chien si tay cam giao, tay edm ddu lau.

Tuy nhien chiec thap ndi tieng nhat van la chiec tim thdy trong mp Nam Viet Vffffng, Trieu Van De chon d Phien Ngung gdn Qudng Chau ngay nay.'^'^'

Hinh 20.

Hinh 21.

Vien Bao tang Barbier-Mueller, Geneva eung sd hffu mdt chiec tffang dffang, nhffng cd them 22 chff Han dffgc TS Nguyen Viet gido nghiem eho rdng day la thap eua Trieu Da. Neu dieu nay dffge kiem nhan thi day khong nhffng chinh la thap eua vua ma cdn la vua cua cac thap Dong Son (Hinh 20). Ngoai ra nai nay cdn trffng bay mgt chie'c thap vgi chien si dffng tren thuyen, tay phai ndm tde cua chiec ddu lau trong khi mgt chien si khac tay ndm tde tu binh.'^^'

Mdt loai thap cd nap thffdng dffgc ggi la Han Viet (vi kieu dang tffang tff cua thdi Tan Han nhffng hoa van lai dac thu Dong San) tren than hinh tru ngoai thu cdn cd thuyen vdi ehien si ngdi cam dau lau (Hinh 21).

3. Riu Iv^Si h a i (shoe shape or pedishape adze): Phdn ldn loai nay hoa van mdt ben thffdng vdi canh tu binh bi trdi tay, chie'n si Ddng San mgt tay nam tde, mdt tay cam dao. Day la loai riu rat phd thdng eua ngffdi Lae Viet ehi tim thay d Bdc Bd ma thoi (Hinh 22.)

4. Chung tdi da sufng sot khi t h a y mdt chie'c d a o g a m can hinh ngffdi, loai h i e n vat chi tim thay va r a t phd thdng d Bde Viet Nam, dien ta mdt chie'n si, tay c h a n deo v d n g trang sffc bdng ddng, ddi bdng tai khd ldn, Iffng deo liing lang

mdt chiec dau lau. Hien vat quy hie'm nay, mdt chie'c dang nam trong bp Sffu tap tff n h a n d Ha Ndi, chie'c thff hai ndm trong bd sffu tap cua Pham Lan Hffffng ben P h a p .

Thap Trieu Da.

Chie'n sT tren thuyen, tay cam lao, tay cam dau lau.

Ca hai thap thude sd hffu eua Vien Bao tang Barbier-Mueller.(A/gudn: Nguydn Viet).

Hinh 22. Riu ludi hai.

Hinh 23. Can dao Ddng Sdn hinhngUdi chien si deo dau lau d lung. [Nguon: N g u y i n Viet).

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Hinh 27.

Hinh 24. Shaman va 2 phu Hinh 25. Cay dau lau Hinh 26. Cay dau lau ta dang rffdu. tren^can dao gam, anh (Bao tang Naga)

hffdng van hda Dien.

Ngxrofi D o n g Sdn c o t i n ngu'drng k h o n g ?

a. Trdng Dong San luon ed hinh m a t trdi vdi nhieu tia d giffa, rat cd the ngffdi Dong San co tuc thd m a t trdi nhff nhieu sdc dan trong thdi cd.

Hinh chim bay ngffgc chieu kim ddng hd cffng ludn luon hien dien de ghi lai hinh anh vat td tren trdng.

b. Nhieu dao gam cd hoa van d n h hffdng van hda Dien, didn td cdnh dang dang rffgu te le.

e. Rat nhieu trdng loai IA ed canh ddn bd di lam Id te than linh (Hinh 27).

L,, , „„ d. Mdt ehie'e t h a p Ddng

Hmh 28. o ^ V ' ' . 1 ^ 1 1 - 1

, . , offn eon r a t lanh lan cho thay giffa hai thuyen, mpt thay phap mac do thung mang m a t na chim, tay phai dang ra nhff dang ban phep eho mgt chuye'n hai h a n h xa xdi'(Hinh 28).

Bang chffng tren hien vat Dong San da ro ret la ngffdi Viet cd ed tuc san dau ngffdi yd cd tin ngffdng. Ta cd the eho rdng nhff eae sdc dan khde a Dong Nam A, viee san dau ngffdi la do tin tffdng m a n h liet vao h^nh dpng eua hp vdi mue dieh de bdo ve va vi sff trffdng tdn eua bo tde. Tai sao cho den gan day khdng tim thd'y trong bat eff mot tff lieu nao nhde den sff kien nay? Co tieh cung nhff truyen thuyet eua Viet Nam r a t phong phu', hoan toan khong bao gid thay de cap de'n tue le nay. Phdi chang tue san

^ ? " f}i^' ^,"^ '^g^^i Viet ed da cd tff trffdc thdi Hung Vffang va thdi dai dd dong. lue le do da m dam net vdo tam kham con chau vao eae thdi dai sau nen da dffge the hien t r e n eac hien vat bdng ddng, kinh can nhff mdt tin ngffffng^ Tffang tff nhff ngay nay nhieu bd lae d Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Myanmar hay Philippines lay qua dffa hay nhffng chum la de tffang trffng dau ngffffi ma eung te.

(^iao Sff Magnus Fiskesjo (Dai hoe Cornell, Hoa Ky) eung ddng y. Trong thff rieng gdi eho ehung toi ong da vie't: "nhdng hinh dnh nghe thugt qua

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thai gian vd khdng gian cd the chi Id do truyen thdng chd khdng phdi Id nhdng tap tuc bdn xd duang thdi."'^^'

Nff giao sff J a n e t Hoskins (Dai hge University of Southern California, Los Angeles), tae gid tap sach Headhunting and the Social Imagination in South East Asia cung viet eho ehung toi: "nhdng hinh dnh tren trdng cd the clii tugng trUng cho nghi thdc sdn ddu ngUdi vd khdng hdn cd ddu ngUdi that hoac neu cd ngn nhdn that cung chi Id hy hdu."''^^'

Cd ngffdi giai thich rdng ngffdi Dong San khong phdi la ngffdi Viet cd.

Ldi gidi thich nay khdng dffng vffng vi van hda Dong Sffn cdn tdn tai den the ky III. Nhieu hien vat thdi Thuc Phan (200 trffde Cong nguyen), thdi Hai Ba Trffng (nam 40) hoac mudn han nffa vdn cdn nhffng cdnh ngffdi 6m dau lau. Cho rdng ngffdi Dong San khong phdi la ngffdi Viet cd, eo khac gi ndi td tien eua ngffdi Viet khong phdi la ngffdi Viet!

Lai eung ed ngffdi eho rdng, ngffdi Dong San da dffc dffge nhiing trdng co trinh dd ky thuat eao, hoa van tinh xdo. Mpt xa hpi van minh nhff vay khong the nao cd tap tuc man rg dffgc. Ldi gidi thich nay cang khong dung vi chung ta cdn thdy tuc nay nffi cae nffdc van minh phffffng Tay trong thdi dai mdi.

Tai sao nffdc Dien vdi nhffng tffgng due eo dau lau ben Iffng ngffa, cdnh treo tu binh da man, duy chi eae hien vat bdng ddng sdn xuat tai Viet Nam mdi cd nhffng hoa van san ddu ngffdi. Dd xet ky Iffdng eae hien vat sdn xuat tai Hoa Nam cung nhff tham vieng eac vien bdo tang d Qudng Tay, Qudng Dong, Van Nam, Dai Loan khong he thay bat cff dau vet hoa van nao tffffng tff nhff vay. Nhffng chiec trong Dong San ldn cd hoa van dep tim thdy d Indonesia, eung ed canh ngffdi ngdi bo goi 6m dau lau tren mat trdng tffffng tff nhff hang tram trdng ed trung va ed ldn tim thay d Viet Nam. Cho den nay, bdng chffng khdo cd da cho phep eac hgc gid Indonesia khdng dinh cac trdng nay nhap edng tff Bdc Viet Nam. (Viet Nam ed tren 10 trdng eung loai). Theo toi, chiec trong OB86, vdi ngffdi dffng 6m ddu lau trong sach cua Per Sorensen tim thay d hang Ong Bah cung xua't xff tff Viet Nam vi eo it nhat 20 tieu ban tffffng dffffng dao dffgc d Bdc Bg.

Cac t a c gia n o i v e h i e n tu'gfng d a u ngiicfi t r e n do d o n g D o n g Sdn Ngffdi ddu tien phat hien chie^n si cdm dau lau chinh la GS ngffdi Dffc Robert von Heine-Geldern. Ong noi ehien si tren thuyen cua trdng Moulie -•^

(sdng Da) tay trai cam thffffng, tay phai cam mgt vat kh6ng gi khac han la mpt chiec dau ngffdi.'2^'

Tuy hffn nda the' ky sau, Carl Schuster mdi nhde lai chuyen chien si cam ddu lau tren thuyen cua trong, nhffng ong la ngffdi ddu tien dat van de san dau ngffdi tren trdng. Khi nghien cffu hoa van vdi ngffdi dgi mff I6ng chim, ong lien tffdng den eac chie'n si d cac nffdc Balkan nhff Montenegro, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Albania khi thdng tran thffdng cdt dau quan thff. M6i chiec ldng tren mu la mdt nan nhdn bi mat ddu.'^^'

Nha khdo ed hge Thuy Dien Olov Janse khi dao d D6ng San vao nam 1938, da tim thay ehie'e thiap dffng hop sg va ed nghi den viec san ddu ngffdi cua ngffdi D6ng San nhff rat nhieu bg tde d Indonesia vao nhffng nam dd;

nhffng mai de'n nam 1959 mdi edng bd tren sach.'-''

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128 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, so' 1 (78). 2010

Pham Minh Huyen, tac gia tien phong eua Viet Nam ve trd'ng Ddng San, va cung la ngffdi cd nhieu bai viet n h a t ve tr6'ng. Ba chi tiet Id sa sai ve hien tffgng dau ngffdi tren phffffng dien khdo ed, vdn ven vai chff nhff sau:

"gdn ddy khdo cd hgc dd khdm phd tuc chdn ddu ngudi cua cU ddn Ddng San."'-^' Trffdc khi vie't bai nay, ehung tdi may mdn dffge gap TS Nguydn Viet, hge gid Viet Nam dge nha't ban ve hien tffgng dau ngffdi trong van hda Ddng San. Dffa tren nhffng bao eao cua Nguyen Lan Cffdng, nam 2000, ve mdt loat sg ngffdi tim thay trong trd'ng ddng d T h a n h Hda, trong hai trang ngdn ngui, vi Giam dd'c Trung tam Nghien cffu Tien sd Ddng Nam A da dffa ra bdng chffng va ke't luan nhff sau:

"Neu chi thdy ddu ngudi trong trdng hoac thgp khdng thdi, ta cd the cho rdng do cdi tdng hay cdc tdp tuc chdn cdt. NhUng neu dUa vdo dao cdn ngudi vdi hinh dnh chien si Ddng San deo ddu ngudi sau lUng, cdnh cdc chien si cdm ddu ldu tren cdc thgp hay trdng, ta phdi nghi den mat cudc chien tranli vda ket thdc.''^^*

Cd the ong da nghi nhieu de'n tue san ddu ngffdi eua ngffdi Viet cd nhffng chffa muo'n de cap den chang?

Toi danh phan cudi cua bai vie't de ndi ve bg tgc Ka Tu d Viet Nam. Tff thdi xa xffa, hg di chuyen tff ddng bdng len mien nui d hai tinh Thffa Thien va Qudng Nam. Bd tgc nay song sau trong rffng gia, it khi tie'p xuc vdi ngffdi Viet, cd ddi song vat chat khd khan va lac hau nha't. Hgc gia ngffdi Phap, dng Le Pichon, mgt trong nhieu tde gia da vie't ve bg tde nay. Ong sinh sdng vd nghien cffu hg d hai thung lung Ashao va A Lffdi trong t h a p nien 30 eua the ky trffde. Nam 1938, dng vie't eho tap san Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue, ggi hg la Les chasseurs de sang (nhffng ngffdi san mau).'^'^' M6i lan ed benh tat hay mat mua hg td chffc di san de lam diu t h a n thdnh.

Ta Dffc, mgt nha nghien cffu ve^ dan tgc hgc, da cho xua't ban nhffng nghien cffu eua dng ve bd tgc Ka Tu. Ong nghi hg edn giff dffge nhieu truyen thdng Dong San n h a t trong nhdm ede sdc tgc thieu so' va cung la bd tgc cudi cffng tff bd tuc san ddu ngffdi. Trong t h a p nien 1960, mdt quan chffc lam viee vdi bg tgc nay, ed bdo eao ve mdt ddi hdi eiia hg nhff sau.- "NgUdi Ka Tu benh tdt lien mien chet nhieu qud vd cdn rdt it ngUdi. Ngddi Viet nhieu nhu Id trong rdng, yeu cdu cho chdng tdi mdt ngudi de cung thdn linh. Mdt mdt ngudi Viet khdng ddng ke gi nhUng lai cd the cdu hdng tram ngudi Ka Tu".'^''

K e t l u a n

Bg tgc Ka Tu da tach khdi ddng ehinh cua ngffdi Ddng San, ed lap trong rffng sau, kh6ng dffge hffdng nhffng tie'n bg eua n h a n loai, sdng va gin giff nhffng phong tue nhff ngffdi Viet ed dai. Tuy truyen thuye't vd sach vd khdng he nhde de'n tue san dau eua ngffdi Ddng San, nhffng vdi nhffng bdng chffng dan tpc hge va khao ed hge, ehung ta khd ed the phu nhan dieu nay. Cd the vao thdi Ddng San tue nay khdng edn thinh h a n h nffa, thay vao dd ehi edn nhffng nghi thffe de tffdng nhd tien nhan, giff gin tap qudn, tffang tff nhff ngdy nay nhieu bd tde Ddng Nam A cuf h a n h nghi thffe san dau tffgng trffng. Dd ddng Dong San, vdi hoa van san dau ngffdi dffge ghi lai, phdi chang vai mue dieh tren ?

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Chung toi dang chd sff nghien cffu sau xa va rgng rai eiia eae nha dan tde hge Viet Nam, vdi thdi gian ed the eho ehung ta mdt eai nhin ro net ban nffa ve van de nay.

K Q C CHU T H I C H

(1) Simon Harrison, Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: Transgressive objects of remembrance.

Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 12, 2006.

(2) Kuchinsky, Charlotte, "Headhunting wasn't limited to primitive tribe^' Associated Content, September, 2007.

(3) Fiskesjo, Magnus (Professor Department of Anthropology Cornell University New York), Private Communication, 2008.

(4) Raedt, Jules de (1996), Buaya Headhunting and Its Ritual: Notes from a Headhunt- ing Feast in Northern Luzon, p. 167-183 in Headhunting and the Social imagination in Southeast Asia. Stanford: Stanford University press.

(5) Linda Spalding, Riska Memories of a Dayak girlhood. The University of Georgia press, 2000.

(6) Hoskins Janet, Headhunting and the Social Imagination in South East Asia, Stanford University press, 1966, p. 52.

(7) Hoskins Janet, p. 22.

(8) Maxwell Allen R, Headtaking and the Consolidation of Political Power in the Early Brunei State, 1966; Hoskins Janet, Headhunting and the Social Imagination in South East Asia, Stanford University press, 1966.

(9) P. Mills & Christoph V. F. Haimendorf.

(10) Konrad, U. etal., eds. (2002), Asmat: Perception of Life in Art: The Collection of the Asmat Museum of Culture and Progress. Monehengladbaeh, Germany: B. Kuhlen Verlag, p. 322.

(11) Owen Rutter, The Pagans of North Borneo, Oxford University press, London 1985.

(12) Renato Rosaldo, Ilongot Headhunting 1883-1974 - A Study in Society and History, Standford University press, 1980.

(13) http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people (14) Dr. R.B.Thohe Pou.

(15) Joseph Athiekal, Maram Nagas, a socio-cultural study. 1992, Social Science, p. 195-196.

(16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines (17) http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunun_people

(18) McGovern, Janet B. Montgomery, Among the Head-hunters of Formosa. Maynard and Co., Boston, 1922.

(19) Yeh, Yu-ting (2003), Atayal Narratives and Folktales, in the Formosan Language Archive.

Taipei: The Institute of Linguistics, Aeademia Siniea.

(20) Nanyue King's Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty. Cultural Relies Publishing House, Beijing, 1992.

(21) N g u y i n Viet, The Dongsonian Situlas, Arts and Cultures, Geneva, 2006.

(22) Fiskesjo Magnus, Private Communication, 2008.

(23) Hoskins Janet (Professor Department of Anthropology University of Southern California Los Angeles), Private Communication, 2008.

(24) http://vi. wikipedia.org/wiki.

(25) Heger, F., 1902. Alte Metaltrommein aus Sudost Asian. Leipzig: K. von Heirsemann, p. 5.

(26) Schuster Carl, Head-hunting Symbolism on the Bronze Drums of the. Ancient Dongson Culture and in the Modern Balkans, 1955; Ethnologiea Vienna, 2006, p. 278-290: Fort objects of remembrance, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. 12, no. 4, 2006, p. 817-856.

(27) Olov Janse, Bi mat cay den hinh ngudi Rabe & Sjen, Stockholm, 1959. (Ban tieng Viet:

Bi mat cua ciy den hinh ngudi, hanh trinh khio cd hoc d Dong Nam A. Bao tang Lich sff Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpe xa hdi, 2001).

(28) Pham Minh Huyen, Van hoa Dong Sdn. tinh thdng nhat va da dang. Nxb Khoa hoe xa hdi, 1996, tr. 203.

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(29) N g u y i n Viet, "Dau lau ngffdi trong van hda Ddng SPn", Nhdng phat hien khao cd hoc nam 2004, tr. 297-298; "Thap ddng Ddng Sdn eua Huyen lenh Long Xuyen Trieu Da", 2008.

http://www. drnguyen viet. com/?id=5&cat= 1&cid=51.

(30) Le Piehon, "Les Chasseurs de Sang", Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue, No. 4, 1938.

(31) Ta Dffc, Tim hied van hda Katu, Nxb Thuan Hda, Hue, 2002, tr. 13, 14, 98.

TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O

CHINH

1. Beheading, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2006, Volumfe 3, p. 656.

2. Chacon Richard & Dye David, "The taking and displaying of human body parts as trophies by Amerindians", Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archeology, 2007.

.3. N g u y i n Van Huy (chu bien), Bdc tranh van hoa cic dan tde Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due.

Ha Ndi, 1997.

4. Skaidrite Maliks Fallad, "Customs and taboo of selected tribes residing along the Western border of the Republic of Vietnam", 1967, The American University Washington D.C.

5. S0rensen, Per, Archeologieal excavations in Thailand, Scandinavian Institute of Asian studies occasional papers, no. 1, 1988, pp. 101-103, pi. 42.

6. \N\\die, Robert, The Guillotine Guide to European history, 2001.

TOM TAT

Sau khi diem qua tue san dau ngffdi d nhieu ndi tren the gidi, tff thdi thffdng cd cho de'n nCfa dau the ky XX, tac gia neu ra van de: Ngffdi Viet cd cd tuc san dau ngffdi khdng?

Trong kho tang truyen ed tieh, truyen thuye't cung nhff tai lieu chinh sff eua Viet Nam, tue san dau ngUdi tuyet nhien vdng bdng. Cac hpc gia ngUdi nffdc ngoai khi nghien cffu ve trdng ddng Ddng Sdn ehi de cap tue nay rat sd sai, eae hpe g i ^ ngffdi Viet thi hau nhU khdng nhSe den. Trong khi dd, san dau ngudi la mdt tap tuc kha phd bie'n d khu vffc Ddng Nam A thdi ed, va d Viet Nam, dau vet eua tuc nay xuat hien day ray tren nhieu hien vat eua nen van hda Ddng Sdn (trdng ddng, thap ddng, riu ddng, dao gam...).

Theo tae gia, tuy truyen thuye't va saeh sff Viet Nam khdng he nhde de'n tuc san dau cua ngffdi Ddng Sdn, nhffng vdi nhung bang chffng dan tde hpc va khao cd hpe hien v i n edn dau vet kha rd, ehung ta khd cd the phu nhan dffpc dieu nay. Cd the vao thdi Ddnq Sdn, tuc san dau ngUdi khdng edn thjnh hanh nffa, thay vao dd ehi edn nhffng nghi thffc de 'tPdng nhd tien nhan, giff gin tap quan, tffdng tff nhff ngay nay nhieu bd tde d Ddng Nam A eff hanh nhffng nghi thffc san dau ngUdi tupng trffng. Dd ddng Ddng Sdn, vdi nhffng hoa van san dau ngffdi dPPe ghi lai, phai chang vdi muc dich tren?

ABSTRACT

DONG SON CULTURE AND HEADHUNTING CUSTOM

After looking into the headhunting custom in many regions in the world since the prehistoric times until the first half of the 20th century, the author puts forward the question whether the ancient Viets had the headhunting custom or not.

In the treasure of Vietnamese old tales and legends as well as in the official historical records, the headhunting custom has never been mentioned. Foreign researchers while studying the Ddng Sdn bronze drum just give only supercilious remarks on this custom, while Vietnamese scholars almost never mention it. Whereas, in Southeast Asia, headhunting is is quite a popular custom in the old days. In Vietnam we may find a lot of vestiges of this custom left on antique articles of the Ddng Sdn (bronze drums, bronze vessels, bronze axes, daggers...)

According to the author, though the headhunting custom of the Ddng Sdn people was never mentioned in the Vietnamese legends and historical documents, with the still clear ethnological and archaeological evidences, it is impossible to negate this fact. Maybe in the times of the Ddng Sdn culture, the headhunting custom was no longer popular, and instead, the Ddng Sdn people just practiced symbolic ritual in memory of their ancestors with a view to preserving their customs. This is similar to the fact that many tribes in Southeast Asia now hold symbolic headhunting ritual. The sights of headhunting ritual depicted on the bronze articles of the Ddng Sdn culture may denote the same thing.