•Khoa hoe Gido due
Tl/VAN Hl/ONG NGHIEP CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG^
• PGS.TS. DANG DANH ANH
Vien Nghien cuu, dao tao va tu van KHCN
2. Nghiep vu to van hodng nghiep (TVHN) 2.1. Quy trinh, hinh thut va phuang phap lam TVHN
Mue tieu eao ea nha't eiia giao due hodng nghiep (GDHN) la to van, hOdng dan, giup dd de HS chpn dope nghe, nganh hpe va trOdng.
Viee eho HS lam quen vdi nhdm nghe hoae nghe eu the se tao ra tien de 'Vat chat" eho edng tae TVHN. Qua viee lam quen vdi nhdm nghe, d HS se nay sinh hQng thu nghe, khuynh hodng nghe va xuat hien su' lu'a chpn nghe ban dau. Cdng tae TVHN chi cd the dat hieu qua cao khi biet rd HS cd hQng thu, khuynh hodng ve nghe nao, nganh nao; ed nang lOe lam dope viee gi, d dau?... Mudn vay, trong qua trinh lam viee, giao vien to van (nha to van) khdng dope
"ap dat", "bat bude" ma phai tan tinh giang giai, thuyet phue de eae em ed the tp tra Idi dope 3 eau hdi sau:
Em ed thieh (mudn) lam nghe dd khdng?
Em ed kha nang lam nghe dd khdng?
Nghe dd ed can cho xa hdi khdng?
Oe lam tdt edng tac TVHN, giao vien to van can phai n i m e h l e nghiep vu to van bao gdm:
a. Dieu kien de chon nghe dung
Tieu chua'n co ban de chon nghe dUng la su ket hpp hai hda giQa 3 nhdm yeu td sau day:
ThU nhai, cae dae die'm va yeu eau eiia nghe gdm: ddi tupng lao ddng, edng eu lao ddng, ndi dung lao dpng, eae yeu eau ve tam- sinh li, ehdng ehi djnh y hpe, npi dao tao, thdi gian dao tao, tien luong khi di lam va trien vpng phat tnen eiia nghe. Can luXi y dae biet den eae yeu eau tam sinh li eiia nghe vi ebUng ddi hdi ngUdi hanh nghe phai ed de hoan thanh edng viee, dd la:
•1^ Nhung yeu eau ve sinh li - y te: ehieu eao, can nang, kha nang chju dUng tieng dn, sQc ben bi deo dai, nhanh nhay eua eae giae quan hoae eae khuyet tat khae nhO can thi, vien thj, benh mu mau, tai diec...
-I- NhCmg yeu eau ve nang Ipc tri tue ehung:
Tiep theo so 44
SO tap trung ehu y, tri nhd, tU duy, ngdn ngO.
todng topng khdng gian..
+ NhQng yeu eau ve nang iQe ehuyen biet:
m i t tinh, tai thinh. Ode lOpng khoang each bang m i t , phan biet dp man nhat b i n g khufu giae...
-*- NhQng yeu eau ve kTxao van dpng, kTxao tri tue, kT xao giao tiep, kT xao e l m giae - van ddng, sO phdi hop thuan thue eae ddng tae, sp kheo tay...
+ NhOng yeu eau ve nhan each: himg thu, khuynh hodng, khi eha't, tinh each, nang lUe nghe nghiep..,
ThU hai. nhu eau nhan lue eua thi trudng lao ddng: nhu eau nhan lUc cua dja phUdng, eua qudc gia, cua khu vuc tren cae Finb vUe edng nghiep, ndng nghiep, xay dUng va xuat khau lao ddng v,v.,,
ThU ba, eae yeu td thude ve HS - ehu the chpn nghe gdm:
+ Tinh trang sQe khde va eae giae quan;
-I- NhOng nang loe tri tue ehung va nang loe ehuyen biet;
-I- Kha nang van ddng va phdi hop eae ddng tae;
+ NhQng mat bieu hien eiia nhan each: thai dp ddi vdi lao ddng, dpng ed nghe nghiep, hung thU, khuynh hUdng va nang lUe nghe nghiep, tinh each va khi chat.
Giao vien tUvan phai ddi ehieu 3 nhdm yeu td tren trUde khi dUa ra Idi khuyen eho HS.
b. Quy trinh 7 bUdc trong TVHN
-I- Bude 1: Tim hie'u nguyen vong, sd trudng, hUng thU, nang lue nghe, hpe lue va hoan eInh gia dinh eiia HS thdng qua hd so HS hoae qua trao ddi true tiep vdi giao vien ehii nhiem, vdi HS va gia dinh HS.
-I- Bude 2: Tien hanh nhOng phep do can thiet d HS ve: Chieu eao, can nang, m i t , tai , mui hong, Idng ngpe, cac p h i n Qng van ddng (rung tay, sQe ben ciia co..,)
Oo e l c ehi sd tam li: sp tap trung ehu y, to duy, tri nhd, k h i nang giao tiep b i n g ngdn ngO...
-t- Bude 3: Nghien cOu md ta nghe, rut ra cac yeu eau eiia nghe ve:
KHGD so 46, thdng 7 - 2009 33
Khoa hoc Gido due- N g t l l ^ n oun
- Hpe loe, sQc khde, kha nang van dpng;
- Nang Ipc tri tue chung va chuyen biet;
- Nhan eleh: hQng thu, nang iQc, khi chat, tinh each...
-I- Bude 4: Dd'i chieu cac dac diem tam sinh li cLia HS (thu dope d bode 1 va bode 2) vdi cae yeu eau cua nghe (thu dope d bode 3), rut ra ke't luan ban dau xem HS dd nen bpc nganh, nghe nao thi phii hpp (nha't, nhi, ba...)
+ Bude 5: Nghien cQu nhu cau nhan iQc cua thj trodng lao dpng dja phOPng, qude gia, khu vpe va qude te.
+ Bude 6: Odi chieu ke't qua thu duqc d bode 5 vdi ket luan ban dau d bode 4 doa ra Idi khuyen xem HS dd nen hpe nganh, nghe nao thi phu hpp (nha't, nhi, ba...)
+ Bude 7: Hodng dan tim trodng, tim khoa dao tao trong he thdng day nghe, trung cap ehuyen nghiep, CO, OH.
c. Phuang phap trac nghiem (phuang phap test) va biet sCr dung mdt sd thiet bi do eae pham chat tam sinh li:
+ PhOPng phap test gdm: nhong test do pham chat tri tue (nang iQc nhan thOc) nho test do chi sd thdng minh (chi sd IQ), test do to duy, to duy kT thuat, test do tri todng topng, tri nhd, sQ tap trung chU y; nhQng test tim hieu ve xu hOdng, khi chat, tinh c l e h , nang iQc nghe va test do kha nang giao tiep.
-I- Thiet bj gdm: may do dp rung cua tay, sQc ben eua eP b i p va may do thdi gian phan Ong cam g i l e van dpng...
d. Cae hinh thUe va phuang phap lam TVHN Cd hai hinh thOc TVHN, dd la:
-I- Tu van eho ea nhan hqe sinh: G i l o vien TVHN lam viee vdi tQng HS, trao ddi ehuyen trd vdi c l e em de tim hieu ve hoan eanh gia dinh, ban be; ve tam to nguyen vpng, sd trodng, nang loc, nhu cau va nhQng ban khoan t h i e m l c eiia c l e em ve nghe nghiep, tO dd cho cac em Idi khuyen ban dau nen chpn nghe gi. Tat nhien, sau dd g i l o vien TVHN phai thpc hien cac phep do theo quy trinh TVHN da djnh.
-I- Tu van eho tap the (nhdm) HS: la hinh thQc trao ddi, man dam, ndi ehuyen gidi thieu eae ehu de ve nghe nghiep, ve ep sd dao tao, ve thj trodng lao ddng - viec lam; tQ dd djnh hodng eho cac em nen di vao nhQng nganh nghe nao thi dap Qng dope nhong yeu eau ciia xa hdi v l CLia ban than.
Trong thpc te, ngodi ta thodng ap dung 4 phQpng phap TVHN;
-I- Tu van thdng tin hudng din: la viec gidi thieu cho HS biet npi dung cac dac diem va yeu cau CLia nghe, hodng dan HS lam phieu dieu tra nguyen vpng, hQng thQ nghe... rdi tp dd'i ehieu yeu cau cua nghe vdi nang Ipc, sd trodng eua ban than, truyen thdng nghe eua gia dinh... Gilo vien TVHN cho Idi khuyen chung vdi nhieu ngodi, de dd'i topng tp chpn nganh hpe, nghe hpe phu hpp vdi dac diem eua ban than.
-I- Tu van ehan doan la viec do lOdng, xac djnh nhong dac die'm sinh li (sQc khde, chieu eao, can nang...), nhong dac die'm tam li (sptap trung chQ y, to duy, ngdn ngQ, khi chat...). Ket hpp vdi hodng dan HS lam phieu dieu tra ve hQng thu, xu hodng, giao vien TVHN trao ddi vdi ddi toong rdi cho Idi khuyen dodi dang p h i n doan mOc dp phu hpp eua dd'i topng tren co sd ket qua do dac t r i e nghiem va ket qua tra Idi phieu dieu tra ve xu hodng cua ddi topng.
-I- Tu van y hqc cung la viec do lodng, trie nghiem cac pham chat tam sinh li (chieu cao, can nang, mat, tai mui hong, dp rung cua tay, phan Qng cam giac van dpng; tinh each, khi chat, to duy, tri nhd, kha nang tap trung chu y) la viee hudng dan ddi topng lam phieu dieu tra ve nguyen vpng, hQng thQ, sd trodng va dac biet la viec tim hieu dieu kien sdng, tien sQ benh li va nghe nghiep gia dinh. Neu dd'i topng mac mpt trong nhQng benh thupe ve chdng chi djnh y hpe thi giao vien TVHN nen khuyen chpn mdt nghe khae eung loai nhong phu hop vdi hQng thu va sOc khde eua bp.
-I- Tu van hieu ehinh duqc tien hanh trong trodng hpp ddi topng da dope to van, nhOng sau dd phat hien ra r i n g , hQng thu, nguyen vong ciia hp khdng phu hpp vdi yeu eau eua nghe do hoan canh benh li, sOe khde, do ke't qua thQ nang loe trong qua trinh hpe nghe phd thdng. Do dd, can phai thoe hien to van lai (to van hieu chinh) tren CP sd phan tieh, tdng hpp, danh gia cac thdng tin cu va mdi ve ddi topng; hodng dan ddi topng lam lai eae sd do va t r i e nghiem can thiet, trao ddi vdi dd'i topng va eudi eung la cho dd'i topng Idi khuyen bao dam sp phu hpp cua ban than ddi topng vdi yeu cau eua nghe da chon.
2.2. Boi dudng kien thut cho giao vien TVHN:
To van chpn nghe la edng viee rat phOc tap,
34 KHGD so 4 6 , thdng 7 - 2009
• Khoa hoc Gido due
ddi hdi nha to van phai cd hieu biet rdng ve eae khoa hoe tam li hpe, dat biet la tam li bpc nghe nghiep; smh li hpe, y hoe, kinh te hpe, giao due hpe, phoong phap so pham, c l e h td chQc lao ddng va td chOc xa hdi... Odng thdi phai nam vong cac loai thdng tin ehii yeu sau day:
- Thdng tin ve 'the gidi nghe nghiep" theo phan loai nghe. De khai quat va de chpn nghe ngOdi ta ap dung phan loai nghe theo dd'i topng lao ddng. Theo each nay, ta ed 5 loai; ngOdi - ngodi, ngodi - thien nhien, ngOdi - kT thuat, ngodi - dau hieu, ngodi - nghe thuat. Ddng thdi, phai biet thdng tin ve mpt nghe cu the theo eau true ban md ta nghe ma trpng tam la eae dae diem va yeu eau ciia mpt nghe eu the, trong dd phai iQu y dae biet den cac yeu cau ve tam sinh li va cac ehdng ehi djnh y hoc cua nghe.
- Thdng tin ve he thdng trodng dao tao tO Day nghe den TCCN, CD, DH. Phai lOu y tdi sd lopng tuyen sinh hang nam cho tQng khdi trodng, dp b i o ke hoach dao tao dai ban 5 nam, 10 nam sau (trong ehien lope giao due), ddng thdi p h i i nam dope muc tieu dao tao, npi dung, thdi gian dao tao eua tOng nganh, nghe trong trodng, bae loong va noi sQdung sau khi tdt nghiep.
- Thdng tin ve ke hoaeh phat trien kinh te eiia trung OPng va dja phopng trong ke hoaeh dai ban 5 nam eung n h o k e hoach n g i n ban. TO dd ed the tha'y duqc xu hodng phat trien cae nganh nghe eu the, xu hodng dau to vat Ipc va nhan iQc vao cac ITnh vQc quan trpng.
- Thdng tin ve thj trOdng lao ddng; Day la nhiJng thdng tin ve nhu eau sQ dung nhan iQc CLia tinh, thanh phd va trung OPng, nhu eau sQ dung nhan Ipc cho eae vung kinh te trpng diem, khu cdng nghiep, khu ehe xuat va eho cac doanh nghiep va lien doanh cua cae thanh phan kinh te khac.
- Thdng tin ve hpe sinh - ehu the chpn nghe gdm: ten, tudi, gidi tinh, Idp, ket qua hpe tap, ehd d, hoan canh gia dinh (bd me, nghe nghiep), ban be than thich, dae biet phai n i m thdng tin ve nhan each ciia hpe sinh trode bet la hQng thu, khuynh hodng va nang Ipc.
NhuTng thdng tin tren la can cQ de nha to van giup hpe sinh chon nghe.
2.3. Cac budc then khai hoat dqng tuvan hudng nghiep
2.3.1. Lap phdng TVHN trong dd cd:
+ Cac thiet bi do pham eha't tam sinh li;
-I- Bang bieu gidi thieu cac nganh nghe va yeu cau eua nghe;
-I- Bang bieu gidi thieu thj trodng dao tao tQ day nghe, trung cap ehuyen nghiep, CO, OH;
-I- Bang bieu gidi thieu ve thj trodng lao dpng - viec lam.
2.3.2. Tuyen chqn ddi ngu GV TVHN theo mdt sd tieu chi:
+ Pha'm chat dao dOe;
-I- Trinh dp van hda, ehuyen mdn;
-1- Trinh dp nghiep vu ve GDHN va TVHN;
-I- Nang iQc giao tiep vdi cdng ddng..v..v..
2.3.3. Dao tao bdi dUdng eho giao vien TVHN + Kien thQc ehung ve hodng nghiep;
-I- Kien thQc ve: thj trodng dao tao, thj trOdng LD-VL, ve ke hoaeh phat trie'n kinh te d trung oong va dja phopng;
-I- Kien thOc ve tam li, nhan each: xu hodng, khi chat, tinh each, nang iQc;
-I- Kien thOe ve nghiep vu TVHN bao gdm:
dieu kien de chpn nghe, quy trinh to van, hinh thQc va phopng phap to van, cac phOPng phap do dae tam sinh li...
2.3.4. Thiet ke cac eau hdi ve xu hodng va thiet ke phieu hodng nghiep eho HS (ed the sQ dung eae eau hdi va phieu hodng nghiep do Trung tam lao ddng - hodng nghiep xuat ban)
2.3.5. Phat phieu hodng nghiep eho hpe sinh, hodng dan eae em tp khai, to danh gia nang Ipc ban than va thu phieu ve, tdng hpp eae ket qua. Ve van de nay ed the nhd GV ehii nhiem Idp d trodng phd thdng giup dd.
2.3.6. Tien hanh to van thi die'm eho tOng ea nhan hpe sinh, sau dd trien khai dai tra tren cd sd thpc hien eae quy trinh, eae hinh thOe va phOPng phap TVHN.
TAI LI£U THAM KHAO
1. Dao Cong Minh, Luan van Thac sT, Quan li hoat dong giao due hudng nghiep a Trung tam KTTH-HN III Hal Phdng 2006.
2. Tran Minh Tuan , Tai lieu bdi dudng ciia trung tam KTTH-HN, Nghe An, 2007.
3. Trung tam Lao dpng - Hudng nghiep (2007), Tai lieu boi duang cho glao vien trung tam KTTH-HN, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 2007.
SUMMARY
The article analyses the difference between concepts in career counseling for students: vocational counseling, vocational advice, learning advice. The author also dis- cusses the procedures, forms and methods in career coun- seling with steps and requirements for the service.
KHGD so 4 6 , t h d n g 7 - 2 0 0 9 35
