• Nghien citu - Trao doi
VAI TRO CUA PHAP LUAT DOI VCIl
N I £ MTIN XA
H O Id VIET NAM HIEN NAY
T S . V U A N H TUAN <*»
T d m tat: Trong niem tin cua con ngu&i vdxa hgi thi phdp ludt Id phucmg tien hiru hieu di thuc thi cong li. cong bang xa hoi. Tuy nhiin, & Viit Nam hien nay, cdn hieu the ndo ve vai tro cua phdp ludt doi v&i mim tin xd hgi? Nhdn dien thirc trgng vai tro cua phdp ludt doi v&i niim tin xd hgi nhu the ndo? Cdn ldm gi di cung co. tdng cu&ng vai tro ciia phdp lugt doi vol niim tin xd hgi? Bdi viet ndy gop phdn trd loi nhimg cdu hoi do & muc do nhdt dinh.
Tir khoa: vai tro ciia phdp lugt; niim tin xd hgi; Viet Nam
I
Dat van fleDai van hao ngudi Phap, Victor
# Hugo da timg ndi: "Nidm tin can thidt cho con ngudi. That thdng khd cho ai khdng tin tudng"'''. That vay, khdng the cd xa hdi loai ngudi nhu ngay nay ndu tir khdi thuy, con ngudi khdng cd nidm tin vao chinh minh, vdi nhiing ngudi xung quanh va nhung gi do con ngudi tao ra ttong qua trinh tdn tai, phat ttidn. Niera tin xa hdi la mdt Men tuong xa hdi - tam Ii - van hda rit phiic tap va cd thd tiep can tir nhieu gdc dp khac nhau. Tuy rJiidn, hidu mdt each don gian, nidm hn xa hpi la sy tin tudng, ki vpng ciia cac thanh vidn trong xa hdi vdi nhau, vdi cac gia tri va dirtii che xa hdi quan hpng, hr dd hinh thanh ndn nidm tm chung giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi ttong xa hdi. Ljch sir da chiing ramh, xa hdi khung hoang nidm tin la xa hdi khdng cd muc tieu, ddng lyc dd phat tridn va ngupc lai. Vi vay, xay dap, cimg cd mdra tui xa hdi ciing la cham lo cho ngudn vdn cue ki
'•'Hoc vien Chinh tri khu vuc III, Hoc vien Chinh tn qudc gia H6 Chi Minh
quan trpng va tuong lai tuoi sang ciia xa hdi do.
Mot ttong nhiing phuong thiic dd xay dyng mdm tin xa hdi la dua vao phap luat va thdng qua phap^ luat. Bdi vi, phap luat, theo nghia rdng, la tdng thd cac nguyen tic, quy pham do nha nudc xac lap boac thira nhan cd sin hong xa hdi, dupc su dung nhu mdt phuong tidn chii yeu ttong td chirc, didu hanh cac boat ddng chung ciia xa hdi. Vd ban chit, phap Iuat la mdt loai quy pham xa hdi, nhung la loai quy pham xa hdi dac bidt, vi no gan vdi quyen lyc nha nudc - mdt bd phan ttpng yeu cua quydn luc xa hdi. Do dd, phap luat vira cd tinh giai cip, vira cd tinh xa hdi. Vide xay dyng thanh cdng nha nudc phap quydn, nha nudc cd he thdng phap Iuat hoan chinh la co sd ndn tang va la nguyen tac dd xay dyng, cung cd nidm tin cua xa hdi ddi vdi giai cip, dang chinh hi, che dp nha nudc.
2. Vai tro ciia phap luat ddi vol nidm tin xa hoi
Thir nhdt. thdng qua nha nudc, con ngudi sang tao ra phap Iuat vdi tu each la mdt phuang tidn cd siic manh, tinh hiiu hidu cao nhit so vdi Khna h n r nhfnh tri - ^n" p/orn 9
• Nghien ctiu - Trao dot
nhimg phuong hen da cd, dd td chiic, quan li, didu hanh tot ban cac hoat ddng chung ciia xa hpi. Sy giii gim cua con ngudi ddi vdi phap luat vd muc dich cung the hidn nidm tin ciia xa hdi vao tinh uu hdi cua phap luat so vdi cac phuang tidn quan li khac. Tuy nhidn, phap Iuat la tdt nhit nhung khdng phai la cai tdt duy nhat kM dat canh dao diic, cdng h, niem tin va cac quy pham xa hdi khac... Khdng phai ngau nhidn ma ngudi xua hing ndi: dao diic la gdc cua phap luat, phap Mat la thii dao diic dupc chuan hda;
Dao Ii la phap Mat tdi da cdn phap luat la dao Ii tdi thidu; Xet xii diing la tdt nhung khdng phai (hoiic h) xet xii tM cang tdt...
Thir hai, tir khi xa hdi cd sy phan cMa giai cap, cd ap buc, bat cdng thi con ngudi ludn khat vpng va cd Idng tin vd cdng Ii, binh dang, cdng bang ma phap luat dupc xem la dai didn va cdng cu bao vd chung. Tu thdi cd dai, Sen-xo (Iuat gia La Ma), da ndi: "Luat phap la nghe thuat cua didu tMen va sy cdng bang"'^*. Sau nay, Thomas Hobber (tridt gia, luat gia ngudi Anh) chng cho rang: "Cdng bang chinh la sy phye tiing cac dao luat, cdn bat cdng chinh la cai man thuin vdi phap luat"'^'. Dd chng la nidm tin cua xa hdi vao thidn chirc cua phap Mat: khdng chi la hidn th&n, bidu tupng, ma cdn la "nghd thuat cua didu tMen va sy cdng bang" ttong cupc ddi.
Tha ba. pbap Mat, mdt mat, dai didn cho nidm tin ciia xa hdi vao cac gia tri ndi trdn; mat khac, la cdng cu hiiu hieu nhit de hien thuc hda cac gia tri dd ttong ddi sdng xa hdi. Sii menh nay cua phap Mat dupc thd Men thdng qua cac chirc nang co ban ciia nd: (I) The che hda nidm tin xa hpi vao cac gia tri xa hdi; (2) Cdng cu td chiic thuc thi nidm tin xa hdi vao cac gia tri; (3) Cdng cu bao vd mdm tin xa hdi kM cac gia tri xa hdi khac bi xam hai.
Thyc td da chung minh, nidm tin du diing dan va cd can cir ddn dau, nhung ndu khdng dupc hidn thuc hda va bao ve bdi phap luat cung vdi nhirng phuong tien khac thi nd cung chi la su phan anh khat vpng, la giac mo dep cua con ngudi. J.J Rousseau, nha tu tudng ldn ngudi Phap, da khang dinh vai ttd cua nha nudc
va phap Mat ttong vide thuc thi cdng li ttong xa hdi: "Tat ca cdng li la tii Trdi ma ra. Trdi la ngudn gdc cua cdng li. Nhung ndu ta biet tidp nhan cdng li tii Trdi thi ta chang can den chinh phii va Mat phap niia"'*''.
Thu tu, vai hd cua phap Mat ddi vdi nidm tin xa hdi duoc thd hien qua cac hinh thirc chu yeu sau:
- The chd hda nhiing gia tri xa hdi the hien nidm tin xa hdi, nhu cdng li, cdng bang, binh dang, tu do.., thanh cac nguyen tac, quy phara hong he thdng phap Mat, nham didu chinh cac quan he xa hdi cd lien quan den nhiing gia tri ttdn hong nhiing Imh vuc chu ydu cua ddi sdng.
Hinh thiic nay chu ydu thudc hoat ddng xay dung phap Mat cua nha nudc. Ngoai ra, cac gia tri xa hdi, nidm tin xa hdi cdn dupc the hidn, chuan muc hda dudi hinh thiic quy phara xa hpi khac, nhu dao diic, dieu Id, quy chd, quy t a c , cua cac td chiic, doan thd, nhdm xa hdi khac.
- Td chirc thyc thi cac nguydn tac, quy pham ndi hdn phii hpp vdi ddi tupng, pham vi dieu cMrtii ciia chiing. Vd co ban, hinh thiic nay thudc boat ddng hanh phap cua nha nudc. Day la nhung boat ddng nham hidn thyc hda cac nguydn tac, quy pbam do boat ddng lap phap tao ra, dua chung vao ddi sdng xa hdi. Giai doan nay bao gdm nhidu hoat ddng, nhu: cy thd hda va hudng din thyc Men Iuat; phd bidn, giai thich phap Iuat; lap va hien khai kd hoach thyc tM phap Iuat; ddn ddc, kidm tta, xir li cac tinh hudng ttong qua trinh thyc thi... Vd hinh thirc, thyc thi phap Mat bao gdm: tuan thii phap Iuat;
chip hanh phap Iuat; sir dung pbap Mat va ap dung phap luat hrong img vdi cac cbu thd, didu kidn, hoan canh nhit dinh. Vi vay, hieu lyc, Meu qua cua thyc thi phap Mat cMnh la nhan to quydt djnh hdn thyc te vai hd cua phap Mat ttong vide bao dam nidm tin xa hdi.
- Thanh tra, kidm tra, phat hidn va xir li vi pham phap luat ttong qua hinh td chiic thyc Men phap Mat. Trdn thyc td, ndu giai doan nay kera hidu lyc, bidu qua, thidu khach quan, cdng bing, khdng thiu tinh dat li se anh hudng rit ldn ddi vdi niera tin xa hdi vao phap Mat, l/-|^«^ K^r. ,-^hfnh t - Qn R / c m g
• Nghien cid' , Trao dSi cdng li, vai ttd cua nha nudc va he thdng chmh
trj. Nidm tin cua xa hpi vao phap luSt thudng dupc thd hidn qua Man dd: Cd phap Mat la tdt, nhung neu phap Iuat hi ap dung bat cdng tM tha khdng cd phap Iuat cdn hem! Han Phi Tir (280 - 233 TCN), dai didn tidu bidu nhat cho trudng phai Phap tri Trung Hoa thdi cd dai timg ndi:
"Phap Mat khdng hua theo ngudi sang... Khi da tM hanh phap Mat thi ke khdn ciing khdng thd tir, ke diing ciing khdng dara ttanh. Trimg ttj cai sai khdng ttanh ke dai than, thudng cai dimg khdng bd sdt ke thit phu"'^\ Phap luat nhu vay chinh la hidn than cua nidm tin xa hdi.
Vdi nhiing li do ttdn, he thdng phap Mat va thuc thi phap Mat vua la hidn than cua mdm tm xa hpi, vira la phucmg tidn hiiu hidu dd thyc thi va bao vd mem tin xa hdi.
3. Tang cirdng vai tro ciia phap lu^t doi vdi niem tin xa hdi d Viet Nam hidn nay
Mgt Id, phap Mat la hinh thirc thd hidn khat vpng niem tin cua xa hdi vao cac gia tri cdng Ii, cdng bang, binh dang. Vi vay, mirc dp dai didn cua phap Iuat cho cac gia tri xa hdi ay dupc cu thd hda ttong cac nguydn tac, quy pbam cu the la dieu kien tidn quydt khang djnh nidm tin cua xa hdi vao phap Iuat. Hidu mdt each don gian, phap Iuat cang gin vdi cudc sdng, phan anh dung din va bao vd hidu qua y chi, lpi ich cua dan chiing thi nidm tin cua xa hdi vao phap Iuat cang tang. Tuy nMen, thyc hang ciia he thdng phap Iuat va cac boat ddng td chiic tiiuc Men, bao vd phap Mat d Viet Nam hidn nay cho tiiiy vai ttd ttdn ciia pbap Mat dang cd nhieu ban che, bit cap. Didu nay dupc the hien d cac phuong didn: he tiidng phap Mat, td chiic thyc tiu phap Iuat va xu li vi phara phap Iuat.
- Hi thdng phdp lugt: tinh ddng bd, thdng nhit cua ca he thdng chua cao. Tmh ttang 1 ^ phat van ban dan ddn hidn hipng mau tiiuSn, chdng cheo, khdng phu hop giira cac van ban va vide ha cuu, tim kidm cac quy djnh dang cdn hieu lyc ciing gap khdng it khd khan. Ngoai ra, tmh hop Ii va hpp phap cua mdt sd llnh vyc, quy djnh cdn kha thip, khdng it cac quy dinh it CO tinh kha thi. Trong mdt so ttudng hpp, ydu
to cdng li, cdng bing, bmh ding gifta Ntiaauoft va cdng dan chua dupc xu Ii phu hop voi yeu ciu vd phap quydn va dao li. Bdn canh do, coa tdn tai nhung quy djnh chua xu H hai hda m5i quan he giua phap Iuat vdi dao ddc, tap quan.
Qua trinh hdi nhap cua phap Mat qudc ^ a vol phap Mat va tap quan qudc te van cdn nMeu van dd phai giai quydt...
Hidn nay, d cip Trung uong cd ban 10 nghin van ban phap lu^t. Qua dot ra soat nham ph^
dien hda theo quy dinh ciia Phap lenh phap didn he thdng quy pham phap luat nam 2012 da "Iam sach" ban 3 nghin van ban cd van de ca vd ndi dung lin hinh thirc'^l Tuy nhidn, theo bao cao tai Hdi nghi toan qudc tridn khai cdng tac tu phap nam 2019, Cyc trudng Cyc Kidm tra van ban quy pham phap Iuat cho bidt, ttong nam 2018 da tidn hanh kidm ha 5.557 van ban (648 van ban cua cac bp, ca quan ngang bp, 4.909 van ban ciia Hdi ddng nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh); phat hidn va da ket Man ddi vdi 84 van ban sai vd tham quyen, ndi dung, chidm 15,1%
(27 van ban cap bd va 57 van ban ciia Hdi ddi^
nhan dan va Uy ban nhan dan cap tmh). Dac bie^
tinh ddn ngay 21/12/2018, cd 52/84 vanbanii6i tten da dupc xu li, cdn 32 van ban chua xii li*^.
Ben canh dd, vd npi dung, he thdng phap luat tiiyc dinh cdn chua dyng khdng it nhiing quy pham bat hop li, tinh kha thi thip, cham dugc didu chinh dd phii hop vdi thuc tidn, nen ttong chimg myc nhit djnh da gay tdn thuang doi v6i mdm tm cua xa hdi vao tiiien chiic bao dam cong U, cdng bang, binh ding cua phap Mat.
- Thuc thi phdp lugt ia phuong didn bpe 1?
ro nhat sy tiudu Idng tm ciia xa hdi vao vai tro cua phap luat. Cac Men hrpng kha phd bidn, nhu: thyc Men tMeu ke hoach, ddng bd giira c4^.
dia phuong,_nganh; cdng tac phd bidn' giao due' phap Mat van theo tiidi vu, Meu qua chua cao;
y thirc phap Mat cua nhidu bd phan dan cu cdn tiiap; hidn hrong vi phara phap Mat d cac mirc do khac nhau cd xu hudng gia tang.
Theo Bao cao cua Vien ECi^m sat u- j - .^- - i n i o , / ^^'hhan dan toi cao nam 2018: co quan chirc nanp ^^ w , "
td, didu tta 60.242 vu an, giam 2 70/ • '^''/o so ven
" ' 2 0 1 9
• Nghien ciiu - Trao doi
cimg ki nam 2017. Tuy nMdn, mdt sd nhdm tdi pham dupc phat Mdn, khdi td tidp tyc tang, nhu tOi pham vd tham nhiing, chirc vu (22,8%), tdi pham vd ma hiy (11,2%), tdi pham vd ttat hr xa hdi (0,8%)'^'. Trong do, tdi pham cd xu hudng ngay cang he hda, sd vu thanh, tMeu mdn pham tdi tang, tinh hang bao hanh, xam pham ttd em, nhit la hidp dam ttd em, xay ra tten nhieu dia phuong. Nhdm tpi phara lidn quan tdi chidm doat tai san vln chidm h Id cao ttong co cau tdi pham (chidm hon 50%); mdt sd bang nhdm ttdm cap hinh thanh vdi thii doan tirtii vi, manh dpng, tin cdng lai ngudi dan khi hi phat Men, tmy bit. Cdng tac ddn ddc, kidm tta, thanh ha vide chap hanh phap Mat chua that sy nen nep va cd hidu lyc, hieu qua cao...
- Xic li vi phgm phdp lugt la llnh vyc cho thay cd nMeu vin dd ngMem hpng hong mera tin cita xa hdi vao phap Iuat. Nhidu vi pham phap Mat khdng duoc xu "diing ngudi, diing tpi, dling phap Mat, diing liic". Mdt sd vy an hinh sy, dan sy, kinh te duoc xet xir chua "thau tinh, dat li". Tinh hang oan sai ttong ap dung phap Mat cung nhu bd lot, sdt vi pham vin cdn nMdu. Dac bidt, nhiing vi pham phap Mat ttong cac CO quan tu phap, nhat la Tda an, \^dn Kiem sat. My khdng phd bien nhung anh hudng rat Idn den mdm tm xa hdi vao phap Mat... Theo Bao cao giam sat cua Qudc hdi khda XIV, ddn nam 2018, ti Id oan sai hong boat ddng td tyng hinh sy khdng nhidu (oan sai chidm 0,02% va birc cung, nhyc hinh cMdra 0,00005% tong so vu)'''. Tuy nMdn, hau qua ttdn thyc te vd ldng tin cua xa hpi ddi vdi xu li vi pham phap lu&t cdn ldn ban rit rtiiidu.
Hai Id, nhin tir khia canh he thdng phap luat va cac hoat ddng thyc Men phap luat cd thd nhan thay, nhiing van dd cd tinh giai phap cap thiet dang dupc dat ra, ddi hdi phai dupc nhan thiic thau dao va giai quydt kip thdi:
- He thdng pbap Iuat can dupc tidp tuc sua ddi, hoan thidn nhim khic phye rtiiung han chd, bit cap hong vide phan anh va bao vd quydn con ngudi, cdng li, phap chd phii hop vdi nidm tin xa hdi. Theo ydu cau do, phai
ddi mdi can ban hJ duy xay dyng phap Mat theo hudng xem xet he thong phap Mat khdng cM tao mdi trudng, hanh lang phap Ii thuan lpi, an toan cho boat ddng quan Ii, kidn tao cua Nha nudc, ma cdn phai la cdng cy hiiu hieu ttong vide xac lap va bao dam ddi vdi mdm tm ciia xa hdi. Dd phai la mdt he thdng phap Mat bao dam tinh khach quan, hop Idng dan; ddng bd, dn dinh nhung phu hpp sy thay ddi ciia thyc tien cudc sdng, cua xu thd thdi dai. Vdi tu duy do, each thirc va quy trinh xay dyng phap Mat phai ddi mdi theo hudng bam sat thyc tidn nMeu ban, bdt tinh "ban lam", duy y cM; coi ttpng vide xay dung va danh gia tac ddng ciia chinh sach trudc khi bat tay lam Mat; can nhae than hpng Mdu qua giua vide lara (hoac sira) Mat vdi vide giai quydt van dd bang each thiic khac; che tai cua cac didu Mat phai thyc td, cd tinh phdng ngira hidu qua va trimg tri thda dang cac vi phara phap Mat.
- Can ddi radi &e nang cao hidu qua thuc te cac boat ddng td chiic thuc hidn phap luat.
Can xay dyng bd tidu chi dd danh gia hieu qua thuc Men phap Iuat dua ttdn cac thdng sd co ban: muc tidu dd ra, sy ki vpng cua xa hdi, kdt qua dat duoc hen thyc td, cM phi xa hdi va cac ngudn lyc dd cd dupc kdt qua... Ndu khdng thuc hidn dupc didu nay, vide danh gia hidu qua thyc Men phap Mat va tac ddng cua nd ttong vide dieu cMnh cac quan he xa hdi se ttd nen chu quan, triiu tupng, khdng phu hpp vdi cam nhan va nidm tin cua xa hdi. Mat khac, ttong ddi sdng xa hdi cdn ton tai quy Mat: ndu tdng sd hanh vi phap Mat khdng ddi tiii khi cac hanh vi bit hpp phap tang sd dan den sy suy giam hanh vi hpp phap va ngupc lai. Vi vay, cin tao lap co chd hop Ii dd khuydn kMch sy gia tang cac hanh vi hpp phap lam didu kien dd giara thidu cac hanh vi bat hop phap.
- Tinh hang gia tang dang lo ngai cua vi pham phap Mat, nhat la tdi pham va nhiing ban che, bit cap hong xu li, himg hi chiing da hd thanh mdt thach thiic Idn doi vdi nidm tin xa hpi vd vai ttd cua phap Mat. Nhu da phan tich d ttdn, day la llnh vyc bdc Id ro nhat didra yeu ciia
. Qn fi/9ni9
• Nghiin ciiu - Trao doi boat ddng ap dyng phap Mat ciia cac co quan
nha nudc cd tham quydn trong thdi gian qua.
Vi vay, dd cung cd nidra tin xa hdi vao sii menh bao dam cdng li, cac quydn con ngudi va quydn cdng dan, tuan thu phap chd thi trudc tidn, phai bao dara cac nguydn tac: mpi ngudi deu binh dang trudc phap Mat, khdng cd ngoai Id, vung cam. Can cd chd tai nghiem khac hem ddi vdi ca nhan, td chirc trong nhihig trudng hpp bd Ipt, sdt vi phara phap Mat, nhat la hanh vi gay oan, sai ttong xir li vi phara phap Mat.
Tidp tuc nghidn cim dd dieu chinh nhung bat cap ciia Luat Trach nhidm bdi thudng cua Nha nudc (nam 2017) theo hudng: quy djnh quy trinh, thu tuc gpn nhe hon cho ngudi ydu cau bdi tbudng; bd sung quy djnh vd chi phi giai quydt thu tyc ydu cau vao thidt hai dupc boi thudng; xac dinh rd co quan cd trach nhidm bdi thudng thidt hai dd ttanh bidn tupng dim day ttach nhidm; xir Ii nghidm cac hanh vi gay can ttd, kbd khan trong vide bao vd quydn va lpi ich hpp phap cho ngudi ydu cau bdi thudng...
Ba Id, hong cudc sdng, ngudi Viet vdn coi ttpng Idng tm. Ngudi xua timg ndi: Mdt Ian bat tin, van lan bat tin/(Quan tu nhat ngdn/Ndi Idi thi giii lay Idi; Lara tdi thi d cho trung, chd cd bai ldng raa hda dd dang...). Tuy nMdn, d rapt khia canh khac ciing cho thay, hi xua, ngudi Viet da cd thai dp thidu Idng hn vao cdng H, cdng bing ttong phap Mat, hong sy cai tri cua cac ttidu dai phong kidn. Tam li dd, do nhidu nguyen nhan, van cdn tdn tai dai dang hong cdng dong va tac ddng khdng nbd ddn nidm tin ciia xa hdi vao phap Mat. Ddng thdi, nhimg khiem khuydt, bit cap ttong he thong phap Mat, nhiing ban chd, sai pham ttong boat ddng td chiic thyc hidn phap Mat va xu li vi pham phap luat tiidi gian qua cang lam tdn thucmg tdi nidm tin xa hdi vao pbap Mat. Trong boi canh do, phai lam gi va Iam thd nao dd phat huy ydu td tich cyc; ddng thdi, ban chd tac ddng tieu cyc hong tam Ii huydn thdng do dd cung cd, xay dyng mem tin cua xa hdi vao phap Mat la vin dd diu tidn rit cin dupc luu y. Vai trd cua boat ddng huydn thdng, giao due vd tara li xa
hdi, y thiic xa hdi, y thiic phap Mat va dac bi?t, chi ra va khic chd din rtiiiing lyc can ttnydn thdng ttong Idi sdng, tam li la rit quan ttpng va cap tiiidt. KM nao nidm tin xa hdi vao phap Mat duoc Cling CO va gia tang, radi cd the hi vpng vao sy bidn didn cua Idi sdng tuan thii pbap Mat, vao sy thanh cdng cua su nghidp xay dyng nha nudc phap quydn va sy phat trien cua mdt xa hdi lay nidm tm ciia nhan dan Iam ddng lyc.
Tom lgi, ciing cd va xay dyng Idng tm xa hdi vao phap Mat la tidn dd khach quan, cap bach va la ngudn lyc xa hpi vd gia ciia cdng cudc ddi mdi, sy nghidp xay dyng Nha nudc phap quydn xa hdi chii nghia, vide thyc hien cac myc tidu: dan chu, cdng bang, van minh ttong qua trinh phat hidn cua dat nudc. Be dat duoc myc tieu do, can cd djnh hudng, giai phap hiiu hieu nham giai quydt nbiing van dd cap thidt dang duoc dat ra ttong cac Hnh vyc xay dyng phap Mat, td chiic thyc hidn phap Mat, xii H vi pham phap Mat ciing nhu nhiing nhan td tam Ii truyen thdng bat lpi cho viec xay dung nidm tm xa hdi vao phap luatQ
i'>http7/wwwtudiendanhngon.vn/danhnhan/dnct/
itenud/443/search/victor-hugo
'=' Nhi^u tac gia, Su sai lech chuan muc xd hoi, Nha xuat ban Thong tin ly luan, Ha Noi, 1998, tr 59
<^' Khoa Luat, Truong Dai hpc T6ng hgp Ha Noi, Lfch sii cdc hoc thuyet chinh tri tren thi gi&i, Nha xuit ban Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi, 1993, tr.22
!•" J J. Rousseau, Bdn vi khi uac xd hoi. Nha xuit ban Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh, 1992, tr.67
'^' Han Phi, Han Phi Tu (Phan Ngpc dich), Nha xuit banVanhoc, HaNpi, 2001, tr.62
"% ttp ://bao chinhphu, vn/Phapl uat/Phap-dien-nang- cao-tinh-minh-bach-niem-tin-cua-nguoi-dan-voi- phapluat/352787.vgp
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