rilEU OIIEM
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Hien trang va mot so giai phap
xay dimg KCN than thien moi truong
a Viet Nam
Cac van de moi trirong KCN
Sau gan 20 nam thUc hien chit trUdng xay di/ng va phat trien khu cong nghiep, khu che xuat, khu cong nghe cao (goi chung la khu cong nghiep - KCN), chiing ta da dat dUOc nhiJng thanh tUu het siTc quan trong ve tang trUdng, giai quyet viec lam, chuyen dich cc( ca'u kinh te, lam thay doi dien mao kinh te'ciia nhieu dia phUOng. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhijlig thanh tUu to I6n, de nhan ra, thi viec xay dutig va phat trien KCN manh me trong thdi gian qua, da gay ra mot loat cac v§n de ve nUdc thai, khi thai, chat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai.
Qua thanh tra, kiem tra cac KCN, co the nhan thay, cac van de noi com trong thdi gian gan day gom: Chu^
phan tach he thong thoat nUdc mu^, nUdc thai sinh hoat, nUdc thai cong nghiep; Chu^ thUc hien diing cac quy dinh ve thu gom, lUu giu', van chuyen va xir ly chat thai ran, chat thai nguy hai, he thong phong ngitS va irng cirli Sl/ co' moi trUdng KCN; Nhieu doanh nghiep chuS thUc hien bao cao danh gia tac dong moi trUdng, cam ket BVrfT; ChuS co bao cao giam sat moi trUdng dinh ky. ChuS xay dutig va thUc hien diing noi dung ve dau tU x i l ly nUdc thai, khf thai nhU da cam ket; Xa nUdc khong phep va nUdc thai thai chuS xii ly ra moi trUdng.
l€ nu'ct thai: SU ra ddi cac KCN dan tdi viec tieu thu va xa thai mot lUdng nUdc rat Idn ra moi tn/dng. Theo tinh toan, KCN cd quy mo t i l 100 - 400 ha se cd lUdng nUdc thai cong nghiep
NGUYEN THANH LAM Tong Ctic Moi tniofng
Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trirdng
tir 3.000 -10.000 mVngay dem; Oeh cuoi nam 2008, mdi cd 60 nha may xii ly nUdc thai tap trung di vao hoat dong.
Hien nay, nhieu KCN van chuS cd nha may xii ly nUdc thai tap trung. Tham chi, hjy da cd nha may xii ly nUdc thai tap trung, nhUng nhieu cd sd san xuat khong xir ly nUdc thai, khong dau ndi vao he thdng xii ly nUdc thai tap trung ma xa thang ra mdi ta/dng. Nhieu KCN chuS cd he thong rieng thu gom nUdc thai cong nghiep va nUdc muS chay tran; hoac cd he thdng neng nhUng khdng dam bao; Cac KCN dang hoat ddng mdi ngay xa ra mdi ta/dng 225.000m' nUdc thai cdng nghiep, trong dd chi 30% dUdc xii ly. Nhieu chi tieu trong nUdc thai mdt sd vUdt quy chuan Viet Nam nhieu fan (Thdng so' BOD, COD, NO2, NO3, NH4, kim loai nang, phenol, coliform...); Nhieu doanh nghiep chu^ cd giay phep xa nUdc thai.
Cac KCN deu nam trong cac luu vUc sdng chinh va la nguon gay d nhiem mdi trUdng nghiem trgng cho cac I Uu vUc sdng Dong Nai - Sai gdn; Sdng Nhue - Day va Sdng Cau, gay nhieu hau qua xau ve mat kinh te, xa hoi va mdi trUdng cho ngUdi dan sdng tai cac lull vUc sdng nay
Ve khi thai: Khi thai phat sinh trong qua trinh hoat ddng ciia cac nha may trong cac KCN rat da dang, tuy theo dac diem nganh nghe san xuat. Khi thai do ddt nhien lieu: Oa sd cac nha may trong cac KCN deu sir dung cac loai nhien lieu (dau FO, DO, gas; than) de cap nhiet cho qua trinh san xuat. Khi bi ddt diay, cac nhien lieu nay se sinh ra
mdt hdn hdp cac khi NOx, SOx, COx,...
va mudi khdi, gay anh hUdng den moi ta/dng xung quanh; Khi' thai phat sinh ngay tren day chuyen cdng nghe san xuat: cac dang khi thai nay rat khae nhau, dien hinh nhat la cac dang khi, bui, hdi axit, hdi dung mdi, hda chat, nguyen lieu. Ngoai ra, khi thai tir cac phUdng tien giao thdng trong qua trinh xay duhg va hoat ddng ciia KCN cung gay ra d nhiem bui rat 3 0 .
Ve chat thai ran: Chat thai ran ciia KCN bao gdm chat thai cdng nghiep, bun thai ( t i / khau xii ly nUdc thai) va rac thai sinh hoat. Mdi ngay, cac KCN tren ca nUdc thai ra khoang 30 ngan tan chat thai cdng nghiep. Bien phap chii yeu de xii ly lUdng chat thai nay la thue cac cdng ty mdi trUdng dd thi van chuyen va x i / ly (chii yeu la chdn lap lan vdi chat thai sinh hoat). Tuy nhien, van cdn cd hien tUdng ban chat thai trai phep cho cac cdng ty, cd sd tai che va heu hiiy chat thai khdng cd giay phep, thieu dau tU xay di/hg khu tap ket rac thai sinh hoat, rac thai cdng nghiep diing quy each, chuS phan loai chat thai tai ngudn va toan quoc van chua cd bai chdn lap chat thai cdng nghiep diing qui each dUdc xay dUng.
Ve chat thai nguy hai: LUdng phat sinh chat thai nguy hai (CTNH) trong cac khu cdng nghiep chiem ti' le Idn nhat trong ca nUdc; CTNH trong cac KCN cd ca d dang ran, dang Idng, bun thai... Nhieu cd sd frong KCN chua dang ky chu ngudn thai CTNH hoac quan ly CTNH khdng dung quy dinh; Co rat it cac ai sd, ddn vi cd chirc nang va 4 ( l l ' l l ' M i l N J K h o a hpc & Cdng nghe [5/2009] \ PHAI BAM BAG AN TOAN LAO PONG VJ NGUOI LAO PONG LA VON QUY NHAT
r TiiEU on:
nang lUc xii ly chat thai nguy hai; Oe'n het thang 3, Tong cue Mdi trUdng da cap 24 giay phep hanh nghe xii ly, tieu huy CTNH cho cac to chi/c, ca nhan (trong dd mien Bac: 9, mien Trung: 1 va mien Nam 14) va 40 giay phep hanh nghe van chuyen CTNH (trong dd mien Bac; 18, mien Taing: 2 va mien Nam:
20). Theo ket qua thanh tra, kiem tra tai mpt sd cd sd san xuat nam tren lUu vUc sdng Ddng Nai - Sai gdn cho thay:
82/101 cd sd, KCN va CCN cd phat sinh CTNH, nhUng chi cd 10/82 ddn vi quan ly va xu' ly diing quy dinh, chiem 12,2
%. Trong cac ddn vi cd phat sinh CTNH, chi cd 35,8% thUc hien viec ke khai, dang ky chit ngudn thai.
Quan ly moi tnrong KCN
De' dam bao viec quan ly mdi trUdng trong cac KCN thdng nhat va hieu qua, Dang va Nha nUdc da ban hanh cac van ban quy pham phap luat lien quan ma quan trong nhat la: Luat Bao ve mdi trUdng nam 2005; Nghi dinh 21/2008/ND-CP ngay 28 thang 02 nam 2008 ciia Chinh phii ve sii^
ddi, bd sung mdt so dieu ciia nghj dinh sd 80/2006/NO-CP ngay 09 thang 8 nam 2006 ciia Chinh phii ve viec quy djnh chi tiet va hUdng dan thi hanh mdt sd dieu ciia Luat bao ve mdi trudng; Chi thi 29 - CT/TW ngay 21/1/2009 ve tiep tuc thUc hien Nghi quyet 41-NQ/TW ciia Bd Chinh tn (khda IX) "Ve bao ve mdi trUdng trong thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nUdc": Khdng dus vao van hanh, sir dung cac KCN, khu cdng nghe cao, khu dd thi, cdng trinh, cd sd y te, cd sd san xuat mdi khdng dap irng cac yeu cau ve bao ve mdi trudng; Nghi dinh sd 29/2008/ND - CP ngay 14 thang 03 nam 2008 ciia Chinh phu quy dinh ve KCN, KCX va Khu kinh te. Quyet dinh sd' 23/2006/QD-m'NMT ngay 26/12/2006 ciia Bd trUdng Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trUdng ve Danh muc chat thai nguy hai; Thdng tU sd 12/2006/TT - BTNMT hUdng dan dieu kien hanh nghe va thii tuc lap hd sd.
dang ky, cap phep hanh nghe, ma sd quan ly chat thai nguy hai; va du kien ban hanh Quy che Bao ve mdi trudng KCN, KCX, khu cdng nghe cao va cum cdng nghiep trong nam 2009.
Quan ly mdi trUdng KCN trUc hep do Sd TNMT va BQL cac KCN phdi hdp thUc hien; Quan ly mdi ta/dng bao gdm: xem xet cac van de mdi ta/dng trong khau quy hoach phat trien KCN;
Tham dinh cac he thdng cd sd ha tang mdi trUdng trong KCN; Kiem tra, thanh tra moi ta/dng tai cac nha may trong KCN; Quan trac mdi trUdng ben ngoai hang rao cac KCN; Giai quyet cac tranh chap, khieu nai va xd phat hanh chinh ve mdi trUdng...; Tuy nhien, cdng tac quan ly cdn nhieu han che do thieu can bd chuyen mdn ve mdi trUdng, thieu trang thiet bi, may mdc phuc vu cho cdng tac quan ly, kiem tra, kiem scat tinh trang d nhiem mdi ta/dng trong cac KCN. Oac biet, sU phan cap quan ly mdi ta/dng giCfe Uy ban nhan dan, Sd TNMT va BQL KCN tai mdt so' tinh/thanh van chu^ rd rang va theo diing Nghi dinh so 29/2008/NE>-CP ngay 14 thang 03 nam 2008 ciia Chinh phu, quy dinh ve KCN, KCX va Khu kinh te.
Mot SO giai phap xay dung cac KCN than thi^n mol truvng a UietNam
• Cac mo hinh KCN:
Hien dang cd nhieu each tiep can khae nhau ve nghien ciru xay duhg md hinh KCN, tham chi cd nhijrig quan niem khdng ddng nhat vdi nhau ve KCN. KCN la cau triic kmh te kha phiic tap, tiiy thudc vao muc dich nghien ci/u, quan ly KCN, cd the tiep can phan loai thanh cac md hinh KCN khae nhau. Oe' phuc vu cho viec phat trien cac KCN gan lien vdi bao ve mdi trUdng cd the phan chia thanh 3 md hinh KCN nhU sau:
- Md hinh KCN truyen thdng: Cac nha may, xi nghiep chung mdt muc dich la san xuat, gia cdng tao thanh san pham hang hoa, tdi da hda Idi nhuan, it chii y den mdi ta/dng va ciing chung si/quan ly goi la KCN; Khu
cdng nghiep truyen thdng thudng dUdc xay dirhg tai thdi ky dau ciia qua trinh cdng nghiep hda.
- Md hinh KCN than thien vdi mdi trudng: Cac KCN lay muc tieu mdi trudng la dinh hUdng phat tnen. £)d la:
khdng gay d nhiem mdi ta/dng xung quanh, khdng anh hUdng tdi sire khoe cdng ddng; giam den mi/c thap nhat phat sinh chat thai; bao ton tai nguyen thien nhien bang cac giai phap tdi uU hoa ddng vat chat va nang lUdng trong tiihg cd sd san xuat va trong KCN; Md hinh KCN than thien vdi mdi tn/dng rat phii hdp cho cac nUdc dang phat tnen vdi ngudn li/c tai chinh va trinh do san xuat d mire trung binh.
- Md hinh KCN smh thai: San xuat cdng nghiep dien ra cd tinh he thdng (khep ki'n). Cac cd sd san xuat trd thanh nhUng diem smh thai cdng nghiep, cd mdi quan he cdng smh vdi nhau du^ tren nguyen tac trao ddi chat, chu trinh san xuat khep kin, dam bao tuan hoan nang lUdng va vat chat d mire dd tdi da. Day la md hinh KCN dUdc cac nUdc phat b-ien cd nen kmh te va cdng nghe tien tien ap dung nhu Dire, Italia, Anh, My, Dan Mach (KCN Kalundborg).
• Mot so giai phap:
Xay duhg md hinh KCN than thien vdi mdl trUdng can phai cd sU hUdng img va tham gia tich cUc tir chinh quyen, BQL KCN, chii dau tU ha tang va cac doanh nghiep san xuat va ngUdi dan sdng quanh KCN.
- Dd'i vdi cd quan quan ly nha nUde, can phai hoan thien cac van ban quy pham phap luat, cung cd va kien toan he thdng quan ly va bao ve mdi trUdng KCN, phan cap trach nhiem rd rang giiia UBND, Sd TNMT va BQL KCN. Day manh cdng tac thanh tra, kiem ba, eudng che cung nhU cac hoat dong truyen thdng, nang cao nhan thi/c cho cac doanh nghiep san xuat trong KCN, long ghdp van de quy hoach KCN vdi quy hoach mdi ta/dng (quy dinh ti le dien tich cay xanh hdp ly, quy hoach he (xem tiep trang 7)
PHAI OAtl/l BAO AN TOAN LAO PONG Vi NGUOI LAO PONG L A VON QUY NHAT /Y.\xoa hoc & Cong nghe [5 2009] tf'V'fJ.'MilU 5
rr niEU DUE;
"den nam 2010, 70% cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat cd he thdng xii ly nUdc thai tap trung dat tieu chuan mdi trudng" da dUdc de ra trong Chien lUdc Quoc gia v'e Bao ve Mdi trudng ma Thii tUdng Chinh phii da ky thang 3 nam 2005.
Nguyen nhan
Cd nhieu nguyen nhan, nhUng theo quan diem ca nhan, xin dUdc dua ra mdt sd nguyen nhan cd ban sau:
Mot la, chung ta chua cd die tai dii manh de bat budc cac chii dau tU kinh doanh ha tang ky thuat KCN phai xay dutig he tiidng xii ly nUdc thai tap toing ngay trong qua trinh chuan bi dau tU, tir khau lap, tham dinh dU an, giam sat dau t u va kiem tra tham dinh danh gia tac ddng mdi tii/dng (DTM). Cac cd quan chiic nang ciia Trung Udng va ti'ong ndi bd ciia cac dia phUdng ddi khi cdn chUa ddng thuan trong viec cuQng che tuan thii cac quy dinh ve BVMT dd'i vdi doanh nghiep.
Hai la, nhi'eu cd quan Trung Udng va dac biet la dia phUdng coi trong viec tang tiUdng kinh te, thu hiit dau tU ma chua quan tam tiioa dang den cdng tac BVMT, tao tam ly coi thUdng cdng tac BVMT ciia cac doanh nghiep ngay t i / khi lap du an dau tU. Do viec coi ti'ong thu hirt dau tu, khdng it cac KCN da bi pha v6 quy hoach phan khu dii/c nang, hau qua la nhi'eu KCN khdng cdn dat cho viec xay dutig he thdng xii ly chat thai ,do da cd dU an dau tij" khae chiem chd.
Ba la, tdc dd cJau tU cdng nghiep trong nhitng nam qua la rat cao, trong khi dd, nang lUc quan ly ndi chung ciia cac cd quan tham quyen chua theo kip, binh do can bp dam trach cdng viec nay vira thieu lai viia yeu. Cac cd quan tU van ky thuat ve BVMT chua du manh nen giai phap ky thuat dUa ra chua hdp ly, khd tiiUc hien, b-ong nhi'eu trUdng hop khdng kha thi khi bat tay vao dau tUxay dutig KCN, tinh trang "khi di mac niii, trd v'e mac sdng"gay rat nhieu khd khan dio nha dau tU.
Bon la, chiing ta cdn thieu mdt tieu .chi chung de dua vao dd, cac d i i i
ngudn thai va doanh nghiep kinh doanh ha tang KCN cd the xac dinh dUdc phi xii ly nUdc thai cho mdi loai hinh nUdc thai hoac theo tai lUdng chat d nhiem dUdc xii ly. Day cung la mdt trong nhutig nguyen nhan lam cho nhi'eu doanh nghiep kinh doanh ha tang KCN chua dau t u xay dUng he thdng xii ly nUdc thai vi chua cd phUdng an kinh te hdp ly.
MOt SO giai phap
De' tijtig budc cai ttiien bi/c ti3nh diung ve quan ly nUdc tiiai tai cac KCN, xin de xuat ap dung nxit sd giai phap sau:
1. Khdng ngi/ng nang cao nhan thirc, trach nhiem cho cac cap cac nganh tii taing Udng den dia phUdng trong cdng tac BVMT, phai dat nhiem vu BVMT ngang hang vdi nhiem vu phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, khdng the ton tai quan diem thu hut dau tU vao dia phUdng minh bang bat cii gia nao.
2. Tiep tuc hoan thien he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat ve BVMT ndi chung va ddi vdi KCN ndi neng, cd nhi/ng Uu dai phii hdp, ddng thdi tang
cUdng che tai xii phat, phan cdng trach nhiem quan ly nha nUdc ve BVMT dd'i vdi KCN that rd rang, ddng thdi can tang cUdng nang lUc va trach nhiem thUc thi cdng vu ddi vdi can bd cdng chirc thudc mang ludi kiem soat d nhiem.
3. Tang cUdng chat lUdng tiiam dinh cac dU an dau tU mdi (DTM), giam sat qua trinh dau tU va hau DTM vdi tat ca cac dU an. Mdt so' chi tieu d nhiem quan trong cua nUdc thai can dUdc quan trac lien tuc, truyen dan sd' lieu v'e taing tam xii ly, theo ddi de tranh hien tUdng "lam ddi phd" hoac nhutig ket qua kiem fra sai lech do chii quan ciia con ngUdi. Tang cUdng giam sat viec tuan thii quy hoach phan khu dii/c nang trong cac KCN.
4. Can dUa ra mot chuan chung v'e phi xd ly nUde thai lam cd sd de ap dung xac dinh phi xii ly nUde thai phii hdp di'eu kien ciia mdi dia phUdng va doanh nghiep, di'eu nay se thiic day xa hdi hoa trong viec dau tU, van hanh he thdng xi/ ly nUdc thai trong cacKCN.-:-
Hien trang va mot so giai phap...
(tiep theo trang 5)
thdng thoat nUdc mua, nUdc thai...); Cd chinh sach ho trd ve vdn, thue tiiu nhap doanh nghiep, thue thu nhap ca nhan, giam ti'en thue dat ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep thUc hien tdt viec bao ve mdi ta/dng.
- Odi vdi cac doanh nghiep can: h dung cdng nghe sach, it tieu tiiu nang lUdng, it chat thai, tai che, tai si/ dung chat thai tdi da; ap dung ISO 14.000 cho tat ca cac doanh nghiep san xuat; xu" ly nUdc thai cue bd va dau ndi he thdng nUdc tiiai vao khu xii ly nUdc thai tap ti'ung cua khu cdng nghiep.
- Odi vdi ngUdi dan: Can tich cUc va yeu cau BQL cac KCN cho phep tiiam gia, giam sat viec xii ly va xa chat tiiai ra mdi ta/dng.
- Eto'i vdi chu dau tU va quan ly ha tang cac khu cdng nghiep: ThUc hien dimg theo quy hoach cac KCN vdi cac yeu cau ve ha tang mdi trUdng; Khdng thu nhan cac nha dau tU tiiir cap cd cdng nghe san xuat lac hau; Xay dUng khu xii ly nUdc thai tap tamg (theo dang modul phii hdp vdi tiitig giai doan lap day KCN va cac nhdm nganh nghe); xH ly 100% nUdc thai, khi thai, diat thai ran va chat thai nguy hai, ta/dc khi thai ra mdi trUdng; Quan trac mdi trUdng, giam sat viec tuan thii quan ly va bad ve mdi trUdng cua cac doanh nghiep theo diing luat phap hien hanh; bao cao thUdng xuyen vdi cac cd quan quan ly ve hien trang mdi trUdng KCN cung nhU cac van de mdi trUdng phat sinh kip thdi.-:-
PHAI PAM BAG AN TGAN LAO PONG Vi NGUdi LAG PpNG LA VON QUY NHAiy^Khoa hoc & Cong nghe [5.'20091 Mi-"*''^^''^-*