XUAT NHAP KHAU CUA THANH PHO HAI PHONG:
THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN
Nguyen Thdi San Khoa Ki todn - Tdi chinh Email: [email protected] Phgm Thi Minh Thu Cue Thdng ke Hdi Phong Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi: 26/3/2018
Ngdy PB ddnh gid: 11/4/2018 Ngdy duyel ddng: 20/4/2018 T O M TAT
Hai Phdng la dia phuang co truyen tbdng va tidm nang ve hoat dpng xuat nhap khau.
Trong nhihig nam qua, ngoai thuong Hai Phong vSn cd su tang trudng dn dinh. Tuy nhien, kdt qua va chat lugng boat ddng XNK chua tucmg xiing vdi vi thd va tidm nang cua thanh phd trong nen kinh td ca nu6c- Tren co sd danh gia boat ddng XNK cua thanh phd Hai Phdng 10 nam qua, ca ve kim ngach, ca c^u, doanh nghidp va thi trudng, bai vidt dd xuAt mdt sd giai phap eo ban nham phat tridn hoat dpng ngoai thuong eua thanh phd trong bdi canh hdi nhap kinh td qudc td ngay cang sau rong va tac ddng cua CMCN 4,0. Cac giai phap tap trung vao mpt so van de: tao ngudn hang xuat khau cd tinh canh tranh cao, xuc tien thuang mai, tan dung tac ddng eua CMCN4.0, cai thien ha tang, tang eudng eac boat ddng hd trp XNK...
Tie khod: Hai Phdng, nhap khau, phat tridn XNK, thuang mai qude td, xuat kh4u
T H E F O R E I G N TRADE O F H A I P H O N G CITY:
ACTUAL SITUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS ABSTRACT
Hai Phong has been an area with tradition and potential for foreign trade activities. In recent years, import and export activities in Hai Phong have been increased steadily.
However, the quality of those is not deserved with the reputation and potential ofthe area.
Based on the assessment on export and in^ort activities through Hai Phong port during recent 10 years, this paper suggests some basic solutions to push up the foreign trade activities ofthe city, including: creating highly competitive goods source for export, focusing on trade promotion, making use of the advantages of Industrial Revolution 4.0, in^roving infrastructure and increasing supporting activities for import and export.
Key words: Haiphong, import, import-export development, foreign trade, export.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC, S6 28, thang 5/2018 | 3
1. DAT VAN DE
Hai Phong la thanh phd cang bien, dau mdi giao thdng quan trpng, eua ngd ra bien cua cac tinh phia BSc. Voi truyen thdng ve cdng nghiep, cang bien va thuang mai, Hai Phdng la dia ban soi ddng ve boat dOng xuat nhap khiu. Trong nhihig nam gan day, dudi tac ddng ciia mo cua, hpi nhap, ky ket eac hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong va da phuang, gia nbSp eae lien ket kinh td qude te cua Viet Nam, cung vdi su tang tnrdng eua ngo^i thuang cua ca nuoc, boat dpng xuat nhSp khau cua thanh phd Hai Phdng da dat dupe nhieu kdt qua tich cue, ddng gdp vao su phat tridn kinh te xa hdi cua thanh phd. Trdn co sd nghien cuu tinh hinh xuat nhap khau cua cac doanh nghiep tren dia ban Hai Phdng sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO va dac biet trong 5 nam gan day, co the thay boat ddng ngoai thuang cua Hai Phdng cdn gap kha nhieu khd khan, chua co su phat trien tuong xiJmg vdi tidm nang va vai trd cua thanh phd. Xudt nhap khSu cua Hai Phong vSn chi chiem mpt ty trpng nho trong tdng kim ngach ngoai thuang Viet Nam va van chua cai thien dupe tinh trang nhap sieu. Nghien cuu nay nhiim khai quat tinh hinh xuSt nhap khSu eua Hai Phong trong giai doan 2007 - 2017, chi ra nhung thanh tuu, ban chd va nguyen nhan ban chd.
Tren co so do, de xuat mdt sd giai phap nham day manh boat dpng xuSt nhap khSu cua Hai Phdng trong giai doan Viet Nam hdi nhap ngay cang sau rdng vao ndn kinh td thd gidi va khu vuc.
2. PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN c t r u Nghien cuu nay thirc hidn xem xet cSu true Iudng hang hoa xuit nb^p kh4u cua thanh phd Hai Phong trong phan tich bdi canh cac ydu td tac ddng dd nit ra cac kdt
luan lam co sd de xuat c ^ giai phap. Vdi md hinh nghidn euu nay, phucmg phap nghien euu dupe thuc hien la cae phuong phap nghien ciiu th\tc chiing thong ke dinh lupng (phuong phap phan td d3y sd thcri gian theo ydu td tac dpng, phuong phap so sanh tuyet doi va tuong ddi, phuang phap phan tich da nhan td...). Ngudn du lieu dupe su dung cac sd li?u thii cap thu th3p tu cac co quan uy tm, tin eay va phdng van cac chuyen gia.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN ClTU 3.L Th^c trgng hogt dpng xudt nhgp khdu cua thdnh phd Hdi Phong sau khi Viit Nam gia nhgp WTO
3.1.1. Khdi qudt chung vi xudt nhgp khdu cita Hdi Phdng giai dogn 2007 - 2017
Theo kdt qua so bd Tdng didu tra kmh t6 nam 2017, Hai Phdng hidn cd 13.869 co sd la doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa (gpi tSt la doanh ngbiep), co so true thupc doanh nghidp trong nudre va van phong dai dien eiia doanh nghi?p nudc ngoai (chua tinh cac doanh nghiep thudc an ninh, qudc phong, c^e eo sd true thuoc doanh ngbiep m? cua tinh khac ddng tren dia ban) (Cue Thdng kd Hai Phdng, 2017). Sd lupng doanh nghiep bach toan ddc lap thuc td tdn tai tren dia ban thanh pho la 12.695 doanh nghiep, trong do cd 12.360 doanh nghiep thirc td dang boat dpng, chidm 97,36% tdng sd. Trong do, sd doanh nghiep ed boat ddng xuat nhap khau hang hda la khoang 1.506 doanh nghiep, chidm ty le 12%
lidn tdng so cac doanh nghiep dang boat ddng trdn dia ban Hai Phdng. Sd doanh nghiep tham gia san xuat hang xuit khAu phat tridn theo huong t|ip trung khai thae cac nganh, hang co thd manh eiia dia phuang, trong do ehu yeu la cac mat h ^ g thuy san, ddt may, giay dep, ddng tau, ket edu thep sieu tmdng, sidu trong, boa chat, vat lieu xay dung, day dien va cap didn...
TRlTOfNG DAI H p c HAI PHONG
La thanh pho cang bidn, co truyen thong san xuat cdng nghidp va xuat nh|ip khau tir nhieu mm, Hai Phong da co svr tang trucmg kh^
manh me vd ngoai thucmg sau 10 nSm Vidt Nam gja nhap WTO. D^nh gi^ chung, co the thay nhung kdt qua tich cue khi kim ng^ch xuSt khau va nhap khAu deu tang trudng tdt qua cdc nam. Tong gia tri XNK tang gan 5 lan, tii 2,6 ty USD nam 2007 len 12,9 ty USD vao nSm 2017 (bang 1). Trong nam ddu, tac dpng cua hOi nhap qudc td va dac biet la hipu itng ciia WTO da gjiip cho kim ngach XNK Hai Phdng tSng truong 29,29% so vdi nSm truoc (tirong duang 779,7 trieu USD), eao ban mdt chiit so vai miic binh quan ca nudc. Trong sudt thdi ky, chi duy nhit imm 2009, kim ngach XNK cua Hai Phdng giam nhe 1,88% do giam nhap khiu, mac du xuit khiu vin tang 174,7 trieu USD.
Sir suy giam nay do anh huong cua khung bo^ng tai chinh the gidi nam 2007 - 2008.
Song CO thd thiy, Hai Phdng it chiu anh hudng hon cac dia phuong khac khi miic gidm kim ngach XNK ehung cua cd nudc ldn ddn 11,4%.
Thyc td cho thdy, trong nhirng nam diu the ky XXI, Hai Phong chu ydu gia cdng xudt khdu cac mat hang truyen thdng nhu da gjay, may mac... cho cae thucmg nhan chdu A, nen vin gia duoc miic tang trdn 10%. Sau khi tang tnrdng manh tro Iai vao nam 2010, trong nbflng nam tidp theo, XNK Hai Phong tidp tuc tang trudng deu, nhung vdi tdc dp cl^m hem. Tdng kim ngach XNK cua Hai Phdng ehinh thiic vupt qua moc 10 ty USD vao nam 2016. Tinh ddn hdt nam 2017, tdng kim ngach XNK cua Hdi Phdng dat 12,9 ty USD, tang 23,12% so vdi nam trudc, trong do xuat khdu d?t 6,34 ty USD, tang truang 22,97% va nhdp khdu dat 6,58 ty USD, tang 23.26%.
Tdc dp tang trudng kim ngach xuat nhdp khiu ciia Hai Phong khdng co s^r chenh lech nhidu so voi toan qude trong nua dau gia doan nghidn ciiu. Trong nhiing nam gan day.
kim ngach XNK Hai Phong cd tdc dO tang trudng cao hon ca nuoc. Song, ddn nam 2017, miic chenh lech ndy khdng cdn nhidu.
Mac du vdy, boat dpng ngoai thuong cua Hai Phong chua tuong xiing vdi tidm ndng va vi thd I^ mot cue tang hudng kinh td ciia vung kinh td tipng didm midn Bdc. Tdng kim ngach XNK ciia Hai Phong chidm ty tipng khiem tdn trong tong kim ngach ngoai thuong Vipt Nam, binh quan la 2,55% tdng kim ngach xuit nhap khau cua cd nuoc. Cac doanh nghi?p Hai Phdng chidm ty trpng 27,8% trong tdng kim ngach xuat nhap khdu qua Cue Hai quan Hdi Phdng nam 2017, khi tdng gid tri bang boa lam thii tuc XNK tai Hdi quan Hai Phong dat khoang 46,4 ty USD (Cue Hdi quan Hai Phdng, 2017). Trong ca giai doan, duy nhdt nam 2014, thanh phd thuc hien xudt sidu nhe va nam 2009 co miic dp nhap sidu thip nhdt, can edn thuang mai qudc td gdn can bdng. Tinh tiang nhap sieu vdn phd bidn, dac biet d miic dp cao nam 2008 (do anh hudng ciia Ian sdng ddu tu sau khi Vidt Nam gia nhap WTO). Tir nam 2015 ddn nay, Hai Phdng nam trong top nhung dia phuong thu hut tdt ddu tu trong nudc va nuoc ngoai. Ndm 2016, Hai Phong ddn dau ea nudc vd thu hiit FDI vdi 3 ty USD vdn dang ky (Vietnamnet, 2016). Trong nhung nam gdn ddy, Hai Phong da thu hiit dupe nhidu du an FDI ciia cac tap doan ed thuong hidu qude te, vai sd vdn dang ky ldn nhu Dir an san xudt ldp d td Bridgestone 1,2 ty USD, Du an LG Display 1,5 ty USD va nhidu du an co von dang ky hang tidm trieu USD. Cac dy dn dang trong giai doan ddu xay dung va san xuat, nen vide nhap khiu thidt bi tao lap tdi san gdp phin Iam tang kim ngach nhdp khdu va tinh tiang nhap sidu. Ndu cdc du dn nay van hdnh tdt, se la co sd dd tang truang xudt khiu tiong tuong Iai.
T4.P CHi KHOA HOC, S6 28, thang 5/2018
3.1.2. Hogt ddng xudt Ididu
* Quy md xudt khdu
Nha nhimg chinh sach phu hop cua thanh phS va thuc diy xuat khSu ma trong nhung nam qua hoat dpng xuat khiu tang kha toan dien ca vh quy mo, t6c do, mat hang, ca ve thi truong va s6 lucmg tham gia ciia cac loai hinh doanh nghiep. Mac du nSn kinh te co nhi8u biSn dong, song kim ngach XK cua Hai Phong van tang tmong dSu hang nam. Toe do tang trudng kim ngach xuat khau bmh quan cua Hai Phong la 11,76%, cao hon mile tang
giai doan 2012 - 2017, tdc do tang tnrong hang nam binh quan 6 miic 19,36%, cao gSp 1,6 ijn miic tang truong GRDP. So voi nam 2007, kim ngach XK cua Hai Phong da tang hem 5 ijn, tvr 1,25 ty USD len dSn 6,34 ty USD nSm 2017.
Kim ngach XK binh quan dau nguoi cua thanh pho cijng tang trucmg dhu dan. Nam 2017 d^t 3.180,7USD, gSp 3 lin nam 2007 (chi dat 1.089,7USD). Trong giai doan 2007-2017, kim ngach xukt khiu cua Hai Phong chiem ty trpng bmh quan la 2,59% tdng kim ngach xuit khiu cua ca nuoc. Dat miic cao nhit vao nam 2017 la 2,97%.
trucmg binh quan cua ca nuoc la 11,6%. Trong
Bang 1: Kim ngach l u i t nhap khiu v4 can can thirong mji qufic te cua Hai Phong giai doan 2007 - 2017
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
TongKN
Viet Nara (Irifu USD)
111.326,00 143.399,00 127.045,10 157.075,20 203 655,50 228 309,60 264 065,40 298 066,00 327 680,40 350 743,00 425.123,20
TongKN XNK cua
Phong (trieu USD)
2.661,60 3.441,30 3.376,60 4 159,90 4.733,40 5.322,10 6.087,00 7.147,30 8.664,90 10.502,20 12.929,80
Ty
•n vol
1%)
2,39 2,40 2,66 2,65 2,32 2,33 2,31 2,40 2.64 2,99 3,04
Toe do
KN
cua Viet
(%)
28,81 -11,40 23,64 29,65 12,11 15,66 12,88 9,94 7,04 21,21
T6C d6
KN XNK
cua Hai Phong
(%)
29,29 -1,88 23,20 13,79 12,44 14,37 17,42 21,23 21,20 23,12
tangKN XNK cua Hal Ph6ng
(trieu USD)
779,70 -64,70 783,30 573,50 588,70 764,90 1.060,30 1,517,60 1.837,30 2.427,60
KNXK cua Hal
Phong (trieu
1.258,30 1.509,70 1.684.40 2,024,50 2.319,00 2.619,60 3.025,40 3 576,20 4.316,70 5.161,30 6 346,60
Toe do tang KNXK ciia Hai Phong
(%)
19,98 11,57 20,19 14,55 12,96 15,49 18,21 20,71 19,57 22,97
ciia Hai Phong
(tri^u
1.403,30 1,931,60 1.692,10 2.135,40 2.414,40 2.702,50 3.061,60 3.571,10 4.348,20 5.340,90 6.583,20
Toe dg tang KNNK cua Hai Phong
(%)
37,65 -12,40 26,20 13,07 11,93 13,29 16,64 21,76 22,83 23,26
c3n TMQT ciia Hai Ph6ng
(tri?u
-145,00 -421,90 -7,70 -110,90 -95,40 -82,90 -36,20 5,10 -31,50 -179,60 -236,60
; Tong cue Thong ke. Tdng cue Hdi quan. CIAC Thong ke Hdi Phdng.
Cue Hdi quan Hdi Phong. S& Cong thuang Hdi Phdng vd tinh todn cua tdc gid
TRirCJNG DAI HQC HAl PHONG
* Ca cdu xudt khdu
• Hke cong nghiep nbe vii lieu thu coQgn^ep
• Hkg cong nghiep n^ng 2 v^ khoang s k
(Nguon: Cue Thdng Ice Hdi Phdng) Hinh 1: Ca cdu hdng hod xudi khdu cua Hdi Phdng giai dogn 2007 - 2017
Trong nhirng nam qua, ca cau mat hang xudt khdu eua Hai Phdng da cd nbiJng thay ddi mang theo hudng tieh cue, bien dai.
Theo sd lieu tir Cue Thdng kd Hai Phdng, nhom hang thd ehua qua ehd bidn da giam dang kd vd ty trgng va gia tii. Nhdm hang Iam sdn, tang hi 10,6 ti-ieu USD nam 2007 len miic cao nhat nam 2013 la 15,4 trieu USD rdi giam xudng 2 trieu USD nam 2017.
Con so tuong ung eua nhom hang ndng san la 16,4 trieu USD nam 2007 va 3,3 ttieu USD nam 2017. Nhdm hang thuy san giii miie dn dinh vdi kim ngach XK khoang 50 ttieu USD/nam. Nhdm hang da qua chd bidn chd tao la cong nghidp nang, cdng nghiep nhe va tidu thii cdng nghiep ddu chiem ty tpng cao trong CO eau xuat khdu, cd miic tang trudng manh hang nam. Cdng nghi?p nhe va tidu thu cdng nghidp ludn chiem ty trpng cao nhdt trong kim ngach xuat khau ciia thanh phd.
Ndi bat la eae mat hang tiuydn thdng nhu ddt may, da giay, la cac mat hang xuat khau chu lire ludn chidm khodng tren 40% kim ngach
xudt khdu ca thanh phd. 3 nam lien tidp 2015 - 2017, nhdm hang gidy dep dat kim ngach tien 1 ty USD. Nam 2017 dat miie cao nhdt la 1,61 ty USD, gdp trdn 10 ldn kim ngach.
Hang det may ciing dat miic kim ngaeh 938,75 tridu USD vao ndm 2017, du bao se vupt miic 1 ty USD tiong nam tdi. Nhom mat hang eo ham lugng khoa hoc cdng nghe cao la hdng didn ta cung co su tang tiirong tdt, tang tii 105,68 tiieu USD nam 2010 ldn 368,70 tiieu USD. Ddy la nhom hang dupe ky vgng se tang trudng tiong thdi gian tdi sau khi eac du an FDI nhu LG Display, Fuji Xerox... di vao boat dpng dn dinh.
Ben eanh d6, mot sd mat hang xuat khau cd kim ngach tang cao la: san phdm plastic nam 2017 xudt khdu dat 668,5 trieu USD, tang 25,37% so vdi ciing ky nam tru6c; hang dien tu dat 368,7 tiieu USD, tang 30,18%... Cac mat hang khac nhu thu cdng my nghe, didn tii, hod chdt vdt lidu didn cung c6 tdc dp tdng binh qudn 15%/nam. Cung vdi ddng tdu xudt khdu, nganh co kbi chd tao d Hai Phong ciing da cd su dau tu biit pha tiong vide sdn xudt cac kdt eau thep sieu trudng, sieu trgng phuc vu nhu edu trong nude va xudt khdu hang chuc trieu USD ra thi trudng nudc ngoai.
Nhirng con sd tien cho thdy, kim ngach xudt khdu cua Hai Phong tang tap trung vao nhom cac mat hang didn tu, cdng nghd cao eiing nhu mdt sd nganh truydn thdng nhu giay dep, may mac... Dieu nay phan anh ro net dinh huang phat trien eua Hai Phong trong thdi gian qua khi viia tap trung duy tii sir phat trien cua nhom cac nganh edng nghidp truydn thdng, vua thiic day thu but ddu tu eua ngudn vdn FDI cho phat tridn eac nganh cdng nghiep
TAP CHI KHOA HQC, Sh 28, thang 5/2018
kJ thuat cao, phii hgp vdi xu thd hdi nhap qude td ngay cang sdu rpng.
Vd ea cdu khu virc kinh td tham gia xudt khau, khdi kmh td FDI co tde dp tang tiordng va gid tii xudt khdu cao nhat. Vai gia tii san xudt chidm 44% tdng gia tii cdng nghidp tidn dia ban, gia tri xudt khdu cua khdi kinh te cd vdn ddu tu nuoc ngoai chiem binh qudn hon 65,54% tdng kim ngach xuat khdu cua thanh pho. Gid tii xudt khdu cua khdi kinh td cd von ddu tu nudc ngoai tdng khd nhanh, nam 2012 kim ngach chi dat 1.541,88 ttieu USD, nam2013datang ban 21% dat 1.867,17 tiieu USD, ddn nam 2017 da dat 4.611,42 ttieu USD, (tang gdn gdp 3 Idn ldn so vdi nam 2012); toe do tang trudng binh quan ve kim ng^ch xudt khdu ciia khdi nay la 12,45%.
Khdi kinh td dia phuong chiem khoang 30%
kira ngach xudt khdu ciia thanh phd, nam 2017 dat khoang 1.819 tiieu USD. Trong thdi gian toi, can phai cd mdt chidn luge phii hgp dd thuc ddy xuat khdu cua khu vuc kinh td dia phuong, dam bao sir dn dinh, phat ttidn ben viing ciia xudt khdu thanh phd. Ngugc lai, khdi kinh te Trung uong ddng tien dia ban Hai Phdng co ddng gdp rdt it vao gia tti xudt khau, chu yeu tiong ITnh vuc ddng tau.
Khdi nay hidn chi ehidra 3-4% kim ngaeh xudt khdu, cd tde dp tang tiirdng thdp, nhieu nam tang truang dm.
* Thi Inr&ng xudt khdu
Thi trudng xudt khau hang boa cua thanh phd duac cung cd va md rdng. Tinh den nay, tidn dia ban thanh phd da cd tidn 600 doanh nghiep thudc eac thanh phdn kinh td tham gia xuit khdu. Hang boa xudt khdu eiia Hai Phdng da tieu thu dugc a thi trudng ciia tidn 75 qudc gia va viing lanh thd, trong
dd cd cdc thi tiircmg Idti nhu: Trung Qude, My, Nhdt Ban, Dai Loan, EU, Han Qudc, Chdu Uc va mpt sd tbi trudng khdc.
Tii chd phai Id thugc hoan toan vao khu vuc thi trudng Dong Au va Lien xd (cu), hi ndra 1991 ddn nay, thi tiucmg xudt khdu ngay cang dugc rad rpng tu khu vuc ASEAN ddn chau A, ehau Au, chdu Ue va chdu MJ, chau Phi. Neu nhu tii nam 2000 tid vd truae thi truong xuat khau chii ydu eua Hai Phong Id d khu vuc chdu A, thi tii ndm 2001 den nay, thi trudng da dugc da dang boa.
Trong ndm 2017, bdy thi trudng xudt khdu chinh eiia thanh phd da chidm hon 9 3 % tdng gia tri xudt khdu eiia thdnh phd, trong do Nhdt Ban la thi truong xuat khau ldn nhdt. Ndu nhu kira ngach xudt khau hang hda ciia Hai Phong sang Nhat nam 2012 chi la 560,31 tti?u USD (chidm ty trgng 21,39% trong tdng so gia tri kim ngach xuat khau cung nam) thi con sd nay nam 2017 la 1.761,60 trieu USD, chidm ty trpng 27,76% va tang ban gdp 3 Idn so vdi nam 2012. Cac thi trudng eo tde dp tang trudng tdt nhdt la ASEAN va Nhdt Bdn.
Su tang trudng nay nhd' anh hudng khdng nhd tii tu do boa thuang mai npi khdi theo Id trinh eiia hiep dinh thuang raai tu do ASEAN va hi^p dinh thuong mai Viet Nam - Nhdt Ban. Nhin chung, nhiing thi trudng xudt khdu truydn thdng cua Hdi Phdng tiep tue tang manh va mpt sd thi truong khac cung cd su tang truong va md rdng. Nhiing ket qua trdn mgt phdn dugc ly giai bdi nguyen nhan do khi Viet Nam tra thanh thanh vien cua cac td chiic thuang mai qudc te, cac rao cdn vd han ngach bi da bd, rao cdn vd thud suat thud nhap khdu vao cdc nu6c dugc cat giam,...
8 I TRi/OfNG DAI HQC HAl PHONG
eac doanh nghidp xudt khau ciia Hai Phong da ngay tan dung dupe eo hdi nay, ddy manh xudt khau, lam phong phii thj tru6ng xudt khdu cua thanh phd.
3.1.3. Hogt dgng nhdp khdu
* Quy mo nhgp khdu
Sau khi Viet Nam gia nhdp WTO va hgi nhdp ngay cang sau rgng vao nen kinh td the giai vao khu vue, cae cam ket qudc te ve tu do hod thuong mai Id tac nhdn chinh tdi vide tang truang nhap khau. Lp trinh giam thud va cho phep cac nhd dau tu nuac ngoai tham gia nhap khau, phdn phoi hdng boa, ciing voi vide cdi ttdi dieu kien ddi voi doanh nghiep tham gia kinh doanh xuat nhap khau theo Luat Doanh nghiep 2005 dd lara gia tang sd doanh nghiep thara gia true tidp vao hoat dpng XNK ma trudc hdt la nhap khau hang hod tidu dimg va tu lieu san xuat. Vai truyen thdng kmh doanh thuang mai va XNK, eae doanh nghidp Hai Phong tan dung eac quan he ban hang truydn thdng va khai thac thi trudng radi de day manh nhap khau.
Theo sd lieu thdng kd, ttong giai doan 2007-2017, kim ngach nhdp khdu cua Hai Phong ehiera ty ttgng binh qudn Id 2,51%
tdng kim ngach nhdp khdu eua ea nuoc. Tdc dp tang trudng kim ngach nhdp khau binh qudn cua Hai Phong la 11,62%(, cao ban khdng nhieu miie tang tiirdng binh qudn eua ca nudc la 11,29%. Sau 10 nam, gia trj NK eua Hai Phdng tang gan 4,7 tdn, tir 1,4 ty USD nam 2007 ldn 6,58 ty USD vao nam 2017. Nam 2008 co raiie tang trudng cao nhdt dat 37,65%, truoc khi giam 12,4% vao nam 2009, do anh hudng ciia khiing hoang kmh td - tai chinh. Hoat ddng nhdp khdu dugc phuc hdi ngay tii nam 2010 va tidp tuc
tang truong 3 ttong sudt giai doan tiep vdi miic tdng tiirdng bmh quan xdp xi 19%/ndm.
Kim ngach NK binh quan ddu ngudi lien Uie tang va dat miic 3.299,2 USD/nguoi/nam vao ndm 2017.
* Ca cdu nhdp khdu
90% -!
80% - 70% - 60% - 40% - 30%
20% - 10%
f-f-
a i i a • HaiigWiAc - HJiigy te
• Tliircpliiini - Lircmg thi^c
• Nguyen, iilueii.
(Nguon: Cue Thdng ke Hdi Phdng) Hinh 2: Ca cdu hdng hod nhdp khdu eua Hdi Phong giai dogn 2007 - 2017
Cd the nhdn thdy su thay ddi co cdu hang nhdp khdu theo hudng tang ty tigng tu lieu san xuat vd kidm soat chat che nhap khdu hang tieu dimg d miic dudi 9%. Nhdm mat hang sat thep va phdi chidra ty ttgng kha Ion ttong vai nam dau ky do su phat trien nong cua ngdnh cdng ngbiep dong tau ttdn dia ban thanh phd. Nhom hang nguyen phu lieu may mac, da giay ngay cang gia tang do sir phat tiien cua hoat ddng gia cdng xuat khau.
Trong nhdp khdu tu lidu san xuat, may radc thiet bi ehiem tir 55-60%, cdn lai la nguyen nhien vat lieu. Xu hudng nhap khau nguyen vat lieu, may moc thiet bi phuc vu san xuat ddu tang eho thay boat ddng san xudt ciia thanh phd da di vao dn dinh, cd nhu cdu tang sdn lupng, phdn anh rd net dinh huong dung dan, kich thich sdn xudt, thue ddy thu but ddu tu, phat trien cae ngdnh cong nghiep ky thuat
T^P CHI KHOA HQC, So 28, thang 5/2018
eao eiia Hai Phong tiong thdi gian qua da phat huy hieu qua.
Vd CO cdu khu virc kinh te tham gia xudt khdu, sd lieu thdng ke eho thdy, cd sy chuydn dieh tiong co cdu nhdp khau eiia Hdi Phdng theo khu vue kinh td: kinh te ed vdn dau tu nude ngoai chiem ty trgng ngay cdng tang thi kinh te dia phuang vd kinh te Trung uong cd ty tipng giam tuang iing tiong tdng gia tti nhap khdu eiia Hai Phdng. NhQng nam gdn day, xu hudng gia tang nhap khdu may moc thiet hi tao lap tai san ciia cac du an FDI cung lam gia tang ty ttpng va tdng kim ngach nhdp khdu. Gia tri nhdp khdu ciia khdi kinh te cd vdn ddu tu nuoc ngoai tang kha nhanh, nam 2012 kira ngach chi dat 1.619,82 tiieu USD, nam 2013 da tang gdn 20% dat 1.940,43 tiieu USD, ddn nam 2017 da dat 3.656,23 ttieu USD (tang 2,25 Idn so vdi nam 2012); tdc dp tang tiirdng binh qudn vd kim ngach nhdp khau ciia khdi nay la 12,33%.
Tde dd tang trudng binh qudn hang nam ciia khdi kinh td dia phuang dat 11,74% nhung ty ttpng dong gdp vao tdng kim ngach nhdp khdu cua khdi nay dang ed xu huang giam ddn do su phat ttien nhanh cua khdi kinh td cd vdn ddu tu nudc ngoai. Tuy nhien, day van la khdi kinh te co nhidu dong gdp vao tri gid nhdp khau chung eua thanh phd, chidm binh qudn gdn 1/3 frong tdng kim ngach nhap khdu. Khdi kinh te Trung uong chi chidm ty trgng nhd trong tdng gia tii kim ngach nhap khau cua thdnh pho (chua ddn 3%) vd cd tdc dp tang trudng cham.
* Thi tru&ng nhdp khdu:
Hdng hda ciia Hai Phdng dugc nhap khdu tir khodng trdn 70 qudc gia. Ty frpng hang hoa nhdp khdu tir Nhat Ban, Han Qudc va cae nude ASEAN ludn chidm vi tti quan
frpng va tang ldn nhanh chdng. Nb^t Ban la thi trudng nhap khau lan nhdt cua Hai Phdng Xet 5 nam gdn day, kim ngaeh nhap khdu hang hoa ciia Hai Phong tir Nhat nam 2012 chi la 725,6 tridu USD (chidm ty ttgng 26,85% trong tdng sd gia tii kim ngach nhap khdu eiing nam) thi con sd nay nam 2017 la 2.021,5 tiieu USD, ehidm ty trgng ban 30%
vd tang ban gap 2,79 ldn so vdi nam 2012.
Diing ngay sau Nhdt Ban, lupng hang hoa nhdp tir Trung Qudc ludn co gid tii eao va tang dn dinh. Dac bidt boat dpng bien mau vdi Trung Qudc la mdt frong nhirng nguydn nhan chinh ddn ddn gia tang hang nhap khdu tir Trung Qudc, vdi kim ngach vupt 1 ty USD vao nam 2015 va dat ttdn 1,6 ty USD vao nam 2017. Trong khi do, hang boa tu ASEAN chi chidm khodng 7% va dat 461,1 frieu USD tiong nam 2017. Hang boa tir EU chiem khoang 5% voi gia tii nam 2017 la 316,9 tiieu USD.
3.1.4. Ddnh gid chung ve hogt dgng xudt nhdp khdu cita Hdi Phdng giai dogn 2012-2017
* Kit qud dgt dugc
Quy md va tde dp tang trudng eua xuat khau Hdi Phdng da duac rad rgng va tang tnrdfng d miic dp kha cao. Hdu hdt nhiing clii tidu dupe dat ra ve tang trudng xudt khdu frong cae kd hoach, chidn luge phdt tiidn kinh td xa hdi eua thanh phd ddu da dugc thuc hidn dat va vuot, ddc bidt co mot sd chi tieu da vugt a miic cao.
Ca cdu hang xudt khdu da cd nhiing chuydn bidn tich eye theo huong tang ddn ty trpng nhom hang ehd bidn, chd tao, nhdm hang ed ham lugng edng nghe va ehat xam cao, gidm dan ty tigng xudt khdu hang thu, hang gia cong. Nhidu mat hang xudt khdu da 10 I TRirdNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
md rpng duge quy md san xudt, nang cao gia tii xudt khau nhu ddt may, giay dep, eo khi,... nhieu mat hang mai c6 tdc dp tang trudng cao dang va se la nhihig hat nhdn quan ttgng ttong co cau xuat khdu hang boa cua Hai Phong trong nhihig nam tdi ddy nhu ddng tau, ddy cap didn...
Thi trudng xuat khau ngay cang duoc md rgng va da dang boa. Cong tac phat tridn thi tmdng xuat khdu dat dugc nhidu thanh tiju quan tipng, vira md ra nhiing thi trudng mdi, vira thdm nhap va khai thac tdt hon nhiing thi truang dang co. Dieu nay lam giam su phu thupc ciia xuat khau thanh phd vao mdt sd it thi trudng nhdt dinh, giam nii ro trong phat trien xuat khau.
* Nhimg vdn de tdn tgi
Trong nhiing nam qua, xuat khau eiia thanh phd da dat duoc nhieu thanh tyu nhimg ben eanh do vdn con tdn tai rat nhieu han ehe. Gia tri xudt khau cua Hai Phdng tuy da tang nhanh qua cac nara nhimg quy md van cdn nho, chiem ty ttpng nho ttong tdng kim ngach xudt khdu ciia cd nude (dudi 3%) va mat can doi giira eac nganh kinh te. Nhom nganh dich vu phuc vu xudt khau, nhu: cang bidn, bim ehinh vidn thdng, du lich, dieh vu xuat nhap khdu (tam nhdp tai xuat, qua canh, gia cong tdi ehe, giam dinh hang hoa)... phat tridn cham ehua tuong xiing voi tidm nang, lgi the vdn cd eua thanh phd nam trong vung kinh te ddng lye phia Bac.
Tde do tang trudng nhdp khdu tang kha cao, nhung gia tti kim ngaeh thdp chua tao dugc budc phat tridn dot pha, chua tuong xiing vai thd manh eiia thdnh phd edng nghiep c6 cdng bidn ldn. Cac san phdm xuat khdu chua phong phii, sue eanh ttanh thap.
chu ydu la gia cdng, ty Id npi dia hda thap, gia tri gia tang ttong san phdm xudt khdu khdng eao. Mot sd mat hang xudt khdu ed gia tri gia tang cao nhu thiiy san, ndng sdn lai ehua tao dugc vimg nguyen Heu. Do vdy, gia tri kim ngach dong gdp tiong co cdu GDP thdp, hieu qua kmh td tiiu duge tii hoat ddng xudt khdu con khiem tdn, chua chidm ty tigng ldn ttong ndn kinh td cua thanh phd, ehua ehu dgng dugc ngudn nguyen lieu san xudt hang xudt khau, nhidu chiing loai nguyen lieu sdn xuat cac mat hang xudt khdu chu lye ed gia tti kira ngaeh Idn lai chu yeu la nguyen lieu nhdp khau, phu thudc vao thi tnrdng nuac ngoai, nhdt la ddi vdi ddt may - giay dep, vat lieu dien, hda chat, ke ed la ddng tau xudt khdu.
Tdc do mo rpng thi tiirdng xuat khdu chua tuong xiing vdi tiem nang, thd manh ciia thanh phd. San pham xuat khau chu yeu van la gia cdng, gia tii gia tang va ham lugng chat xam, cdng nghd eao tiong san phdm con thap; chua tao ra dugc them nhidu san pham xuat khau co gia tri kim ngaeh ldn. San pham xuat khau cd thuong hidu cdn it. Ndng san, thuy san xuat khau chua tao lap dugc ngudn nguyen lieu dn dinh.
Kdt qua cua hoat dgng xiic tidn thuong mai va dao tao chua cao, nhan thirc va tu duy ddi mdd cdn han che.
3.2. Xu hudng va giai phap phat trlln xuat nhap khau cAa thanh pho Hdi Phdng trong giai doan day manh hoi nhap
3.2.1. Boi cdnh m&i cho thuang mgi quoc te ciia Viet Nam vd Hdi Phdng
Trong thap nien thir hai eiia thd ky XXI, the gidi bien chuydn theo xu hudng ddi thoai, gan kdt va chia se ngay edng sau rgng giua cac qudc gia, cae khu vyc va trdn quy T^P CHi KHOA HQC, S6 28, thang 5/2018 I H
md todn cdu. Ndn kinh te tii thirc ehiu anh hudng nhieu hon cua cdng nghe, tii tue thdng minh va Intemet, kinh td toan edu budc vao mdt ky nguydn mdi duai tdc ddng ciia each mang edng nghiep lan thii tu.
Viet Nara tid thdnh didm "giao thoa"
ciia cae hiep djnh FTA duge ky kdt tiong thdi gian gdn day nhu E-V FTA, EAEU FTA, CTTPP, ASEAN+3, hiep dinh thuang mai Viet Nam - Nhdt Bdn... Cdng ddng kinh td ABC da hinh thanh cudi nam 2016, hiep dinh CTTPP da dupe chinh thiie dugc ky kdt thay thd cho TPP vdo thang 3/2018. Nhung cara kdt tiioa thudn qudc td da khien eho ndn kinh td Viet Nam tid nen "md" hon bao gio het vdi cd hang boa, ddu tu va cac nhd kinh doanh.
Mdi tnrdng kinh doanh ttong nude dupe cai thldn vdi nhiing dieu kien thudn Igi danh cho doanh nghiep va kinh doanh. Nhiing ydu td do la didu kien ly tudng de gia tang ddng chdy thuang mai qudc td cua Viet Nam.
Nam trong bdi cdnh do, Id mdt thdnh phd cdng nghiep — cdng bidn cd truydn thdng ldu nam, ddng thdi la cua ngo giao thuang vdi nude ngodi ciia khu vyc phia Bae, Hai Phdng cd nhidu co hgi dd ddy manh boat ddng xudt nhdp khdu, tid thanh nai cung cdp hang boa tidu diing, tu lieu san xudt cho ca nudc, ddng thdi la eua ehinh dua hang hod Viet Nara ra vdi thd gidi. Nhting ndra qua, mac dil boat ddng XNK cua Hdi Phdng vdn lien tyc tang trudng, song chi chidra rapt ty tigng nhd trong tdng kim ngach XNK ca nudc, chua tuong xirng vdi vi the, tidm nang va ky vpng. Hang boa xudt khdu chu ydu vdn Id nhdm hang gia cdng, ham lugng khoa hge cong nghd thdp. Hoat ddng nhap khdu chua ed nhiing doanh nghidp ldn, thye hidn nhdp khdu vd phan phdi ra todn qudc. Cdc doanh nghiep XNK lau ndm vdn chu ydu bam vao
thi trudng Trung Qudc, thyc hidn nghiep vu bien mdu, Igi nhudn khdng eao.
Trong nhirng ndm gdn ddy, Hai Phdng da CO gdng eai thidn mdi trudng ddu tu kinh doanh, thu hiit hang loat cdc dy an ddu tu nudc ngoai va frong nuac cd sd vdn ldn, vao nhiing nganh nghe quan frpng. Khu kinh t6 Dinh Vu - Cat Hdi cimg vai cac khu cdng nghiep Hai Phong ddn nhan cac dy an ty dd nhu Bridgestone, LG, Fuji Xerox... cua cac nha ddu tu nuac ngoai hay dy an d td Vinfast eiia tap doan Vingroup. Trong giai doan ddu, vide nhdp khau thidt bi tao lap tai san eua cdc dy an se khien cho can can thuang mai ldm vao tinh tiang nhdp sieu, song ldu dai, cac sdn phdm xudt khdu tir cac du an cd hara lupng cdng nghe eao se giup ndng cao nang lyc canh franh xudt khdu va can bang can cdn thuang mai qudc te. Mot frong nhiing didm han chd la vide cae doanh nghiep phu fro cua Viet Nam rdt kho khan khi tham gia ehuoi eung iing vdo eae dy an FDI vi cac nha ddu tu FDI Idn thudng keo theo bdng loat dy dn FDI phu fro, ddng thai CO xu huang su dyng sdn phdm, dich vy ciia doanh nghidp nudc chii ddu tu. Hoat ddng logistics ciia Hai Phong eon manh raiin, chu ydu tap frung vao dich vu hai quan vd van tdi dudng bd. Ha tang giao thdng, cang bien va dd thi da c6 nhidu cai bien, nhung van ehua dap iing duge nhu cdu cua van tai va ngoai thuong.
3.2.2. Dinh hu&ngphdt triin hogt dong xudt nhdp khdu cua Hdi Phdng
- Ddi mdi md hinh tang tnrdng, chu trgng phat tridn theo chidu sau, chuydn manh tir chil ydu dua vao xudt khdu vd vdn ddu tu sang phat ttien ddng thdi dua ea vao vdn dau tir, xuat khdu va thi trudng trong nuoc;
12 I TRircfNG DAI HOC HAI PHONG
- Chil ddng, tieh eye hdi nhdp kinh td qudc td, da dang hda, da phuong hda quan he kinhtd qudc te.
- Phat tridn xuat khdu ttdn co sd khai thdc hgp ly tai nguyen thidn nhien, ban che d nhidm mdi trudng vd can kiet tai nguydn, ndng cao kha nang dap iing cac quy dinh va tieu chudn mdi ttirdng eua hang hoa xuit khdu.
- Day manh nhdp khdu cong nghe tien tien, ban chd nhdp khdu nhirng mat hang trong nudc sdn xudt dupe, ban che nhdp khau hang hoa nguy hai ddi vdi mdi trudng vd siie khde, edn ddi xudt, nhdp khdu theo budng ban che nhdp sieu, tidn tdi edn bang can cdn thuong mai.
- Da dang hoa thi tnrdng xudt khdu, giii viing vd phat tridn cdc thi truong truyen thong nhu: EU, Hoa Ky, Nhdt Bdn, Trung Qude, Nga; day manh xuat khdu, mo rdng eac thi trudng tiem nang nhu chdu My, chdu Phi, thi trucmg Trung can Ddng, Nam A.
- Tich eye va chu ddng tham gia vdo mang ludi san xuat va ehuoi gid tri toan cdu;
san xudt, xuat khdu ede mat hang co gia tri gia tang cao, chd bidn sdu, cd ham lupng cdng nghd cao [5].
3.2 3. Mgt so di xudt
Trong bdi canh day thudn lgi, dd cd the tan dung tdt cac co hdi tir hpi nhdp vd dd phat tridn ciia ddt nudc, thanh phd, khac phyc cae tid ngai, thach thiic nhdm day manh boat ddng XNK eua thanh phd Hdi Phdng, ttong khudn khd bdi viet nay xin dd xudt mpt so gidi phap nguyen tac, can ban sau:
Thu nhdt, tidp tuc eai thien radi truding kinh doanh va dau tu, hd trp day nhanh tidn do xdy dyng cdc dy an dau tu san xudt hang xuat khau cua doanh nghiep,
dac bidt cae dy an FDI, cae dy an eo hara lugng khoa hge cdng nghe eao de tao ngudn hang xudt khdu co gia tri gia tang va siic canh tranh cao.
Thie hai, ddy manh cac boat ddng xiic tidn thuang mai, ndng eao vai fro eua So Cdng thuong frong xiic tidn thuong mai. Xay dyng cdng thdng tin xudt nhdp khdu Hdi Phong nhdm kdt ndi thuong nhdn Hdi Phong trong nudc vd nudc ngoai.
Thie ba, van dgng cae hiep hdi doanh thuang thdnh lap eae doanh nghiep thuong mai dii Ion dd thye hien hoat dgng XNK va phan phdi toi cdc dia phuong frong ed nudc.
Thie lu, tang cudng ddo tao ky nang, nghiep vu kinh doanh quoc te, thuong mai didn tir cho cac doanh nghidp, tan dung Ipi thd ciia CMCN4.0, ddy manh kinh doanh trye tuyen.
Thu ndm, tidp tue phat frien ha tdng, ddy raanh thu hiit ddu tu vdo Khu kinh td Dinh Vii - Cdt Hai va cdc khu, cyra cdng nghidp, ddy nhanh tidn dO cac cong tiinh giao thdng, nghidn ciiu xdy dyng dudng vanh dai de franh im tac giao thdng.
Thu sdu, phat tridn boat ddng logistics, xdy dyng cac trung tdm logistics hd trp cho boat dgng XNK.
Thu bdy, tiep tuc day raanh boat dpng kinh doanh bien mdu, tan dung thi trudng truydn thdng va kinh nghidm eua cdc doanh nghiep bien mau; thdnh lap Hiep hgi kinh doanh bien mau dd cd dinh hudng va qudn Iy hidu qua ban.
Thu tdm, ddy manh khai thac ngudn lye vd cdc thj tnrdng mdi tii cac hidp dinh FTA md Viet Nam da va se tham gia ky kdt.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC, So 28, thang 5/2018 13
4. KET LUAN
Qua vide nghien ciiu va phdn tich cac chi tidu danh gia kdt qud boat ddng xudt nhdp khdu cua Hdi Phdng giai doan 2007- 2017, boat ddng xudt nhdp khdu ciia Hai Phdng c6 thd ndi la da cd buac phdt tridn manh me. Tde dp tang trudng kim ngaeh xuat khau trung binh cua thanh phd dat 19,36%/nam. V6 co ban, Hai Phdng da va dang thyc hien dugc muc tieu de ra trong ke hoach hanh ddng cua Uy ban nhan ddn thanh phd thye hien chien luge xuat nhdp khdu hang hda thdi ky 2011-2020, dinh hudng den ndm 2030. Tuy nhien, hoat ddng
xudt khdu cua Hdi Phong eon tdn tai mdt sd ban chd nhu tdc dp tang trudng xudt khdu kha cao, nhung ehua tuong xiing vdi M manh cua thdnh phd cdng nghiep cd h^
thdng cang bidn ldn; san phdra xudt khdu ehu ydu vdn la gia eong, gia tti gia tang va ham lugng chat xam, cdng nghe eao tiong san phdm con thdp. Do vdy, trong thdi gian tdi Hdi Phdng can phdi cd nhung buoc di tich eye ban niia nhdm tang kim ngach xudt khau, giam thdm hyt can cdn thuong mai dong thdi ndng cao nang lye canh tranh ctia cac sdn pham xudt khau tren thj trudng qudc te.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Cyc Hdi quan Hdi Phong (2017), Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hien cong ldc ndm 2017 va phuang huang nhiem vu ndm 2018
2. Cyc Thdng ke Hdi Phdng (2017), Bdo cdo sa bg kit qud Tong dieu tra kinh le ndm 2017 cua Hdi Phdng
3. Cyc Thdng kd Hai ^hang, Nien gidm thong ki cdc ndm tie 2007 din 2016
4. Sd Cdng thuong Hai Phong (2017), Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin ki hogch ndm 2017 sdn xudt edng nghiip vd hogt dgng thuang mgi TP Hdi Phong
5. UBND TP Hai Phdng (2012), Quyit dinh 2252/QD-UBND ngdy 24/12/2012, ban hdnh Ke hogch hdnh dgng cua UBND Thdnh pho thuc hiin Chien luge XNK hdng hod th&i ky 2011-2020, dinh huang din ndm 2030
14 I TRirdNGD^I HOC HAI PHONG