CHAPTER TWO: POVERTY IN DODOMA, TANZANIA
2.1. Poverty in Tanzania: An Overview
2.1.3. Causes of Poverty in Tanzania
The 2003 report of Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations (UN) says the concept of Human development looks beyond per capita income, human resource development, and basic needs as a measure of progress and also assesses such factors as human freedom, dignity and human agency, that is, the role of people in development.4 The Human Development Index indicates that Tanzania ranked 160 out of 175, which portrays its low human development.4 The country is one of the poorest on the continent and in the World, and its per capita income was estimated in 2004 at about only US$290 per annum.42 To promote poverty reduction, the country has engaged in different strategies that have been promoted by the government.
However even though different development models have been utilized, Tanzanians still remain poor both in urban and in rural communities. Statistics show that, "18.7% of Tanzanians live below the food poverty line and 35.7% live below the basic needs poverty line. Poverty is more severe in rural areas as compared to urban areas. Indeed among the total poor population, the urban poor constitute about 13% compared to 87%
in rural areas."43 Of all people, the most poverty affected and most vulnerable groups found in communities are women and children. It is therefore necessary to explain issues applicable to poverty before we can attend to socio-economic conditions experienced in Dodoma
Like any other African country, Tanzania suffers from many causes of poverty. These causes emanate from a wide range of vulnerabilities. The following are some of the constraints that hinder poor people from improving their living conditions. The slave trade and colonialism, among other things, were the major causes of natural and human resource deprivation. The colonial rulers plundered and exploited the wealth of the country so as to develop their own home countries. The natural resources that were
40 UNDP, 2003
41 UNDP, 2003
42 UNDP 2003
43 Republic of Tanzania, PRS, SPR, 2003 :V
shipped to the Northern hemisphere include human beings, diamonds, gold, ivory and other minerals.44
The socio-economic systems also played their part in disempowering people of their ability to stand on their own. There have been various policies in the post colonial period, which affected and still affect the people especially the poor. For instance, Ujamaa policies nationalized all the main economic means of production in the country, which did not allow external investors into the country, and caused a conflict of interests between the two parties. This approach of Ujamaa was aimed at favouring the poor people so that they could also benefit from the national revenue. Free medical services and free education were some of the benefits the ordinary citizens enjoyed after the nationalisation of the public institutions. However, this policy was not welcomed by the First World countries because it did not favour the capitalist policy.43
When the East African countries attained independence, they formed the East African Community, which existed until 1977.46 The collapse of this alliance led to the disintegration of the East African region. In the same year there was a price decline in the marketing of coffee. This collapse of the coffee market caused increased poverty levels in Tanzania.47
Traditionally, agriculture has been the backbone of the country's economy. Eighty percent of the people work in the agricultural sector, which generates 60% of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, the Tanzanian agricultural sector is characterised by low productivity due to low levels of technology utilization, insufficient rainfall, low prices in the world and local domestic markets; and hence, the
44 Kaniki, M. H (eds )Tanzania 1980. 30-40
43 Shocks which hit Tanzania are well illustrated in the following books, Maliyamkono, T. L and Bagachwa M.S.D. The second economy in Tanzania ( Dar es Salaam: ESAURP, 1990); Colin Legum and Geoffrey Mmari Mwalimu the Influence ofNyerere (Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota 1995) 108 -119; Knud Erik Svendsen, "The Creation of Macro Economic Imbalances and Structural Crisis' in Jannik Boesen (ed) Tanzania Crisis and Struggle for Survival (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies), 1986.
46 Legum and Mmari Mwalimu, 115-119
47 Legum and Mmari, Mwalimu, 115-119
48 Tanzania Agriculture Sector Development Strategies -October, 2001
people depend mainly on subsistence farming. The agricultural sector which provides a livelihood for the majority of the rural poor population has not performed according to expectations.
Drought is another aspect that, in the years, 1973 to 1974 and again in 1991 to 1992 resulted in increased vulnerability among the people in the country. The east African region faced drought spells in the years indicated because of climatic changes that are caused by the global warming, which is being felt even in our time. Water sources dry out and as a result people do not have water for irrigation, for livestock and for human use.
Drought leads to crop failure and a host of livestock diseases.49
Iddi Amini Dada's invasion of the northern part of Tanzania forced Tanzania into a war with Uganda. Consequently, the country spent huge amounts of money to safeguard its sovereignty. This expenditure of money created financial problems, and the government could not offer to cushion people's lives through subsidies. Worse still, the price of oil doubled in the same period (1979-1980) and this, caused transport problems. Farming inputs and implements could not reach the intended farmers in time.50
Unfair international economic and development policies, which include the IMF, World Bank, and World Trade Organisation, (WTO), also affected people's livelihoods.51 For example the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes has caused many people to be retrenched and the rate of unemployment has increased.32 The poor cannot afford cost sharing of health services and many of the poor may die without being attended to by a doctor. Globalisation and the free market have caused the internal industries to be closed because they cannot compete with external markets and as a result many people have lost their jobs.
S.N. Lwilla, The challenge of Economic Development to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Makete, Tanzania (MTh thesis. PMB: UNP. 1999) 152-153.
50 Svendsen "The Creation oflmbalances", 115-119
M Svendsen "The Creation oflmbalances", 115-119
52 Svendsen "The Creation oflmbalances", 115-119
These external shocks have had their immediate effects on Tanzania at a time when there was a general shift in development thinking, away from reliance on the state and manufacturing industries. These are some of the main causes of poverty in Tanzania, which are applicable to all twenty-one regions of Tanzania Mainland and the five regions of Tanzania Zanzibar.