INSTABILITY
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.4 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS WASTE
GENERATION
In Lesotho, a database on numbers of industries and commercial establishments is not stored electronically. The compilation of the data on this subject was done manually from data files and folders with the help of personnel at the Ministry of Trade and Industry. This information was then verified by referring to other previous similar studies. From this database, it was estimated that there were 93 industries in Maseru urban and 26 in Mapustoe giving a total of
119 industries in both towns. Similarly, the commercial establishments were estimated to be 4634 in Maseru and 635 in Maputsoe totaling to 5269 commercial establishments in both towns. Based on these numbers and the results from field study, as indicated in Tables 4.12, 4.13, and 4.14, the required calculations on quantities of waste generated by these establishments were made.
Table 4.12 Weekly Averages of Solid Waste Generation per Establishment 6
(Kglesta/week)
Category of Paper Plastic Organic Beverage Textiles! Glass PHHW
Waste !Food Cans!Foils Fabric
wastes
Establishment Number of Total
Establishm Average
ent waste
Surveyed generated
Industries 7.08 6.97 15.48 0.42 49.64 0.36 #1139.10 1219.05
(In Maseru) N = 11
Commercial N 13 345.90 232.40 35.60 4.90
-
0.40 - 619.20Establishment (In Maseru)
Sourcc. Computed b)' the Author from thc Sun'cy Data
6 lnfo~ation on the number of establishments excluded the government public institutions which were extensl".ely research~d by Mhlanga and Gulilat (1997), and whose findings of Average Annual Solid Waste GeneratIOn per establishment were 828 kilograms per annum.
7 ~ost of the potential haz~dous waste .indicated under industries (# ) is the fly dust of clay from brick making.
This would be useful materIal for covermg the waste and the sanitary landfill site.
Results in Table 4.12 showed that the 11 surveyed industries in Maseru generated an average quantity of 1,219.05 kg per industry per week. Likewise, the13 surveyed commercial establishments in Maseru generated an average quantity of 628.00 Kg per establishment per week. Although quantities generated per establishment were lower for commercial establishments than those of industries were, the former are the overall major contributor of municipal solid waste, as shown in Table 4.14 and Fig. 4.26. The simple explanation is that there were more commercial establishments than there were industries.
A further attempt was made to establish waste quantities generated per site in a given area, as indicated in Table 4.13 and Fig.4.25. This was done in order to get a proper picture that would help in the preparations of integrated waste management systems. In this study, the industries and commercial establishments for Maputsoe were not sampled. This was due to limited time and fmancial constraints. Besides, these industries and commercial establishments have similar characteristics in modes of production and operation. Therefore, an assumption was made that the values of waste generated by establishments in Maputsoe should be derived from the Maseru survey results.
Table 4.13 Total Weekly Average Solid Waste Generation by establishments in a Surveyed Area (Kg/Area/Week)
Area of Surveyed Number of WeekJy Average Waste Total Waste Establishment Establishments per waste generated Generated by Generated by
Surveyed Area 8 per Establishment establishments Establishments per Area per per Area per day week
Ha Thesane Industrial Site 38 1219.05 46,323.90 6617.70
(Maseru)
Rail Station Industrial site 23 1219.05 28038.15 4005.45
(Maseru)
Maputsoe 26 1219.05 * 31695.30 4527.90
Industrial Site Maputsoe
Maseru Commercial 4634 628.00 2910152.00 415716.14
Centres (Maseru)
Maputose Commercial 635 628.00 * 398780.00 56965.85
Centres (Maputsoe)
Source. Computed by the Author from the Survey Data
*
These figures are weighted averages of all the households in the two towns and are derived from the Maseru main survey results.8 Information on the number of establishments was sourced from Ministry of Trade and Industry. (Maseru has a
The results from computations shown in Table 4.13, Fig. 4.25 and Map 4.1 indicate that all 38 industries in Ha Thesane industrial site generated an estimated total quantity of 46,323.90 kg/week (46.32 tonnes/week) or 6,617.70 Kg/day (6.62 tonnes/day). Those 23 industries located in the railway station area in Maseru generated an estimated quantity of 28,038.15 kg/week (28.04 tonnes/week) or 4,005.45 Kg/day (4.01 tonnes/day). In the case of Maputsoe, as indicated in Table 4.13 and Map 4.2, the derived calculations gave an indication that the 26 industries in this place would generate 31,695.30 kg/week (31.695 tonnes/week) or 4,527.90 kg/day (4.53 tonnes/day).
Quantities of waste are important in order to plan and design the solid waste management system. Lack of understanding of waste quantities has contributed to a number of problems, such as over-designed or under-designed systems. From the results of this study, it has shown that the waste generated from the surveyed areas was not small, taking into account that there was no sanitary landfill in Maseru, or in Maputsoe. Therefore, the figures indicated that waste generation was likely to be significant in Maseru and Maputsoe; hence, its management needed urgent attention.
Waste Generated by establishments kilogram per Area per week
Ha The same Industrial Site (Maseru)
• Rail Station Endustrial site (Maseru)
o
Maputsoe I ndustrial Siteo
Maseru Commercial Centres (Maseru)• Maputsoe Commercial Centres (Maputsoe)
Fig. 4.25 Weekly waste generation by establishment in kilograms per sunreyed area.
In terms of commercial establishments, the 4.634 commercial establishments in Maseru generated a total waste of2,91O,152.00 kg/week (2,910.2 tonnes/week) or 415,716.14 kg/day (415.7 tonnes/day). The derived values for Maputsoe gave rise to Maputsoe commercial establishments generating 398,780.00 Kg/week (398.78 tonnes/week) or 56,965 kg/day (56.97 tonnes/day). (See Fig. 4.25, Maps 4.1,4.2, and Table 4.13 for further details).
As indicated the figure of industries, commercial establishments were even the more critical source of waste in Maseru and Maputsoe. They were the major contributors of solid waste in these towns. When developing the waste management plans, these issues should be taken into account.
In summary, as indicated in Table 4.14, Figure 4.26 and Map 4.3, all the industries in the Maseru urban area generated a total waste quantity of 113,371.65 Kg/week 113.37 tonnes/week) or 16,195.95 kg/day (16.20 tonnes/day), while the derived values for Mapustoe gave rise to 31,695.30 Kg/week (31.695 tonnes/week) or 4,527.90 Kg/day ( 4.53 tonnes/day).
Commercial establishments were the largest contributor of waste generation. As shown in Table 4.14, all commercial establishments in Maseru generated 2,910,152.00 kg/week (2910.2 tonnes/week) or 415,716.14 Kg/day (415.7 tonnes/day).
There are two reasons why it is necessary to understand the reasons for undertaking any expensive activity such as the municipal solid waste collection (Lardinois et aI, 1996). One such a reason is to assign it a priority in relation to other activities that make demands on scarce government or national resources. The second reason is the need to modify the ideas and methods that have been used elsewhere for the best suited to local conditions. The most important parameter in solid waste management is the quantity to be managed in order to determine the size and number of facilities and equipment required to manage such waste.
Also important, is the service fee collected for each unit quantity of waste delivered to the facility. Hence, it would be very important to take into account the waste values indicated in the foregone lines when preparing a detailed waste management plan for the two towns. In this case, methods and technologies that have been developed in industrialized countries for solving such problems should not be seen as the modern solutions for all situations, the community-based would be the appropriate route to follow.
Table 4.14 Summary of Weekly and Daily Solid Waste Generation from All Establishments in Maseru and Maputsoe (kg/week or /day)
Source of Area Total Weekly Daily Average Total waste Total waste Surveyed Esatablishments 9 Average waste generated Ilcr generated
per Town waste week ~erd~
* * 113371.65 16195.95
Industries in 1219.05 174.15
Maseru 93
Commercials
4634 * * 2910152.00 415716.14
in Maseru 628.00 89.71
Industries in
Maputsoe 26 # 1219.05 * # 174.15 * 31695.30 4527.90
Commercials
in Maputsoe 635 # 628.00 * #89.71 * 398780.00 56965.85
Total 5388
-
- 3453998.95 493405.84Source: Computed by the Author from the Sun'e~' Data
*
These figures are weighted averages of all the households in the two towns.# These figures are derived from Maseru values on assumption that the industries and commercial establishments are similar in both towns.
Industries in Commercials Industries in Commercials Total Maseru in Maseru Maputsoe in Maputsoe
C Total waste generated per week
• Total waste generated per day
Fig. 4.26 Weekly and daily waste generation by establishment in Maseru and Maputsoe
9 Information on number of establishments was sourced from the Ministry of Trade and Industry. (Maseru has a total number of93 Industrial establishments; while Mapustoe has 26). "Surveyed," means only areas confined to the boundaries where the main study was undertaken.
From Fig.4.26, a picture has been created on which of the sources generated most waste in these towns and in what tonnage. In proportionality, Maseru has shown by far, that largest amounts of waste were generated here. This, therefore entails that if a priority was to be given as to where would the buy-back centres and recycling plants be fITst located, of the two towns, Maseru takes the lead. This would also be an important consideration to make.
4.5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WASTE GENERATED BY