4.1 Patent Act 57 of 1978
4.1.5 Compulsory Licensing
The granting of compulsory licenses is provided for under dependent patents (under section 55) and in terms of the abuse of patent rights (under section 56).
(i) Dependent Patents
Section 55 provides that, ―where the working of a patent (dependant patent) without infringement of a prior patent is dependent on the obtaining of a licence under that prior patent, the proprietor of the dependant patent may, if agreement cannot reached as to such licence with the proprietor of the prior patent, apply to the Commissioner for a licence under the prior patent.‖
The Commissioner may grant such licence on such conditions as he may impose, but including a condition that such licence shall be used only for the purpose of permitting the dependant patent to be worked and for no other purposes. It is further provided that the Commissioner will not grant such a licence unless:
―(a) the invention claimed in the dependant patent involves an important technical advance of considerable economic significance in relation to the invention claimed in the prior patent;
(b) the proprietor of the dependant patent granted the proprietor of the prior patent on reasonable terms, a cross-licence to use the invention claimed in the dependant patent; and
184 United Nations Development Programme (note 43 above) 38.
46 (c) the use authorized in respect of the prior patent is not assignable except with the assignment of the dependant patent.‖
(ii) Abuse of Patents
Any interested person who wishes to apply for a compulsory licence may do so if he believes that the rights in the patent are being abused.185 There are four grounds under section 56(2) whereby an applicant can bring a compulsory licence application:
―(a) the patented invention is not being worked in the Republic on a commercial scale or to an adequate extent after the expiry of a period of four years subsequent to the date of the application for the patent or three years subsequent to the date on which that patent was sealed, whichever period last expires, and there is in the opinion Commissioner no satisfactory reason for such non-working;
(b) the demand for the patented article in the Republic is not being met to an adequate extent and on reasonable terms;
(c) by reason of the refusal of the patentee to grant a licence or licenses upon reasonable terms, the trade or industry or agriculture of the Republic or the trade of any person or class of persons trading in the Republic, or the establishment of any new trade or industry in the Republic, is being prejudiced, and it is in the public interest that a licence or licences should be granted; or
(d) the demand in the Republic for the patented article is being met by importation and the price charged by the patentee, his licensee or agent for the patented article is excessive in relation to the price charged in countries where the patented article is manufactured by or under licence from the patentee or his predecessor or successor in title.‖
The patentee or any other person who is deemed an interested party can oppose the application for compulsory licenses. Section 56(4)(a) states that the Commissioner has the authority to consider the application on its merits and can grant or refuse the application and include any conditions, including that the licensee has to manufacture the patented product in South Africa. Subject to protecting the legitimate interests of the licensee, the patentee can
185 Section 56(1).
47 make an application to terminate the licence if the circumstances which led to its grant cease to exist and, in the Commissioner‘s opinion, are unlikely to recur.186
In South Africa, no compulsory licences have been granted on pharmaceutical products. The State has yet to make use of a statutory power that entitles it to ‗use an invention for public purposes.‘187 Cameron submits that if the conditions of this government use – which includes the licensing of generic pharmaceutical companies as a manner in which drug prices can be reduced– cannot be agreed upon, the state should seek judicial assistance.188
The Syntheta case dealt with an application for compulsory licence in terms of section 56 the Patents Act in respect of a registered patent. The Appellant‘s founding papers was based on s56(2)(a) and (d) of the Act. The Appeal Court dismissed the application as it found that the Appellant‘s founding affidavit failed to disclose such abuse.189 The court addressed several deficiencies in Syntheta‘s application, including the apparent lack of evidence that the license would benefit South African public because the product was intended for export only.190 The Court was of the opinion that the applicant provided little evidence of the abuse of the patent right, which was the legal foundation for the granting of the compulsory license.191 The ultimate finding by the Court was influenced by the fact that the application was for a license to export the product commercially which did not involve any domestic use in South Africa.
This case is also important as Plewman J referred to the essential quid pro quo theory of intellectual property law, acknowledging that patent protection is given in exchange for inventors disclosing their inventions for the benefit of the public.192
As noted earlier, the Doha Declaration clarified that Member States have the flexibility to grant compulsory licenses and the power to determine the grounds upon which they may be granted. Furthermore, they can determine what constitutes a national emergency or other
186 Section 56(4)(c).
187 s 4 states:
‗State bound by patent A patent shall in all respects have the like effect against the State as it has against a person: Provided that a Minister of State may use an invention for public purposes on such conditions as may be agreed upon with the patentee, or in default of agreement on such conditions as are determined by the commissioner on application by or on behalf of such Minister and after hearing the patentee‘
188 Cameron (note 96 above) 528.
189 Syntheta (Pty) Ltd previously Delta G Scientific (Pty) Ltd (note 95 above).
190 Ibid page 9.
191 Ibid page 11.
192 Ibid page 5.
48 circumstances of extreme urgency. However, South Africa‘s intellectual property laws have not yet been amended to include these important flexibilities especially in the case of public health emergencies.