• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

B. Saran

Perlu dilakukan elusidasi struktur lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui kebeneran struktur dari senyawa hasil sintesis yang diperoleh.

50

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ahluwalia, V.K. and Dhingra, S., 2004, Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry, Universities Press, India, pp. 12, 19.

Aschenbrenner, D.S., 2009, Drug Therapy in Nursing, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 412.

Bansal, R.K., 2003, A Textbook of Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, New Age International Publishers, Dehli, India, pp. 116, 385.

Bart, J.C.J., 2006, Polymer Additive Analytics : Industrial Practice and Case Studies, Firenze University Press, Italy, p. 219.

Bhagavan, N.V., 2002, Medical Biochemistry, Academic Press, London, p. 393. Brashers, V.L., 2003, Aplikasi Klinis Fisiologis, edisi 2, Penerbit Buku

Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta, p. 213.

Carpenito, L.J., 2009, Nursing Care Plans and Documentation, 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 206.

Clark, M.A., Finkel, R. and Whalen, J.A.K., 2011, Pharmacology, 5th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 537-538.

Clayden, J., Greeves, N. and Warren, S., 2012, Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 206-207.

Clungston, M. and Rosalind, F., 2000, Advanced Chemistry, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 474-475.

Coates, J., 2000, Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 7, 13.

Delisa, J.A. and Walsh, N.E., 2005, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 362.

Derrick, M.R., Stulik, D. and Landry, J.M., 1999, Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, The Getty Conservation Institute, USA, pp. 46-48. Dhimitruka, I. and Lucia, J.S., 2005, Investigation of The Yamaguchi

Esterofication Mechanism. Synthesis Lux-S Enzyme Inhibitor Using an Improved Esterifation Method, Department of Chemistry, Avenue, Detroit, Michigan, pp. 47-50.

Gilbert, J.C. and Martin, S.F., 2010, Experimental Organic Chemistry: A Miniscale and Microscale Approach, 5th Edition, Cengange Learning, Boston, USA, pp. 94-95.

51

Golan, D.E., 2008, Principles of Pharmacology : The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 274-275, 814-815.

Kamilati, N., 2006, Mengenal Kimia, Yudhistira Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, p. 70. Kankanala, K., Billur, R., Reddy, V.R., Mukkanti, K. and Pal, S., 2013,

TFAA-H3PO4 mediated rapid and single-step synthesis of mutual prodrugs of paracetamol and NSAIDs, Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, Taylor & Francis, pp. 421-424.

Klein, D.R., 2011, Organic Chemistry As a Second Languange, John Wiley & Sons, USA, p. 77.

Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. and Gokhale, S.B., 2009, Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan, Mumbai, p. 6.3.

Kwoon, Y., 2001, Handbook of Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism for Industrial Scientists, Springer, Charlottesville, p. 122.

Larkin, P., 2011, Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy : Principles and Spectral Interpretation, Elseiver, USA, pp. 213-214.

Leach, R.G., 2007, Applied Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2nd Edition, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KgaA, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 1, 4-5.

Lemke, T.L. and Williams, D.A., 2012, Foye’s Principles of Medicinal

Chemistry, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 998.

Li, J.J. and Corey, E.J., 2007, Name Reactions of Functional Group Transformation, John Wiley & Sons, Philadelphia, p. 545.

MacKenzie, 1967, Experimental Organic Chemistry, 3th Edition, Pretice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, p. 20.

Masterton, W.L., Hurley, C.N. and Neth, E.J., 2011, Chemistry : Principles and Reactions, 7th Edition, Cengange Learning, USA, p. 305.

Mirzayan, R., 2006, Cartilage Injury in Athlete, Thieme, New York, p. 81.

Moffat, A.C., David, M.O. and Brian, W., 2011, Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and

Poisons, Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp. 1510, 1856.

Murray, P.R.S., 1997, Principles of Organic: A Modern and Comprehensive Text for Schools and Colleges, 2nd Edition, Dah Hua Printing Press, Hong Kong, pp. 185-186.

Myers, R.L., 2007, The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA, p. 150.

52

Neal, M.J., 2010, Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, p. 70.

Orhan, M., Burcu, Asli, D., Nulifer, Yagmur, G. and Erden, 2010, Stable Ester and Amide Conjugates of Some NSAIDs as Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Compounds with Improved Biological Activity, Turk J Chem, Tubitak, Turkey, pp. 427-439.

Otera, J. and Nishikido, J., 2009, Esterification Methods, Reactions, and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Philadelphia, p. 128.

Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S. and Engel, R.G., 2010, A Small Scale Approach to Organic Laboratory Techniques, 3rd Edition, Brooks/Cole Cengange Learning, USA, pp. 46, 69, 114.

Ramakrishnan, S., Prasannan, K.G. and Rajan, R., 2007, Textbook of Medical Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Orient Longman, New Delhi, p. 130.

Ramanathan, E., 2006, AIEE Chemistry, Sura College of Competition, Anna Nagar, Chennai, p. 316.

Remington, J.P., 2006, Remington : The Science And Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, p. 1541.

Ryu, Z.H., Lee, Y.H. and Oh, Y., 2005, Stoichiometric Effects. Correlation of Rates of Solvolysis of Isoprophenyl Chloroformate, Vol.26, No.11, Department of Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Korea, p. 1764.

Sahoo, B., Nayak, N.C., Samantaray, A. and Pujapanda, P.K.,2012, Inorganic Chemistry, PHI Learning Pvt, Dehli, p. 628.

Sagar, R., 1996, Together With Chemistry, Rachna Sagar Pvt, New Dehli, p. 268. Sagar, R., 2009, Essential Chemistry, Virat Bhavan, Mukherjee Nagar

Commercial Complex, Dehli, p. 11.35.

Sastroamidjojo, H., 1991, Spektroskopi, 2nd Edition, Liberty, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, pp. 82-84.

Sharav, Y., 2008, Orofacial Pain and Headache, Elsevier Health Sciences, China, pp. 364-365.

Sheti, A., 2006, Systematic Lab Experiments in Organic Chemistry, New Age International Publisher, New Dehli, pp. 189, 619.

Singh, O.V. and Haevey, S.P., 2009, Sustainable Biotechnology: Sources of Renewable Energy, Springer, USA, p. 50.

53

Silvestein, R.M., Francis, X.W. and David, J.K., 2005, Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, USA, pp. 99 – 100.

Spangenberg, B., Poole, C.F. and Weins, C., 2011, Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography, Springer, New York, p. 63.

Starkey, L.S., 2012, Introduction to Strategies for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, Philadelphia, pp. 122, 124.

Stuart, B., 2004, Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals ad Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Philadelphia, p. 27.

Sun, X., 2013, Organic Mechanism : Reactions, Methodology, and Biological Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, Canada, p. 327.

Suyono, 2001, Ilmu Penyakit Dalam, Jilid II, Edisi III, Balai Penerbit FKUI, Jakarta, p. 92.

Tollison, C.D., Satterthwaite, J.R. and Tollison, J.W., 2002, Practical Pain Management, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, p. 245.

Torabinejad, M. and Walton, R.E., 2009, Endodontics : Principles and Practice, Elsevier Health Sciences, China, p. 154.

Vane, S.J., Botting, J. and Botting, R., 1996, Improved Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs - COX-2 Enzyme Inhibitors, Kluwer Academic Publishers and William Harvey Press, USA, p. 8.

Vardanyan, R. and Hruby, V., 2006, Synthesis of Essential Drugs, Elseiver, Amsterdam, Netherlands, p. 44.

54 LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Perhitungan rendemen senyawa hasil sintesis

4 mmol 4 mmol

4 mmol 4 mmol BM senyawa hasil sintesis = 339,43 g/mol

Pembuatan NaOH 0,1 N

 Penimbangan pellet NaOH

Berat gelas arloji : 79,829 gram Berat gelas arloji + NaOH : 80,794 gram Berat gelas arloji + sisa : 79,829 gram Berat NaOH : 0,965 gram

 M =

=

= 0,024 x 5 = 0,12 M ~ 0,12 N

 Volume yang diperlukan =

=

55

Penimbangan N-(4-hidroksifenil) asetamida

Penimbangan Replikasi I Replikasi II Replikasi III Berat kertas 0,421 gram 0,412 gram 0,418 gram Berat kertas + isi 1,025 gram 1,017 gram 1,023 gram Berat kertas + sisa 0,423 gram 0,412 gram 0,418 gram Berat senyawa 0,602 gram 0,605 gram 0,605 gram

Penimbangan 2-(4-isobutilfenil) propanoat

Penimbangan Replikasi I Replikasi II Replikasi III Berat kertas 0,429 gram 0,432 gram 0,413 gram Berat kertas + isi 1,338 gram 1,341 gram 1,322 gram Berat kertas + sisa 0,429 gram 0,432 gram 0,414 gram Berat senyawa 0,909 gram 0,909 gram 0,908 gram

Perhitungan Bobot Teoritis

 Replikasi I

 mol anhidrida = mol 2-(4-isobutilfenil) propanoat =

=

=

4,406 x 10-3 mol = 4,406 mmol

 mol N-(4-hidroksifenil) asetamida =

=

=

3,983 x 10-3 mol = 3,983 mmol

m : 4,406 mmol 3,983 mmol - r : 3,983 mmol 3,983 mmol 3,983 mmol

a : 0,423 mmol - 3,983 mmol

56

 Replikasi II

 mol anhidrida = mol 2-(4-isobutilfenil) propanoat =

=

=

4,406 x 10-3 mol = 4,406 mmol

 mol N-(4-hidroksifenil) asetamida =

=

=

4,002 x 10-3 mol = 4,002 mmol

m : 4,406 mmol 4,002 mmol - r : 4,002 mmol 4,002 mmol 4,002 mmol

a : 0,404 mmol - 4,002 mmol

 Bobot teoritis = mmol x BM = 4,002 mmol x 339,43 mg/mmol = 1358,40 mg

 Replikasi III

 mol anhidrida = mol 2-(4-isobutilfenil) propanoat =

=

=

4,402 x 10-3 mol = 4,402 mmol

 mol N-(4-hidroksifenil) asetamida =

=

=

4,002 x 10-3 mol = 4,002 mmol

m : 4,402 mmol 4,002 mmol - r : 4,002 mmol 4,002 mmol 4,002 mmol

a : 0,400 mmol - 4,002 mmol

57

Bobot Penimbangan dan Rendemen Hasil Sintesis

Penimbangan Kertas Saring (105°C)

Penimbangan Replikasi I Replikasi II Replikasi III Pengeringan 1 jam 0,5232 gram 0,5762 gram 0,5537 gram Pengeringan 2 jam 0,4889 gram 0,5366 gram 0,5154 gram Pengeringan 3 jam 0,4885 gram 0,5362 gram 0,5151 gram

Penimbangan Senyawa Hasil Sintesis (40°C)

Penimbangan Replikasi I Replikasi II Replikasi III Pengeringan 24 jam 0,7023 gram 0,7389 gram 0,7449 gram

24 + 1 jam 0,7011 gram 0,7379 gram 0,7438 gram 24 + 2 jam 0,7007 gram 0,7377 gram 0,7434 gram Berat Senyawa Target 212,2 mg 201,5 mg 228,3 mg

Rendemen 15,695 % 14,833 % 16,806 %

58

Lampiran 2. Pembuatan larutan natrium bikarbonat (NaHCO3) 10% b/v

 Penimbangan NaHCO3

Berat gelas arloji : 75,856 gram Berat gelas arloji + NaHCO3 : 85,861 gram Berat gelas arloji + sisa : 75,856 gram Berat NaHCO3 : 10,005 gram

 Kemudian dilarutkan dengan sedikit aquadest dan tuang dalam labu ukur 100 mL, add dengan quadest hinggga tanda.

Kadar NaHCO3 =

x 100%

=

59

60

61

62 Lampiran 6. Spektra IR senyawa hasil sintesis

63

BIOGRAFI PENULIS

Penulis lahir di Purworejo pada tanggal 24 Juli 1992. Penulis memiliki seorang ayah yang bernama Robert Gunawan dan seorang ibu yang bernama Tsin Giun Chen. Penulis telah menyelesaikan pendidikan di TK Maria Purworejo pada tahun 1997 sampai dengan 1999, SD Maria Purworejo pada tahun 1999 sampai dengan 2004, SMP N 2 Purworejo pada tahun 2004 sampai dengan 2007, SMA N 1 Purworejo pada tahun 2007 sampai dengan 2010, dan Strata 1 Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta pada tahun 2010 sampai dengan 2013.

Penulis memiliki pengalaman kerja sebagai asisten dosen praktikum Kimia Dasar pada tahun 2011, Kimia Analisis pada tahun 2012, Farmakognosi Fitokimia I pada tahun 2012, Kimia Organik pada tahun 2013, Analisis Farmasi pada tahun 2013, Validasi Metode Analisis pada tahun 2013, dan Farmakologi Toksikologi pada tahun 2013.

Tidak hanya sebagai asisten dosen, penulis pernah mengikuti Olimpiade Nasional Matematika, Fisika, Kimia, dan Biologi bagi Mahasiswa Perguruan Tinggi (ONMIPA-PT) Tingkat Wilayah pada bidang Kimia yang dilaksanakan di Kopertis Wilayah V. Dalam kompetisi tersebut penulis menjadi Juara III pada tanggal 11-12 April 2012, dan Juara I pada tanggal 29-30 April 2013.

Selain dibidang akademik, penulis juga aktif dalam organisasi. Penulis pernah menjabat sebagai Wakil Ketua Umum periode 2010-2011 dan Ketua Umum periode 2011-2012 dalam Komunitas Mahasiswa Buddhis Kong Hu Cu (KMBK) Dharma Virya Universitas Sanata Dharma. Penulis juga pernah menjabat sebagai Divisi Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa Fakultas (BEMF) Farmasi periode 2010-2011, dan berbagai kepanitiaan lainnya.

Dokumen terkait