1 The following base sequence of DNA is the result of the replication of a double-stranded segment of DNA. Which of the following refers to a physiological adaptation that helps it survive during a dry period. These homologous structures support the theory of evolution because they (A) show transitional forms of the same species.
The body core temperature of the animals was measured in response to changes in the temperature of the laboratory environment. 15 The graph shows the distribution of the stomata on the upper and lower epidermis of the leaves of four plants. An important change during the migration of the young adult lamprey is a change in the ion concentration in the water.
Answer this part in Part C Answer Book. ii) Outline the historical development of understanding of the causes of the disease mentioned in part (a) (i). Would his metabolic rate be higher, lower or the same as that of the house mouse.
SECTION II—ELECTIVES
The Australian Environment
Over the past 100 years, however, the bandicoot has become almost extinct, except for small populations on islands off the coast of Western Australia. Explain in detail TWO human activities that could help reintroduce the western-striped bandicoot to the Australian continent. Name TWO environmental components you will measure in this ecosystem. v) For ONE of the environmental components you measured, explain how it can determine the distribution and occurrence of the organism you studied. vi) Describe an experiment you could do to test whether this environmental component has an effect on the distribution and appearance of the organism.
A biologist wanted to know how many animals of a certain species occur in an intertidal area. The biologist counted the number of animal species in the intertidal area by using a 1 × 1 m square placed in five different parts of the intertidal area. i). State the name of the technique. ii) What is AN advantage of this method to estimate the number of a given species in the intertidal area? iii) Discuss TWO problems with the sampling method. iv) Explain why the capture-recapture technique was not appropriate for use in this study.
State the name of the technique. ii) What is ONE advantage of this method of estimating the number of a particular species in the intertidal zone. iii) Discuss TWO problems with sampling method. iv) Explain why the capture-recapture technique was not appropriate to use in this study. e) Much time is often given to the control of introduced populations of animals and plants. i) Name ONE introduced plant species and ONE introduced animal species that you have studied. ii) Describe how each of these introduced plant and animal species might affect its food web in an ecosystem. iii) Select EITHER introduced animal OR plant species. If the numbers of this species were rapidly reduced, predict an effect on the environment. f) An experiment was conducted to investigate the germination of seeds of Grevillea linearifolia in the family Myrtaceae. The chart shows the percentage of seeds that germinate over a sixty day period. i) From the data shown above, describe ONE human activity that could change the germination of the seeds of this plant in its environment. ii) Explain how climate AND topography have influenced the current distribution of an Australian native plant NAMED from the families Myrtaceae or Proteaceae.
The graph shows the percentage of seeds that germinated over a period of sixty days. i) From the data shown above, describe ONE human activity that could change the germination of seeds of this plant in its environment. ii) Explain how climate AND topography have influenced the current distribution of a NAMED native Australian plant from the Myrtaceae or Proteaceae families. g). The South American genus is more closely related to the Australian genus than to the older New Zealand genus.
Structure and Function of Cells and Tissues
Label THREE structures on each organelle. iii) Name ONE cell where you would expect BOTH organelles. iv) Both organelles produce molecules that can be used by the other. Use a chart to predict the appearance of the root and markings after several days of further growth.
Control and Coordination
Name the types of neurons labeled X and Y. ii) Name the function of EACH neuron. iii) Describe the method of nerve transmission shown:. iv) Would an action potential (nerve impulse) in neuron X normally initiate an action potential in Y. e) Numerous plant functions are controlled by hormones. 4 indicate when during the life of the plant the concentrations of hormones are highest. iii) Why do human hormones generally NOT affect plant function.
4 indicate when the concentrations of hormones are highest during the life of the plant. iii) Why do human hormones generally NOT affect plant function. f) The diagram shows different parts of the human nervous system. In the diagram above, to which part of the nervous system do the nerve fibers exiting the brain and spinal cord belong.
Classification and the Species Concept
After a longer period, the lizards at C have become a new species. i) State THREE hypotheses that could explain this species. ii) Explain in detail why populations A and B have not become separate species.
After a longer period, the lizards at C have become a new species. i) State THREE hypotheses that could explain this species. ii) Explain in detail why populations A and B have not become separate species. e) (i) Give TWO reasons why the organism below is NOT classified as an insect. ii) The order Hymenoptera contains insects like bees, wasps and ants. The first step is provided below as a guide. iii) Name an order of insects, other than Hymenoptera, that you have studied. iv) Describe ONE characteristic of this order that distinguishes it from the order Hymenoptera.
State ONE argument that would support this statement and ONE argument that would not support it. G).
The Human Species
Using an example, explain why this is the case. iii) Give TWO other characteristics that differ in Homo sapiens that could result in an adaptive advantage under different climatic conditions. e) The diagrams show the hands of a chimpanzee and a human. i) Identify ONE common feature and explain how it allows both species to use tools. ii) Use the diagram to explain why people can use more complex and durable tools. f) An intact fossil skull discovered has been claimed to be that of a recent ancestor of modern humans. Identify THREE features of the skull that you would look for to justify this claim. g) Archaeological evidence provides clues to the lives of early hominids. i) Give an example of a piece of archaeological evidence. What information can it provide about the hominids who lived at that time. ii) There are limitations in relying on paleontological and archaeological evidence alone for the interpretation of past cultures.
Discuss ONE limitation that is evident when studying the Australian Aborigines. h) (i) Compare the terms biological evolution and cultural evolution, giving ONE example of each. ii) Give ONE example where cultural evolution has influenced biological evolution.
Genes in Action
The heights of a population of adult people were measured and the results are shown in a table.
What effect does this have on the body? e) Two babies K and L are born to different sets of parents. Describe TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of recombinant DNA technology over traditional artificial selection techniques. g). Describe the factual information a genetic counselor would seek to counsel this person. ii) Explain how linkage can be used to construct chromosome maps.
Human Environmental Impact
It is threatened by English ivy hanging in long curtains from the rock face, smothering the small pines. i) Explain why Microstrobos fitzgeraldii is considered an endangered species. ii) Outline TWO management plans to aid in the survival of the pine tree. iii) English ivy is an introduced species. Sketch a possible series of events that may have led to the successful colonization of these rocky cliffs in the Blue Mountains. However, some farming practices have a long-term negative impact on the natural environment. i) Name TWO agricultural practices that exploit the environment in the short term and are unsustainable in the long term. ii) Give TWO reasons why such farming practices are not sustainable. iii) Propose ONE change to ANY of these practices that will improve their sustainability.
Explain why this adjustment contributes to making the practice more sustainable. f) Two adjacent lakes A and B, with similar ecosystems, have been polluted by leakage of harmful substances. Lake B leaked radioactive waste material, which initially resulted in the death of a small number of fish. i). How can EACH be affected more ONE month after the pollution. ii) What measures should be taken to minimize the effects of any pollution on the natural ecosystems of each lake. iii) Which of these disasters has the potential to cause the greatest long-term damage to the lake.
How can it affect ANY lake ONE month after contamination? ii) What measures should be taken to minimize the effects of each form of pollution on the natural ecosystems of each lake. iii) Which of these disasters is likely to cause the greatest long-term damage to the lake. g) Controlled bush burning was a practice of some Aboriginal groups, but is now carried out by volunteer fire brigades. i) Compare the reasons for using controlled burning in each group. ii) List TWO environmental benefits that controlled burning has in our modern society. iii) List TWO possible disadvantages that may result from this practice.
