This study examined the impact of received social support on the social adjustment of emergency responders. Effects of received social support on posttraumatic growth in interpersonal relationships (PTG-IR) Higher amounts of overall received social support positively predicted PTG-IR (Tables 5a and 5b).
Despite these limitations, the study was able to examine associations between received social support with social adjustment outcomes, associations most often examined by studies with emergency workers. Future studies could explore the different dimensions and characteristics of received social support that lead to sociopsychological outcomes in the context of emergency workers and other similar professionals. A comprehensive review of post-disaster social support studies conducted following disasters affecting Australia and Oceania.
The relationship of perceived and received social support to mental health among first responders: A meta-analytic review. Social support after a natural disaster: A longitudinal study of survivors of the 2013 Lushan earthquake in China. The impact of received social support on posttraumatic growth after disaster: The importance of quantity and quality of support.
Farmers’ perceptions of options for pasture remediation and recovery following major tephra fall in New Zealand
Abstract
In New Zealand, tephra falls associated with the 1995/1996 eruption of Mount Ruapehu in the North Island covered over 27,000 km2 of primary production (Figure 1), causing starvation and fluorosis in thousands of livestock (Cronin et al., 1998). Characteristics such as thickness, density, grain size and composition of tephra influence the type and extent of impacts caused (Jenkins et al., 2015). Cultivation prevents remobilization of tephra (e.g., by wind or into waterways) and promotes aeration and bioturbation (where plants or animals rework sediments) to promote mixing of tephra into soils (Neild et al., 1998).
The eruption column reached an estimated 7 - 10 km, with the tephra spreading axis sweeping west across the central North Island as the wind direction changed from SW to SE (Cronin et al., 2003). The basaltic Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) has been active for the past approximately 200,000 years and consists of 53 monogenetic (only erupted once) eruptive centers (Leonard et al., 2017). Lava flows and tephra falls are the most widespread deposits of AVF (Kereszturi et al., 2014).
Results
They were also asked if their farm had experienced any hazardous natural events other than volcanic tephra fall (eg, floods, landslides, earthquakes, snow, drought). They were also asked whether they considered their farm at risk from severe tephra fall and what other types of hazards might be associated with a volcanic eruption. Nine of the 16 farmers who considered their farm at risk from severe tephra fall described additional potential volcanic hazards and impacts (see Figure 4).
Of the 16 farmers who identified a heavy tephra fall as a risk to their farm, nine were able to suggest possible remedial measures. The farmer suggested that turning could be an ideal remediation strategy for a severe tephra fall. Volcanic hazards and potential impacts identified by nine farmers who also believed their farm was at risk of heavy tephra fall.
Discussion
This also happened in distal regions after the 1991 eruption of the Vulcan Hudson (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011). Two farmers suggested that applying fertilizer could speed up cleanup, but we note that this was not effective when applied in the Upper Ibáñez Valley after the 1991 Vulcan Hudson eruption (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011 ). Plowing of heavy tephra-covered soil was suggested by our participants for heavy tephra fall and was also effective in Chile Chico, Los Antiguos and Perito Moreno after the 1991 Hudson eruption (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011) .
Will increase organic content (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011); may not be available in large quantities if stock reduction has occurred. Different grass mix*# Some grasses may have higher tolerance to tephra (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011). In the Upper Ibáñez Valley, Vulcan Hudson, hay was used to increase the organic content of the tephra-affected soils, but it was expensive and was only used where the tephra was too thick to be cultivated (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al., 2011).
Conclusions and Recommendations
Removal of thick tephra with heavy machinery was proposed by three farmers; this approach was also used after the Hudson eruption, where graders were used to scrape and remove tephra (Wilson, Cole, Stewart et al., 2011). Excavation is one of the oldest methods of remediation of contaminated soil (Lambert, Leven and Green, 2000) and can be useful on smaller farms or for high value crops. The advantage of this method is the complete removal of contaminants (Wood, 1997), while disadvantages include disposal of the removed tephra and the feasibility of this technique in many of New Zealand's rugged landscapes.
Two of the farmers interviewed suggested using different and stronger grass mixtures to speed up recovery. This proved successful after the thick fall of tephra (greater than 500 mm) from the 1991 Vulcan Hudson eruption, particularly native grasses and a variety of exotic rye and red and white clover (Wilson, Cole, Cronin et al. , 2011). This may need to be carried out in conjunction with other rehabilitation methods such as
Acknowledgements
Volcanic ash leachate compositions and assessment of health and agricultural risks from 2012 hydrothermal eruptions, Tongariro, New Zealand. Numerical simulation of basaltic lava flows in the Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand – Implication for volcanic hazard assessment. Unraveling a complex volcanic history from fine-grained, convoluted Holocene ash sequences at the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand.
Towards a comprehensive distal andesitic tephrostratigraphic framework for New Zealand based on Egmont volcanic eruptions. Volcanic hazard scenarios for multiphase andesitic plunian eruptions from lithostratigraphy: insights into current pyroclastic density diversity at Mt Taranaki, New Zealand. Potential impact of ash eruptions on dairy farms from a farm impact study in the eastern Bay of Plenty, New Zealand; implications for hazard mitigation.
Appendices
Closing the research-practice gap in emergency services organisations
As researchers and practitioners, we are particularly interested in what enables and constrains emergency services organizations in learning, and especially in taking research insights and incorporating them into practice. This is because researchers often publish findings in journals that cannot be easily or directly applied by practitioners. There is an urgent need for these organizations to learn about learning to innovate (Adams, Colebatch, & Walker, 2015).
One way to do this is by actively participating in the use of research results from partnerships with researchers and their institutions. The current paper examines the problem of why research insights are not better utilized by emergency services. It is intended to contribute to a better understanding of what enables and limits emergency services to learn to improve their capabilities.
Literature Review
Perceptions of learning in organisations
Participants were asked to rate the degree of agreement (on a Likert scale between 1 and 7 with the option "cannot answer") with the statement, "My home office is an example of a learning organization". The study defined a learning organization as one where staff were able to learn from the experience of members of the organization or the emergency services community through processes of reflection, sense-making and action to develop new ways of acting which can lead to an increased ability to act differently in the environment (after Kolb, 2014).
Research utilisation processes. Participants were asked to rate the perceived effectiveness of their
Barriers to research utilisation. Participants were also asked to provide an assessment of the degree
In short, those who reported more established and leading indicators of research utilization maturity also reported higher levels of organizational learning. The question then is what it is that those who report basic levels of research utilization maturity can do differently. It indicates a need to build capacity to be able to read, assess and critically assess the quality of research so that the results can be trusted.
Standardized scores were calculated for each of the factors, with the factors normalized with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, and then the mean differences were calculated for the factors coded for each level of research use maturity. It is not clear who is working on which research at our office 0.776 The impact of the research for the office must be improved. While these employees can link research findings to desk issues, they still need help considering the implications for change.
Conclusion
This could, for example, involve placing research as an agenda item at meetings so that it can be reported and recorded and thus contribute to the company's memory of the organization. These participants also reported that they had the most experience with the barrier to connecting research findings with business. We would also like to thank members of the AFAC Knowledge, Innovation and Research Utilization Network (KIRUN) for their participation and contributions and in particular the Chair of KIRUN, Zoe Mounsey, Fire and Emergency New Zealand, for her helpful feedback on the self-assessment tool and guidelines.
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