At the Annual General Meeting of the N.S.W. Iverach spoke on "Air Pollution and the Motor Vehicle." Annual reports from the chairman and treasurer were presented and elections of the departmental committee took place. Control of air pollution in South Africa is centralized in the powers of the Chief Air Pollution Control Office, whose duties are as in the U.K.
In addition, major cities in South Africa have their own air pollution control officers, who operate as part of municipal health departments. The meeting was then addressed by Mr Shields, Queensland Director of the Bureau of Meteorology. Measurements of the total particle load of air near the surface are taken at six locations in East.
At the time of going to press, no further program details for the Düsseldorf conference have become available.
TWO NEW CHEMILUMINESCENT OZONE MONITORS
K. Fleming AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE NEW ZEALAND MEAT INDUSTRY
In the past, the New Zealand meat industry has had an unenviable public image, largely stemming from the foul smell in the vicinity of processing plants; however, the situation has changed dramatically in the last few years, as odor control has now improved in most plants. Odor removal was introduced for several reasons:. i) to comply with new hygiene regulations that require an odor-free environment in food processing areas;. ii) as a side effect of heat recovery systems, where fragrant steam from the kafilers is condensed;. iii) to align with recent legislation in the Clean Air Act. iv) fulfillment of public demand;. In the past, the putrefaction of intestinal mucus during the processing of intestines caused such unpleasant odors that the department was placed as far as possible from other buildings in the plant, and the workers involved were, so to speak, social outcasts.
The fine dust carried along could also have played an important role in the transfer of the offensive. Many of the foul odors in the low-pressure discharged steam are dissolved in the condensate when it is subcooled and kept in close contact with the gases. It is unfortunate that people smell and remember peak concentrations rather than averages, and in the parts per billion perceptible range of some malodors, even under ideal conditions, dilution may prove insufficient to prevent complaints.
The exhaust fumes have been effectively controlled by this method by piping them into the works boiler plant where the proximity of the regeneration department to the boilers makes this practicable. In one of the new works, the reproduction department and the boiler plant are located in the same building. It was necessary to cover the flame, allowing the resulting aromas to oxidize in the hot gas stream and on the surface of the smoke.
Air scrubbers have been used with some success in blood drying plants, but their effectiveness in controlling odors remains to be proven. Regeneration of the activated carbon does not appear to be feasible due to the prohibitive cost associated with retorting at 600°C in the absence of air to remove the strongly attached high molecular weight organic compounds. In the U.S.A. masking is used for rendering operations where the chemicals are simply added to the cook at a cost of 25 to 50 cents per ton of product (4).
F. Hartmann AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
34;Although it is relatively easy to define concentrations high enough to actually be toxic, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to decide which concentrations are the lowest that actually have adverse physiological effects, and even more difficult to decide which concentrations are safe. factor to be applied to obtain safe concentrations, or in other words air quality standards based on health considerations. In the United States, a distinction is made between primary and secondary air quality standards. The author believes that air quality standards should not be regarded as fundamental and unchangeable figures.
As overall air pollution levels in many Australian cities are not yet high, many people oppose such air quality standards on the grounds that they constitute a license to pollute. Therefore, the primary air quality standards are the guide to compare any data we can get. It should be emphasized that the air quality standards must always be related to a time interval (1 hour average, 8 hour average, 24 hour average, annual average) and that the pollutant determination method must.
Where this information is not provided, it should be assumed that the time interval will be the sampling time of the method of analysis most likely to be used. There is a risk that in the absence of known air quality standards and adequate monitoring data, such decisions will be influenced by emotions supported at best by ad hoc theoretical calculations. It appears that this deficiency is about to be remedied, but it will necessarily be some years before adequate data are available. primary and secondary air quality standards as well as long-term air of the World Health Organization. quality goals for other major pollutants are discussed below giving. also global background figures and air quality guidelines and criteria on which they are based.
The main national air quality standards for sulfur oxides, measured as sulfur dioxide, are: The maximum 24-hour concentration is not expected more than once a year. ii) National secondary air quality standards. Secondary air quality standards should not be set in Australia until more is known from monitoring data about the levels that cause vegetation damage, reduce visibility and produce other adverse effects. Due to the lack of monitoring data, they could not be based on the concept of air quality standards, but were quite consciously developed as "the most practical means".
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH. IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
This is because deposition figures only apply to a small area around a meter and do not necessarily give much indication of the average pollution in the rest of the city or region. From the figures obtained for insoluble deposits, it appears that there has been no general change in median or peak values since 1963. The values obtained have been very low, and in the three years of measurements have been made, there have been no significant overall changes in background levels of smoke and sulfur dioxide in the UK.
Vortex generators and surface roughness elements located upstream of the working section simulate the atmosphere. Most of the work done is paid for by private industry such as a firm which has a W.S.L. Following complaints from European countries (notably Sweden), two projects are being undertaken to study the long-range transport of sulfur pollutants.
The second project deals with the relative importance of local and distant sources of sulfur pollutants in relation to their contribution to air pollution in a region. These flights are nearing completion and will provide extremely useful information on the spread of sulfur pollutants. There have been two editions of this publication each based on the recommendations of a working group of the W.S.L.
However, with the increasing use of low-sulfur fuels, particularly natural gas, it has been recognized that more attention must be paid to dispersing the now critical pollutant—nitrogen oxide. The output is in the form of a punched paper strip that is processed in the laboratory by an ICL 1903 computer. This activates the pollution measuring equipment when the wind is within predetermined directional limits and is above a minimum speed. f) Data recording and transmission equipment was developed to facilitate data recording in the field and to simplify subsequent analysis.
BOOK REVIEWS
While most collections of articles of this nature are essentially reviews of the state of the art, this is an exception in that many of the papers discuss the future technology that can be used to avoid and reduce air pollution without the drastic step to reduce power production. The five main sections in the book are concerned with the control of nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulates, odors and solvents, and the development of fluidized bed combustion. Although it is not possible to discuss all the important papers in a brief review, some of the work on nitrogen oxides and fluidized bed combustion may indicate the range and depth of the studies.
The kinetics of NOx formation; of NOx degradation reactions, with and without carbon monoxide, and with and without catalyst (non-chromic iron oxide), direct degradation on catalysts of various types, and of NOx recovery with molecularly sieved adsorbents, are the basis of several papers. Fluid bed combustion of coal for power plants has the advantages of reducing boiler size and combustion temperatures (lowering NOx) and providing the opportunity to reduce SOs with. The overall efficiency can be high because steam turbogenerators can be powered from the steam generated by heat release in the bearing, while gas turbogenerators can be powered from the hot flue gases.
The papers by workers at BCURA and Esso in the UK, by Westinghouse Electric Research in the US. The introductory paper to the volume is that rare gem, an overview of research needs; it clearly specifies at least 100 separate subjects for research and development that will need to be undertaken before air pollution control from combustion processes by process modification becomes viable.
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