For tropical plants, Caulerp taxifolia and Caulerpa cylindracea certainly like to inhabit some of the nastiest waterways in southern Australia. To Penny, I cannot write in a short paragraph how important you were in the completion of this thesis.
Introduction
Anthropogenic climate change is driving global CO2 emissions and has accelerated over the past century (Harley et al. 2012). An increase in temperature and pCO2 changes the composition and structure of the macroalgae community (Porizo et al. 2011, Wernberg et al. 2011).
Study Aims
This conclusion was further supported by a phylogeny based on ITS DNA sequence data (Olsen et al. 1998). It is likely that all invasive populations were introduced into the Mediterranean through the aquarium trade (Jousson et al. 1998, Cevik et al. 2007).
Introduction
Mediterranean Sea, while Careel Bay, the Pittwater population presented a unique ITS1 genotype (Schaffelke et al. 2002, Meusnier et al. 2004). A second ITS1 genotype identified from Pittwater and Port Hacking also occurs in Tunisia (Meusnier et al. 2004). Using a microsatellite approach, Grewe et al. 2008) identified three distinct genetic clades: 2 composed of samples from the largest.
This is because the reduction in genetic variation between individuals and populations associated with clonality requires a hypervariable marker to provide adequate differentiation (Rozenfeld et al. 2007). Low genetic variation limits phylogeographic resolution, leading to the inability to identify clear relationships between native and invasive populations. The origins of populations in eastern and southern Australia have not been investigated with the same effort as those from the Mediterranean.
Data on the SA populations have only been published in gray literature (Grewe et al. 2008), and C.
Materials and Methods .1 Collection
The population from Burrill Lake NSW was represented by only one sample and was therefore omitted from most population genetic analyses, but remains part of the distribution of genotypes (Figure 3.3), the statistical parsimony network (Figure 3.4) and the UPGMA tree (Figure 3.5 ). Four Ion Torrent sequencing runs (3x 314 and 1x 316), each corresponding to the sequencing of one of the four populations, yielded 204,536 raw sequencing reads. The topology of the UPGMA tree reflects the topology of the SPN in Figure 3.4 and the FST values in Table 3.5 and Figure 3.5.
If the effects of drift and/or natural selection are persistent, they may cause a further reduction in genetic variation with possible genotypic fixation, where a single clone comprises the entire genetic diversity of the invasive population (Zepeda-Pauo et al. 2010). The high FST and low M values between the SA and NSW populations also indicate that the invasive populations are isolated from each other, so it is unlikely that the invasive populations in NSW are the origin of the populations in SA or vice versa. Membership coefficient estimates from Structure, results from statistical network parsimony and the UPGMA phylogeny provide strong evidence for the Moreton Bay area as the source of the NSW PJ, BBSB and GBSC populations.
The Moreton Bay area as the origin of the PWSI populations, but the PWSI population probably represents an independent invasion. Reducing the stat saving network connection limit from 5 to 4 results in the WA population being separated from the main network into a separate WA-only network. A comparison of the number of sequenced base pairs per SNP detected in three studies on non-model organisms.
Introduction
Adriatic Sea (Žuljević et al. 2011), and of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata in the northwestern Mediterranean (Cebrian et al. 2012). These modifications lead to detrimental effects on health, changes in behavior and overall loss of reproductive output (Felline et al. 2012). Caulerpa cylindracea has a dynamic taxonomic history in the Mediterranean, possibly dating back to 1926, when the first 'Caulerpa racemosa sensu lato', a taxon typical of tropical and subtropical distribution, was recorded in Tunisia (Verlaque et al. 2003).
Large and small subunits of Chloroplast RuBisCo, including their spacer regions, also often fail to provide resolution for finer-scale population genetics in green algae (Provan et al. 2004). To see if these challenges can be overcome, I evaluate whether the universal chloroplast primers for the rpl16-rps3 region described by Provan et al. 2004) would successfully amplify in Caulerpa cylindracea, and if the resulting sequences contain sufficient genetic variation to to differentiate. UCP6 has been successfully used in phylogeographic studies in the Chlorophyta; it has greater intraspecific variation than markers commonly used for phylogenetic analysis (Provan et al. 2008).
Provan et al (2008) used the rpl16-rps3 region to strongly differentiate cosmopolitan populations of Codium fragile.
Materials and Methods .1 Collection
Australian Center for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity at the University of Adelaide using UCP6 primers and following a modified protocol of Provan et al. Graphical representation of the rps11-rpl12 gene cluster in the chloroplast genome of green macroalgae. PCR purification was performed using an Agencourt AMPure PCR Purification system (Beckman Coulter Inc., Massachusetts, USA), sequencing reactions were performed using BigDye Terminator v4.1 chemistry (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA), and capillary separations were performed using an AB37030xl automated DNA analyzer with a 96 50 cm capillary array (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
Mantel test as implemented in IBDWS v.4.23 (Jensen et al. 2005), with corrected PhiST genetic distances (Jukes and Cantor 1969), tested against untransformed geographic distances, 30,000 randomizations, and a one-dimensional springboard model along the Australian coast according to Rousset (1997). The indicator matrix took into account the division between regions north and south of latitude 27°N on the Australian west coast, which indicates the shift of coastal currents (Woo et al. 2006), and the climatic shift between the tropical and temperate zones, which is also the boundary between the Flinders and dumper biogeographic province (Womersley 1981). A partial Mantel test separates variation due to spatial autocorrelation from that presumably related to other factors responsible for genetic spatial structuring, such as physical barriers to gene flow, local adaptations to different climatic zones, and selection (Jensen et al. 2005).
UPGMA) algorithm was performed using DendroUPGMA (Garcia-Vallve et al. 1999) to infer distances among populations derived from a haplotype frequency matrix.
Results
There was no genetic differentiation within each of the four temperate populations (Fst. and Gst = 0.00). The partial Mantel test identified a significant, almost perfect partial correlation between genetic and geographic distance after correcting for the presence of drift in climatic zones (indicator matrix), r = 0.98, p = 0.0074 (Fig 4.4). No genetic structure was detected between populations WA1 and WA2 (Fst and Gst .. 0.0), possibly due to continuous gene flow between them facilitated by the Leeuwin Current (Woo et al. 2006).
Dispersal of zygotes or propagules may be facilitated by this current, as described for the kelp Ecklonia radiata (Coleman et al. 2013). The pattern of invasive populations with multiple haplotypes from non-overlapping native range distributions is indicative, however, of an admixed population as the likely source (Geller et al. 2012). The occurrence of the unique tropical WA haplotype in SA populations and its absence from temperate WA populations creates a scenario involving the natural distribution of C.
Collings et al (2004) systematically sampled from Fowlers Bay (1500 km west of Adelaide) to Adelaide and did not find C.
Statement of Authorship
The effect of climate change experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein concentrations, and protein profiles of native and invasive Caulerpa spp
Introduction
Seagrass beds are heavily affected in the Mediterranean Sea by poor water and substrate quality caused by coastal development and effluent discharge (Meinesz et al. 1991, Chisholm et al. 1997). The effects of OA on macroalgae are diverse; some are negatively affected, some can tolerate the changes, while others increase their growth rate (Kubler et al. 1999, Porzio et al. 2011). Most calcified rhodophytes are particularly negatively affected or killed (Gao et al. 1993, Israel et al. 1999, Porzio et al. 2011).
However, in coenocytic organisms such as Caulerpa, DNA concentration varies in relation to changes in nuclear number per total mass of tissue (Liddle et al. 1998, Varela-Alvarez et al. 2012). This ratio was used by Rooker and Holt (1996) to quantify growth and effects of starvation in larvae of the fish Sciaenops ocellatus Linneaus, by Wagner et al. condition in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus Gunnerus, by Zhou et al. 2001) to measure the effects of hypoxia in the fish Cyprinus carpio Linneaus, by Buckley and Szmant (2004) to measure the effects of depth and light attenuation on the anemone Aiptasia pallida Agassiz, and seasonal effects on the reef-building corals in Montastraea Ellis and Solander, and by Reef et al. 2010) to quantify growth rates in the mangrove trees Avicennia marina (Forsk.). Comparisons of protein profiles of stressed and unstressed macroalgae have been used to identify whether stress proteins (such as heat shock proteins, HSPs) are induced by a range of abiotic factors, including heavy metals, ultraviolet light and elevated temperature (Lewis et al. 1998), Cruces et al. . 2012).
This system and deviations meet the IUCN guidelines for marine climate change research (Herr and Galland 2009) and the European Commission guidelines (Riebesell et al. 2010).
Results
The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpa, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores (northeast Atlantic). The role of vegetative fragmentation in the spread of the invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean. Genetic polymorphism in Caulerpa taxifolia (Ulvophyceae) chloroplast DNA revealed by a PCR-based assay of the invasive Mediterranean strain.
Molecular evidence for the aquarium origin of the introduced green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Mediterranean Sea. Unsuccessful establishment of the Mediterranean green alga Caulerpa taxifolia in the Sea of Japan. Phylogenetic analyzes of Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta) and associated bacterial microflora provide clues to the origin of the Mediterranean introduction.
Threat to macroalgal diversity: effects of the introduced green alga Caulerpa racemosa in the Mediterranean Sea. Using genetic techniques, investigate the sources of the invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia at three new locations in Australia. Use of the invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia as habitat by faunal assemblages in the Port River-Barker Inlet estuary, South Australia.
